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In the Stroop task, the identities of the targets (e.g., colours) and distractors (e.g., words) used are often correlated. For example, in a list in which 4 words and 4 colours are combined to form 16 stimuli, each of the 4 congruent stimuli is typically repeated 3 times as often as each of the 12 incongruent stimuli. Some accounts of the Stroop effect suggest that in this type of list, often considered as a baseline because of the matching proportion of congruent and incongruent stimuli (50%), the word dimension actually receives more attention than it does in an uncorrelated list in which words and colours are randomly paired. This increased attention would be an important determinant of the Stroop effect in correlated situations, an idea supported by the observation that higher target–distractor correlation lists are associated with larger Stroop effects. However, because target–distractor correlation tends to be confounded with congruency proportion in common designs, the latter may be the crucial factor, consistent with accounts that propose that attention is adapted to the list’s congruency proportion. In four experiments, we examined the idea that target–distractor correlation plays a major role in colour–word Stroop experiments by contrasting an uncorrelated list with a correlated list matched on relevant variables (e.g., congruency proportion). Both null hypothesis significance testing and Bayesian analyses suggested equivalent Stroop effects in the two lists, challenging accounts based on the idea that target–distractor correlations affect how attention is allocated in the colour–word Stroop task.

Facial expressions contribute to nonverbal communication, social coordination, and interaction. Facial expressions may reflect the emotional state of the expressor, but they may be modulated by the presence of others, for example, by facial mimicry or through social display rules. We examined how deliberate facial expressions of happiness and anger (smiles and frowns), prompted by written commands, are modulated by the congruency with the facial expression of background faces and how this effect depends on the age of the background face (infants vs. adults). Our main interest was whether the quality of the required expression could be influenced by a task-irrelevant background face and its emotional display. Background faces from adults and infants displayed happy, angry, or neutral expressions. To assess the activation pattern of different action units, we used a machine classifier software; the same classifier was used to assess the chronometry of the expression responses. Results indicated slower and less correct performance when an incongruent facial expression was in the background, especially when distractor stimuli showed adult faces. Interestingly, smile responses were more intense in congruent than incongruent conditions. Depending on stimulus age, frown responses were affected in their quality by incongruent (smile) expressions in terms of the additional activation or deactivation of the outer brow raiser (AU2), resulting in a blended expression, somewhat different from the prototypical expression for anger. Together, the present results show qualitative effects on deliberate facial expressions, beyond typical chronometric effects, confirming machine classification of facial expressions as a promising tool for emotion research., Peer Reviewed

The influence of the Stroop interference effect on sequence learning was investigated. We examined suggestion that Stroop interference does not affect implicit sequence learning, but reduces the effectiveness of acquiring explicit sequence knowledge. The subjects were trained by using the serial reaction time task. The influencing factors were the sequence of stimuli (structured and pseudorandom) and the congruence of color name and font color (congruent and incongruent stimuli). The results revealed the effects of learning of the structured sequence in congruent and incongruent conditions. However, the low level of explicit knowledge found among subjects who performed the task in both conditions does not allow us to determine the effect of interference on the acquisition of explicit sequence knowl edge. It was also found that implicit sequence learning eliminated the effect of interference: the reaction time of subjects in congruent and incongruent conditions did not differ after training., Исследовалось влияние интерференционного эффекта Струпа на выучивание последовательностей. Проверялось предположение о том, что Струп-интерференция не влияет на имплицитное усвоение последовательности, но снижает продуктивность приобретения эксплицитного знания последовательности. Для обучения испытуемых использовалась задача быстрого реагирования на последовательность стимулов (the serial reaction time task). Воздействующими факторами выступали последовательность предъявления стимулов (структурированная и псевдослучайная) и согласованность названия цвета и цвета шрифта, которым оно написано (конгруэнтные и неконгруэнтные стимулы). Результаты выявили эффекты усвоения структурированной последовательности в конгруэнтных и неконгруэнтных условиях. При этом низкий уровень эксплицитного знания, установленный у испытуемых, выполнявших задание в обоих условиях, не позволяет определить влияние интерференции на получение эксплицитного знания последовательности. Кроме того, было обнаружено, что имплицитное усвоение последовательности приводит к устранению эффекта интерференции: после обучения время реакции испытуемых, находившихся в конгруэнтных и неконгруэнтных условиях, не отличалось.

