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[Background]: The phalanges are the final skeletal elements to form in the vertebrate limb and their identity is regulated by signaling at the phalanx forming region (PFR) located at the tip of the developing digit ray. Here, we seek to explore the relationship between PFR activity and phalanx morphogenesis, which define the most distal limb skeletal elements, and signals associated with termination of limb outgrowth. [Results]: As Grem1 is extinguished in the distal chick limb mesoderm, the chondrogenesis marker Aggrecan is up-regulated in the metatarsals and phalanges. Fate mapping confirms that subridge mesoderm cells contribute to the metatarsal and phalanges when subridge Grem1 is down-regulated. Grem1 overexpression specifically blocks chick phalanx development by inhibiting PFR activity. PFR activity and digit development are also disrupted following overexpression of a Gli3 repressor, which results in Grem1 expression in the distal limb and downregulation of Bmpr1b. [Conclusions]: Based on expression and fate mapping studies, we propose that downregulation of Grem1 in the distal limb marks the transition from metatarsal to phalanx development. This suggests that downregulation of Grem1 in the distal limb mesoderm is necessary for phalanx development. Grem1 downregulation allows for full PFR activity and phalanx progenitor cell commitment to digit fate.

The bias dependent behaviors in magnetic field effects (MFEs) of the current and the electroluminescence (EL) intensity in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been investigated from electrically-detected and EL-detected magnetic resonance (EDMR and ELDMR) techniques. An EDMR signal was not detected from the electron-only device, and the hole-only device gave only a much smaller EDMR signal than the OLED device. Both the EDMR and ELDMR signals observed from the OLED are concluded to primarily arise from the spin-dependent reaction of electron-hole (e-h) pairs....

The bias dependent behaviors in magnetic field effects (MFEs) of the current and the electroluminescence (EL) intensity in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been investigated from electrically-detected and EL-detected magnetic resonance (EDMR and ELDMR) techniques. An EDMR signal was not detected from the electron-only device, and the hole-only device gave only a much smaller EDMR signal than the OLED device. Both the EDMR and ELDMR signals observed from the OLED are concluded to primarily arise from the spin-dependent reaction of electron-hole (e-h) pairs....

Although the conversion reactions of electron-hole (e-h) pairs into emissive excitons are essential in the operation process of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), experimental research on behaviors of e-h pairs in operating OLEDs has not been developed so far. Here, three types of magnetic-resonance techniques that detect changes in current, photoluminescence intensity, and electroluminescence (EL) intensity induced by electron spin-resonance transitions have been applied to a working OLED as a function of operation bias. Combined use of these techniques reveals that e-h pairs exist in the OLED with completely different bias dependence from carriers and excitons. It is shown that the EL process is classified into three regions depending on the bias: pair-accumulation, pair-dissociation/recombination, and non-pair-formation regions.

Although the conversion reactions of electron-hole (e-h) pairs into emissive excitons are essential in the operation process of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), experimental research on behaviors of e-h pairs in operating OLEDs has not been developed so far. Here, three types of magnetic-resonance techniques that detect changes in current, photoluminescence intensity, and electroluminescence (EL) intensity induced by electron spin-resonance transitions have been applied to a working OLED as a function of operation bias. Combined use of these techniques reveals that e-h pairs exist in the OLED with completely different bias dependence from carriers and excitons. It is shown that the EL process is classified into three regions depending on the bias: pair-accumulation, pair-dissociation/recombination, and non-pair-formation regions.

Case Report

Case Report

This paper shows some results of intensive field observations carried out in the summer seasons since 2009. The intensive field observations have been conducted at the observation tower of Shirahama Oceanographic Observatory (SOO), DPRI, Kyoto University. The observation tower of SOO is an offshore platform for the oceanographic and meteorological observation and it is located at the bay mouth of Tanabe bay, the southwestern part of Kii Penisula, Japan. One of the aims of the observations is field data measurements to comprehend the vertical mixing process due to wind and wind wave. During the observations, five typhoons (Melor in 2009, Ma-on, Talas and Roke in 2011 and Jelawat in2012) hit the Kii peninsula. Three of them (Melor, Roke and Jelawat) passed along the southern coast of Japan and they have similar tracks around the Kii peninsula. Only Talas in 2011 passed across the main island of Japan and reached the Sea of Japan. In the observations, the vertical profiles of currents and water temperature have been measured as well as wind and wave conditions. The main results are as follows: Wind and wave conditions have common characteristics like the temporal variation of wave period and the incidence of high wave peak even though these conditions are affected by the typhoon tracks. The temporal variations of water temperature have also similar trends when the typhoons come close to the observation site, however, the vertical profiles of water temperature before and after the typhoon coming have big difference. The observed results underline the needs for the continuous observation activities and multidimensional data analysis combined with numerical simulations in order to investigate the mixing process under stormy conditions.

Cytoplasmic viral RNA and DNA are recognized by RIG-I-like receptors and DNA sensors that include DAI, IFI16, DDX41, and cGAS. The RNA and DNA sensors evoke innate immune responses through the IPS-1 and STING adaptors. IPS-1 and STING activate TBK1 kinase. TBK1 is phosphorylated in its activation loop, leading to IRF3/7 activation and Type I interferon (IFN) production. IPS-1 and STING localize to the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively, whereas it is unclear where phosphorylated TBK1 is localized in response to cytoplasmic viral DNA. Here, we investigated phospho-TBK1 (p-TBK1) subcellular localization using a p-TBK1-specific antibody. Stimulation with vertebrate DNA by transfection increased p-TBK1 levels. Interestingly, stimulation-induced p-TBK1 exhibited mitochondrial localization in HeLa and HepG2 cells and colocalized with mitochondrial IPS-1 and MFN-1. Hepatitis B virus DNA stimulation or herpes simplex virus type-1 infection also induced p-TBK1 mitochondrial localization in HeLa cells, indicating that cytoplasmic viral DNA induces p-TBK1 mitochondrial localization in HeLa cells. In contrast, p-TBK1 did not show mitochondrial localization in RAW264.7, L929, or T-23 cells, and most of p-TBK1 colocalized with STING in response to cytoplasmic DNA in those mammalian cells, indicating cell type-specific localization of p-TBK1 in response to cytoplasmic viral DNA. A previous knockout study showed that mouse IPS-1 was dispensable for Type I IFN production in response to cytoplasmic DNA. However, we found that knockdown of IPS-1 markedly reduced p-TBK1 levels in HeLa cells. Taken together, our data elucidated the cell type-specific subcellular localization of p-TBK1 and a cell type-specific role of IPS-1 in TBK1 activation in response to cytoplasmic viral DNA.

Cytoplasmic viral RNA and DNA are recognized by RIG-I-like receptors and DNA sensors that include DAI, IFI16, DDX41, and cGAS. The RNA and DNA sensors evoke innate immune responses through the IPS-1 and STING adaptors. IPS-1 and STING activate TBK1 kinase. TBK1 is phosphorylated in its activation loop, leading to IRF3/7 activation and Type I interferon (IFN) production. IPS-1 and STING localize to the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively, whereas it is unclear where phosphorylated TBK1 is localized in response to cytoplasmic viral DNA. Here, we investigated phospho-TBK1 (p-TBK1) subcellular localization using a p-TBK1-specific antibody. Stimulation with vertebrate DNA by transfection increased p-TBK1 levels. Interestingly, stimulation-induced p-TBK1 exhibited mitochondrial localization in HeLa and HepG2 cells and colocalized with mitochondrial IPS-1 and MFN-1. Hepatitis B virus DNA stimulation or herpes simplex virus type-1 infection also induced p-TBK1 mitochondrial localization in HeLa cells, indicating that cytoplasmic viral DNA induces p-TBK1 mitochondrial localization in HeLa cells. In contrast, p-TBK1 did not show mitochondrial localization in RAW264.7, L929, or T-23 cells, and most of p-TBK1 colocalized with STING in response to cytoplasmic DNA in those mammalian cells, indicating cell type-specific localization of p-TBK1 in response to cytoplasmic viral DNA. A previous knockout study showed that mouse IPS-1 was dispensable for Type I IFN production in response to cytoplasmic DNA. However, we found that knockdown of IPS-1 markedly reduced p-TBK1 levels in HeLa cells. Taken together, our data elucidated the cell type-specific subcellular localization of p-TBK1 and a cell type-specific role of IPS-1 in TBK1 activation in response to cytoplasmic viral DNA.

Scalar Tensor Vector Gravity(STVG) is one of modified gravity theories developed by John Moffat(2005). MOG is abbreviated name for this theory.It can explain a galactic rotation curve and the structure formation without dark matter. It can also explain acceleration universe without dark energy.But,they obtaion only a spherically symmetric, static vacuum solution about MOG. On this theory,the gravitational field produced by two point sources is not simply the sum of their respective spherically symmetric static vacuum solutions. However,in arXiv:0805.4774, the method to adapt MOG to extended distribution of matter is described by phenomenalism. A new parameter "xi" is introduced in this phenomenalical description.This paper shows estimation of MOG's xi parameter. In conclusion,"xi" should be less than O(10^2) to reproduce "flat" rotation curves observed., Comment: 5 pages,2 figures