Erwartungen spielen eine zentrale Rolle in der menschlichen Handlungssteuerung. Trotz ihrer Rolle in verschiedenen psychologischen Theorien, werden Erwartungen unterschiedlich operationalisiert (was zu teilweise widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen führt) und dabei oft nur indirekt über Hinweisreize(Cues) gemessen bzw. induziert. Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie sich selbst-generierte und cue-induzierte Erwartungen qualitativ unterscheiden, wie die beiden Erwartungsformen interagieren und welche Art der Operationalisierung zur Messung von Erwartungen zielführender ist. In den beschriebenen Experimenten hatten Proband_innen die Aufgabe, eine Erwartung zu verbalisieren und so schnell und akkurat wie möglich auf einen Stimulus zu reagieren, der diese Erwartung entweder erfüllt(match) oder davon abweicht(mismatch). Die Erwartung konnte dabei durch Vorlesen eines Cues oder die Benennung einer selbst-generierten Erwartung verbalisiert werden. Dabei wurden das Abstraktionslevel der Erwartung, die Art der Reaktion und der Vergleich der beiden Erwartungsformen (innerhalb vs. zwischen verschiedenen Trials) variiert. Bei einem Experiment, das einen genaueren Vergleich von cue-induzierten zu selbst-generierten Erwartungen erlaubt, konnte der größere Effekt von selbst-generierten Erwartungen bestätigt werden. Es wird gezeigt und diskutiert, dass und wie sich selbst-generierte Erwartungseffekte qualitativ von cue-induzierten Effekten unterscheiden. Am konkreten Beispiel von Konflikterwartungen können verbalisierte selbst-generierte Erwartungen eine zuvor widersprüchliche Forschungslage zum Einfluss von Erwartungen auf sequentielle Konflikteffekte konsolidieren. Die Effekte von selbst-generierten und cue-induzierten Erwartungen sind nicht additiv und der Effekt eines Cues wird nicht durch eine abweichende selbst-generierte Erwartung zunichte gemacht. In Anbetracht dieser Ergebnisse diskutiere ich kritisch die Operationalisierung von Erwartungen als Cues., Expectations help to guide human behavior. For example, responses to expected events/stimuli are faster and less error prone than to unexpected events. In spite of their role in different psychological theories and corresponding experiments the operationalization of expectations is heterogeneous (which can lead to contradictory results) and very often conducted indirectly via cues. The research summarized in this dissertation dealt with the question how cue-induced and self-generated expectations differ qualitatively, how both types of expectations interact and which operationalization of measuring expectations is more adequate. In the summarized experiments participants had the task to verbalize an expectation and then respond accurately as fast as possible to a presented stimulus which could match or mismatch the expectation. The verbalization could either consist of reading aloud a cue or verbalize a self-generated expectation. In the different studies the features/abstraction of the expectations (and stimuli), the type of response, and the way how the effects of the two types of expectation were measured (within or between trials) were varied. In a setting that allows a stricter comparison of cue-induced and self-generated expectations than in previous studies the larger effect of self-generated expectations could be replicated. I confirm and discuss that and how verbalized self-generated expectation effects differ qualitatively from cue-induced effects. On the specific example of conflict expectations, the use of verbalized self-generated expectations can consolidate previous contradictory findings, e.g. about the influence of expectations on the sequential congruency effect. The effects of self-generated and cue-induced expectations are not additive and the effect of a cue is not cancelled if a diverging self-generated expectation is verbalized. In view of these results I critically discuss the operationalization of expectations as cues.

Stroop effect is the delay in reaction time that is caused by interference. Differences in perception speed of auditory and visual stimuli, as well as the division of selective attention to more than one sources are combined in five different Stroop tasks in this study, involving three stimuli: a picture, a written word and a heard word. Three hypotheses were formed: reaction times will be faster when stimuli agree; reaction times will be slower as tasks become more complex; reaction times will be different when the target stimulus is auditory or visual. Twenty people participated in all five tasks, which involved one or two linguistic stimuli compared against a picture. The first and third hypotheses showed significant results (p<0.001 in both), while the second did not. The results are in accord with previous research, but further research is required in order to better understand the effect of auditory and visual linguistic stimuli on reaction times.

The Stroop effect is the delay in reaction times due to interference. Since the original experiments of 1935, it has been used primarily in linguistic context. Language is a complex skill unique to humans, which involves a large part of the cerebral cortex and many subcortical regions. It is perceived primarily in auditory form (spoken) and secondarily in visual form (written), but it is also always perceived in representational form (natural sounds, images, smells, etc). Auditory signals are processed much faster than visual signals, and the language processing centres are closer to the primary auditory cortex than the primary visual cortex, but due to the integration of stimuli and the role of the executive functions, we are able to perceive both simultaneously and coherently. However, auditory signals are still processed faster, and this study focused on establishing how auditory and visual, linguistic and representational stimuli interact with each other and affect reaction times in four Stroop tasks with four archetypal mammals (dog, cat, mouse and pig): a written word against an image, a spoken word against an image, a written word against a natural sound and a spoken word against a natural sound. Four hypotheses were tested: in all tasks reaction times would be faster when the stimuli were congruent (Stroop Hypothesis); reaction times would be faster when both stimuli are auditory than when they are visual (Audiovisual Hypothesis); reaction times would be similar in the tasks where one stimulus is auditory and the other visual (Similarity Hypothesis); finally, reaction times would be slower when stimuli come from two sources than when they come from one source (Attention Hypothesis). Twelve native speakers of Swedish between the ages of 22 and 40 participated. The experiment took place in the EEG lab of the Linguistics Department of Stockholm University. The same researcher (the author) and equipment was used for all participants. The results confirmed the St

The Stroop effect is the delay in reaction times due to interference. Since the original experiments of 1935, it has been used primarily in linguistic context. Language is a complex skill unique to humans, which involves a large part of the cerebral cortex and many subcortical regions. It is perceived primarily in auditory form (spoken) and secondarily in visual form (written), but it is also always perceived in representational form (natural sounds, images, smells, etc). Auditory signals are processed much faster than visual signals, and the language processing centres are closer to the primary auditory cortex than the primary visual cortex, but due to the integration of stimuli and the role of the executive functions, we are able to perceive both simultaneously and coherently. However, auditory signals are still processed faster, and this study focused on establishing how auditory and visual, linguistic and representational stimuli interact with each other and affect reaction times in four Stroop tasks with four archetypal mammals (dog, cat, mouse and pig): a written word against an image, a spoken word against an image, a written word against a natural sound and a spoken word against a natural sound. Four hypotheses were tested: in all tasks reaction times would be faster when the stimuli were congruent (Stroop Hypothesis); reaction times would be faster when both stimuli are auditory than when they are visual (Audiovisual Hypothesis); reaction times would be similar in the tasks where one stimulus is auditory and the other visual (Similarity Hypothesis); finally, reaction times would be slower when stimuli come from two sources than when they come from one source (Attention Hypothesis). Twelve native speakers of Swedish between the ages of 22 and 40 participated. The experiment took place in the EEG lab of the Linguistics Department of Stockholm University. The same researcher (the author) and equipment was used for all participants. The results confirmed the St