Scalar Tensor Vector Gravity(STVG) is one of modified gravity theories developed by John Moffat(2005). MOG is abbreviated name for this theory.It can explain a galactic rotation curve and the structure formation without dark matter. It can also explain acceleration universe without dark energy.But,they obtaion only a spherically symmetric, static vacuum solution about MOG. On this theory,the gravitational field produced by two point sources is not simply the sum of their respective spherically symmetric static vacuum solutions. However,in arXiv:0805.4774, the method to adapt MOG to extended distribution of matter is described by phenomenalism. A new parameter "xi" is introduced in this phenomenalical description.This paper shows estimation of MOG's xi parameter. In conclusion,"xi" should be less than O(10^2) to reproduce "flat" rotation curves observed., Comment: 5 pages,2 figures

「もんじゅ」炉心体系を対象として、ドップラー係数の不確かさを最新の知見を取り込んで定量的に評価した。(1)核データ,計算手法に起因する不確かさ、(2)核分裂生成物の核データに起因する不確かさ、(3)制御棒位置に起因する不確かさ、(4)温度依存性を近似的に取り扱う不確かさ、(5)燃料平均温度に起因する不確かさ、(6)温度の空間分布の取り扱いに由来する不確かさ、などを評価し、ドップラー係数の不確かさ(2sigma相当)として11.7%を得た。, Uncertainty of Doppler coefficient is quantified for a Monju core, reflecting present knowledge. Various uncertainty sources are evaluated: (1) Nuclear data and numerical method, (2) Fission product nuclear data, (3) Control rod position, (4) Approximated treatment of temperature dependence, (5) Averaged fuel temperature, (6) Approximated treatment of temperature spatial distribution, etc. Resulting uncertainty for Doppler coefficient is estimated at 11.7% for the 2 sigma reliability., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA), JAEA-Research 2011-034

Scalar Tensor Vector Gravity(STVG) is one of a modified gravity theory developed by John Moffat(2005). MOG is abbreviated name for this theory.This theory is added a massive vector field to Brans-Dicke theory. It can explain a galactic rotary curve and the structure formation without dark matter. Without dark energy,acceleration universe too. However,these are claims by the developer and collaboraters.This theory was only inspected by simple approximate calculation. Therefore it needs more objective verifications.We will carried out verification from the viewpoint of N-body simulation. Such study is already accomplished by Brandao(2010).However, they did not precisely formulate N-body simulation on MOG. This paper shows formulation of the N-body simulation on MOG more precisely., Comment: 10 pages,8 figures

Scalar Tensor Vector Gravity(STVG) is one of a modified gravity theory developed by John Moffat(2005). MOG is abbreviated name for this theory.This theory is added a massive vector field to Brans-Dicke theory. It can explain a galactic rotary curve and the structure formation without dark matter. Without dark energy,acceleration universe too. However,these are claims by the developer and collaboraters.This theory was only inspected by simple approximate calculation. Therefore it needs more objective verifications.We will carried out verification from the viewpoint of N-body simulation. Such study is already accomplished by Brandao(2010).However, they did not precisely formulate N-body simulation on MOG. This paper shows formulation of the N-body simulation on MOG more precisely., Comment: 10 pages,8 figures

高速炉におけるgamma線による発熱の空間分布を適切に評価するため、gammaライブラリUFGLIB.J40とgamma線輸送計算のための巨視的gamma定数計算ユーティリティを整備した。UFGLIB.J40は最新の核データファイルJENDL-4.0に基づいて作成した。中性子のエネルギー群数は通常の高速炉中性子輸送計算に用いられるJAERI Fast set-3の70群、gamma線のエネルギー群数はMATXSLIBで実績のある42群とした。巨視的gamma定数作成ユーティリティは、高速炉用格子計算コードSLAROM-UFが計算する微視的実効断面積とUFGLIB.J40を用いて、gamma線輸送計算に必要となる巨視的gamma定数をバイナリファイルとして出力する。整備したgammaライブラリUFGLIB.J40とユーティリティの検証のため、FCA XI-1炉心で測定されたgamma発熱分布の解析を行い、測定値と計算値がおおむね一致することを確認した。, In order to evaluate gamma heating spatial distribution in fast reactors, a gamma library UFGLIB.J40 and an utility to obtain macroscopic gamma constants for gamma-ray transport calculations are developed. The library UFGLIB.J40 is generated from the latest nuclear data library JENDL-4.0. The energy group structure for neutron is the JAERI fast set-type 70-group structure and that for photon is the MATXSLIB-type 42-group structure. The macroscopic gamma constant calculation utility generates gamma constant in binary format files from UFGLIB.J40 and the information given in PDS files yielded by a fast reactor lattice code SLAROM-UF. For verifications of UFGLIB.J40 and the utility, experimental data of gamma heating spatial distribution obtained at the FCA XI-1 assembly are analyzed. Good agreement between calculation and experimental values is obtained., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA), JAEA-Data/Code 2010-013