Erwartungen spielen eine zentrale Rolle in der menschlichen Handlungssteuerung. Trotz ihrer Rolle in verschiedenen psychologischen Theorien, werden Erwartungen unterschiedlich operationalisiert (was zu teilweise widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen führt) und dabei oft nur indirekt über Hinweisreize(Cues) gemessen bzw. induziert. Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie sich selbst-generierte und cue-induzierte Erwartungen qualitativ unterscheiden, wie die beiden Erwartungsformen interagieren und welche Art der Operationalisierung zur Messung von Erwartungen zielführender ist. In den beschriebenen Experimenten hatten Proband_innen die Aufgabe, eine Erwartung zu verbalisieren und so schnell und akkurat wie möglich auf einen Stimulus zu reagieren, der diese Erwartung entweder erfüllt(match) oder davon abweicht(mismatch). Die Erwartung konnte dabei durch Vorlesen eines Cues oder die Benennung einer selbst-generierten Erwartung verbalisiert werden. Dabei wurden das Abstraktionslevel der Erwartung, die Art der Reaktion und der Vergleich der beiden Erwartungsformen (innerhalb vs. zwischen verschiedenen Trials) variiert. Bei einem Experiment, das einen genaueren Vergleich von cue-induzierten zu selbst-generierten Erwartungen erlaubt, konnte der größere Effekt von selbst-generierten Erwartungen bestätigt werden. Es wird gezeigt und diskutiert, dass und wie sich selbst-generierte Erwartungseffekte qualitativ von cue-induzierten Effekten unterscheiden. Am konkreten Beispiel von Konflikterwartungen können verbalisierte selbst-generierte Erwartungen eine zuvor widersprüchliche Forschungslage zum Einfluss von Erwartungen auf sequentielle Konflikteffekte konsolidieren. Die Effekte von selbst-generierten und cue-induzierten Erwartungen sind nicht additiv und der Effekt eines Cues wird nicht durch eine abweichende selbst-generierte Erwartung zunichte gemacht. In Anbetracht dieser Ergebnisse diskutiere ich kritisch die Operationalisierung von Erwartungen als Cues., Expectations help to guide human behavior. For example, responses to expected events/stimuli are faster and less error prone than to unexpected events. In spite of their role in different psychological theories and corresponding experiments the operationalization of expectations is heterogeneous (which can lead to contradictory results) and very often conducted indirectly via cues. The research summarized in this dissertation dealt with the question how cue-induced and self-generated expectations differ qualitatively, how both types of expectations interact and which operationalization of measuring expectations is more adequate. In the summarized experiments participants had the task to verbalize an expectation and then respond accurately as fast as possible to a presented stimulus which could match or mismatch the expectation. The verbalization could either consist of reading aloud a cue or verbalize a self-generated expectation. In the different studies the features/abstraction of the expectations (and stimuli), the type of response, and the way how the effects of the two types of expectation were measured (within or between trials) were varied. In a setting that allows a stricter comparison of cue-induced and self-generated expectations than in previous studies the larger effect of self-generated expectations could be replicated. I confirm and discuss that and how verbalized self-generated expectation effects differ qualitatively from cue-induced effects. On the specific example of conflict expectations, the use of verbalized self-generated expectations can consolidate previous contradictory findings, e.g. about the influence of expectations on the sequential congruency effect. The effects of self-generated and cue-induced expectations are not additive and the effect of a cue is not cancelled if a diverging self-generated expectation is verbalized. In view of these results I critically discuss the operationalization of expectations as cues.

Stroop effect is the delay in reaction time that is caused by interference. Differences in perception speed of auditory and visual stimuli, as well as the division of selective attention to more than one sources are combined in five different Stroop tasks in this study, involving three stimuli: a picture, a written word and a heard word. Three hypotheses were formed: reaction times will be faster when stimuli agree; reaction times will be slower as tasks become more complex; reaction times will be different when the target stimulus is auditory or visual. Twenty people participated in all five tasks, which involved one or two linguistic stimuli compared against a picture. The first and third hypotheses showed significant results (p<0.001 in both), while the second did not. The results are in accord with previous research, but further research is required in order to better understand the effect of auditory and visual linguistic stimuli on reaction times.

The purpose of this study was to illustrate that people’s affective valuation of exercise can be identified in their faces. The study was conducted with a software for automatic facial expression analysis and it involved testing the hypothesis that positive or negative affective valuation occurs spontaneously when people are reminded of exercise. We created a task similar to an emotional Stroop task, in which participants responded to exercise-related and control stimuli with a positive or negative facial expression (smile or frown) depending on whether the photo was presented upright or tilted. We further asked participants how much time they would normally spend for physical exercise, because we assumed that the affective valuation of those who exercise more would be more positive. Based on the data of 86 participants, regression analysis revealed that those who reported less exercise and a more negative reflective evaluation of exercise initiated negative facial expressions on exercise-related stimuli significantly faster than those who reported exercising more often. No significant effect was observed for smile responses. We suspect that responding with a smile to exercise-related stimuli was the congruent response for the majority of our participants, so that for them no Stroop interference occurred in the exercise-related condition. This study suggests that immediate negative affective reactions to exercise-related stimuli result from a postconscious automatic process and can be detected in the study participants’ faces. It furthermore illustrates how methodological paradigms from social–cognition research (here: the emotional Stroop paradigm) can be adapted to collect and analyze biometric data for the investigation of exercisers’ and non-exercisers’ automatic valuations of exercise., Peer Reviewed

The purpose of this study was to illustrate that people’s affective valuation of exercise can be identified in their faces. The study was conducted with a software for automatic facial expression analysis and it involved testing the hypothesis that positive or negative affective valuation occurs spontaneously when people are reminded of exercise. We created a task similar to an emotional Stroop task, in which participants responded to exercise-related and control stimuli with a positive or negative facial expression (smile or frown) depending on whether the photo was presented upright or tilted. We further asked participants how much time they would normally spend for physical exercise, because we assumed that the affective valuation of those who exercise more would be more positive. Based on the data of 86 participants, regression analysis revealed that those who reported less exercise and a more negative reflective evaluation of exercise initiated negative facial expressions on exercise-related stimuli significantly faster than those who reported exercising more often. No significant effect was observed for smile responses. We suspect that responding with a smile to exercise-related stimuli was the congruent response for the majority of our participants, so that for them no Stroop interference occurred in the exercise-related condition. This study suggests that immediate negative affective reactions to exercise-related stimuli result from a postconscious automatic process and can be detected in the study participants’ faces. It furthermore illustrates how methodological paradigms from social–cognition research (here: the emotional Stroop paradigm) can be adapted to collect and analyze biometric data for the investigation of exercisers’ and non-exercisers’ automatic valuations of exercise., Peer Reviewed