Terephthalic acid (TPA) deposited on Si(111)-7 x 7, Si(111)-root 3 x root 3-Ag and Ag(111) has been studied as a model system to understand how much passivated semiconductor surfaces differ from semiconductor and metal surfaces in respect of supramolecular self assembly. By scanning tunneling microscopy it is found that TPA molecules do not form any ordered supramolecular structure on the pristine semiconductor surface, due to a strong molecule-substrate interaction. On the contrary, TPA has a weaker interaction with Si(111)-root 3 x root 3-Ag, leading to the formation of an ordered supramolecular layer stabilized by carboxyl hydrogen bonds. These structures are very similar to the supramolecular layer of TPA formed on Ag(111), indicating that the two substrates behave similarly for what concerns the adsorption of functional organic molecules. However, the deposition of Fe on the TPA layers on Si(111)-root 3 x root 3-Ag does not induce the formation of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks which, on the contrary, readily develop on Ag(111). Possible origins of this difference are discussed.

Terephthalic acid (TPA) deposited on Si(111)-7 x 7, Si(111)-root 3 x root 3-Ag and Ag(111) has been studied as a model system to understand how much passivated semiconductor surfaces differ from semiconductor and metal surfaces in respect of supramolecular self assembly. By scanning tunneling microscopy it is found that TPA molecules do not form any ordered supramolecular structure on the pristine semiconductor surface, due to a strong molecule-substrate interaction. On the contrary, TPA has a weaker interaction with Si(111)-root 3 x root 3-Ag, leading to the formation of an ordered supramolecular layer stabilized by carboxyl hydrogen bonds. These structures are very similar to the supramolecular layer of TPA formed on Ag(111), indicating that the two substrates behave similarly for what concerns the adsorption of functional organic molecules. However, the deposition of Fe on the TPA layers on Si(111)-root 3 x root 3-Ag does not induce the formation of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks which, on the contrary, readily develop on Ag(111). Possible origins of this difference are discussed.

Terephthalic acid (TPA) deposited on Si(111)-7 x 7, Si(111)-root 3 x root 3-Ag and Ag(111) has been studied as a model system to understand how much passivated semiconductor surfaces differ from semiconductor and metal surfaces in respect of supramolecular self assembly. By scanning tunneling microscopy it is found that TPA molecules do not form any ordered supramolecular structure on the pristine semiconductor surface, due to a strong molecule-substrate interaction. On the contrary, TPA has a weaker interaction with Si(111)-root 3 x root 3-Ag, leading to the formation of an ordered supramolecular layer stabilized by carboxyl hydrogen bonds. These structures are very similar to the supramolecular layer of TPA formed on Ag(111), indicating that the two substrates behave similarly for what concerns the adsorption of functional organic molecules. However, the deposition of Fe on the TPA layers on Si(111)-root 3 x root 3-Ag does not induce the formation of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks which, on the contrary, readily develop on Ag(111). Possible origins of this difference are discussed.

Flash visual evoked potential (VEP) and pure tone auditory evoked potential (AEP) were analyzed on 13 normal, 9 drug naive schizophrenic and 16 continious medicated schizophrenic subjects. Results 1) Drug naive schizophrenic subjects had reduced amplitude on F7 dominantly for VEP-P200 and FP2 and F7, 8 dominantly for AEP-N100 compared with normal subjects. Which indicated schizophrenic subjects had disturbance related the frontal lobe. These were not affected by medication, symptomes, duration of illness. Reduction of VEP's F7-P200 amplitude in schizophrenic subjects was more lower in schizophrenic subjects with psychiatric family history than without psychiatric family history, then it was regarded as trait dependent. 2) Drug naive schizophrenic subjects had reduced amplitude on right hemisphere post temporal-occipital dominantly for VEP-N140 and diffusely for AEP-middle latency evoked potentials compared with normal subjects. These were regarded as abnormal findings corresponding to modality speciffic. Schizophrenic subjects were concluded to have diffuse functional cerebral disturbance. 3) By investigation of continious medicated schizophrenic subjects it was presumed that continious medication normalized the abnormal findings corresponding to modality specific in drug naive schizophrenic subjects except frontal region. Therefor this showed that medication was limitedly effective. 4) Evoked potentials for schizophrenic subjects with long duration of illness were distinguishable from those for schizophrenic subjects with short duration of illness.