Spatial location is an intrinsic characteristic of the stimulus that influences the execution of the correct response in various tasks. The effect is named Stimulus-Response Compatibility, with the Spatial Compatibility, Simon, and Spatial Stroop tasks being examples of this phenomenon. The Simon effect is modulated if participants perform a previous incompatible spatial compatibility task. This modulation, called transfer-of-learning effect, has been attributed to issociations between long-term memory and short-term memory. It had not yet studied whether this incompatible practice modulates the spatial Stroop effect. In this work, we tested 32 volunteers in an experimental design that allows us to study and separate the Simon and spatial Stroop effects in the same task and test the hypothesis of a generalized transfer-of-learning effect by an incompatible practice. The results indicate that a previous incompatible task modulates only the Simon effect, contradicting the hypothesis of the generalized transfer of learning after an incompatible practice., A localização espacial é uma característica intrínseca do estímulo que não pode ser ignorada e afeta a seleção da resposta correta em várias tarefas. Este efeito, denominado Compatibilidade Estímulo-Resposta, está presente nas tarefas de Compatibilidade espacial, Simon e Stroop espacial. O efeito Simon é modulado se, antes de executar a tarefa, os participantes executam uma tarefa incompatível de compatibilidade espacial. Essa modulação, chamada de transferência de aprendizagem é atribuída a dissociações entre memórias de longo e curto prazo. Não foi ainda estudado se esta prática incompatível modula o efeito Stroop espacial. Neste trabalho, testamos 32 participantes empregando um desenho experimental que permite estudar e separar os efeitos Simon e Stroop espacial na mesma tarefa e testar a hipótese de uma transferência generalizada do aprendizado por uma prática incompatível. Os resultados indicaram que a tarefa prévia incompatível modula apenas o efeito Simon, contrariando a hipótese da transferência generalizada do aprendizado., La localización espacial es una característica intrínseca del estímulo que afecta la selección de la respuesta en diversas tareas. Este efecto, denominado la compatibilidad estímulo-respuesta, es presente en la tarea compatibilidad espacial, Simon y Stroop espacial. El efecto Simon es modulado si los participantes realizan previamente una tarea incompatible de compatibilidad espacial. Esta modulación, llamada efecto de transferencia de aprendizaje, se ha atribuido a las disociaciones entre memoria a largo e corto plazo. Todavía no se ha estudiado si esta práctica incompatible modula el efecto Stroop Espacial. En este trabajo, probamos 32 estudiantes en un diseño experimental que nos permite estudiar y separar los efectos de Simon y Stroop espacial en la misma tarea y probar la hipótesis de un efecto generalizado de transferencia de aprendizaje por una práctica incompatible. Los resultados indican que la tareaincompatible anterior modula sólo el efecto Simón, contrariamente a la hipótesis de la transferencia generalizada de aprendizaje.

For the last 80 years, the Stroop task has been used totest theories of attention and cognitive control and ithas been applied in many clinical settings. Most theo-ries posit that the overwhelming power of written wordsovercomes strict instructions to focus on print color andignore the word. Recent evidence suggests that trials inthe Stroop task could in fact be a mixture of readingtrials and non-reading trials. Here we conduct a criticaltest of this mixture hypothesis, where a mixture of pro-cesses should satisfy the fixed-point property (Falmagne,1968).

In a reverse Stroop task, observers respond to the meaning of a color word irrespective of the color in which the word is printed—for example, the word red may be printed in the congruent color (red), an incongruent color (e.g., blue), or a neutral color (e.g., white). Although reading of color words in this task is often thought to be neither facilitated by congruent print colors nor interfered with incongruent print colors, this interference has been detected by using a response method that does not give any bias in favor of processing of word meanings or processing of print colors. On the other hand, evidence for the presence of facilitation in this task has been scarce, even though this facilitation is theoretically possible. By modifying the task such that participants respond to a stimulus color word by pointing to a corresponding response word on a computer screen with a mouse, the present study investigated the possibility that not only interference but also facilitation would take place in a reverse Stroop task. Importantly, in this study, participants’ responses were dynamically tracked by recording the entire trajectories of the mouse. Arguably, this method provided richer information about participants’ performance than traditional measures such as reaction time and accuracy, allowing for more detailed (and thus potentially more sensitive) investigation of facilitation and interference in the reverse Stroop task. These trajectories showed that the mouse’s approach toward correct response words was significantly delayed by incongruent print colors but not affected by congruent print colors, demonstrating that only interference, not facilitation, was present in the current task. Implications of these findings are discussed within a theoretical framework in which the strength of association between a task and its response method plays a critical role in determining how word meanings and print colors interact in reverse Stroop tasks.

People have always been fascinated by the extent to which belief or will may influencebehavior. Proverbs, like “we tend to get what we expect,” and concepts, such as optimisticthinking or self-fulfilling prophecy, reflect this intuition of an important link between one’sdispositions and subsequent behavior. In other words, one’s predictions directly orindirectly cause them to become true. In a similar manner, every culture, country orreligion has their own words for ‘expectation,’ ‘belief,’ ‘disappointment,’ ‘surprise,’ andgenerally all have the same meaning: under uncertainty, what one expects or believes is themost likely to happen. This relation between what caused a reaction in the past willprobably cause it again in the future might not be realistic. If the expected outcome is notconfirmed, it may result in a personal ‘disappointment’, and if the outcome fits noexpectations, it will be a ‘surprise’. Our brain is hardwired with this heuristic capacity oflearning the cause-effect relationship and to project its probability as the basis for much ofour behavior, as well as cognitions. This experience-based expectation is a form oflearning that helps the brain to bypass an exhaustive search in finding a satisfactorysolution. Expectations may thus be considered an innate theory of causality; that is, a set offactors (causes) generating a given phenomenon (effects) influence the way we treatincoming information but also the way we retrieve the stored information. Theseexpectancy templates may well represent one of the basic rules of how the brain processesinformation, affecting the way we perceive the world, direct our attention and deal withconflicting information. In fact, expectations have been shown to influence our judgmentsand social interactions, along with our volition to individually decide and commit to aparticular course of action. However, people’s expectations may elicit the anticipation of, Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The cross-modal integration is a highly adaptive mechanism in which information patterns are combined in order to provide more accurate information about the external properties of the environment. However, subjects are not always capable of processing two sources simultaneously. The aim of this study is to evaluate the processing interference between gustative and auditory representations in working memory. The experiment recruited 47 participants whose age average was 22.45 years (SD = 3.787 years). A within-subjects design (repeated measures) was used, as well as the cross-modal stroop task . The results suggest that the attentional competition between gustative and auditory stimuli under congruent stimuli is lower compared to incongruent stimuli and controls. Additionally, it was found an inverse correlation between reaction time and the number of correct congruent stimuli., La integración intermodal es un mecanismo altamente adaptativo en el que la información de las modalidades se combinan proporcionando información más ajustada acerca de las propiedades externas del ambiente. Sin embargo, los sujetos no siempre son capaces de procesar dos fuentes de información de manera simultánea. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar la interferencia del procesamiento entre las representaciones gustativas y auditivas en la memoria operativa. Participaron del experimento 47 sujetos argentinos universitarios cuya edad promedio resultó de 22,45 años (de=3,787 años). Se empleó un diseño intra-sujetos de medidas repetidas. Se utilizó el paradigma de la tarea stroop intermodal. Los resultados sugieren que durante el nivel de estímulos congruentes la competencia atencional entre los estímulos gustativos y auditivos es menor en relación con los estímulos incongruentes y controles. Adicionalmente, se encontró una correlación inversa entre el tiempo de reacción y el número de aciertos de los estímulos congruentes.

The purpose of this research was to identify differences in response time to an emotional stroop task in subjects with and without social anxiety. A comparative descriptive design was used in a sample of 63 participants, which were divided into two groups according to the scores on the FNE instrument. All of them were measured by three different Stroop type tasks: the traditional, the neutral and the emotional. It was found, significant differences in execution times in the Stroop type tasks, and the greatest executive time was presented by people with social anxiety. All differences were statistically relevant, although the emotional Stroop task got the highest significance. The results were analyzed from attentional and motivational processes., El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las diferencias en el tiempo de respuesta ante una tarea tipo stroop emocional entre sujetos con y sin ansiedad social. Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo comparativo y participaron 63 personas divididas en dos grupos según las puntuaciones en el instrumento FNE. Todos los participantes de ambos grupos debieron resolver tres tareas tipo stroop: una tradicional, otra neutral y una emocional. Se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en los tiempos de ejecución en todas las tareas tipo stroop, siendo siempre mayor el tiempo de ejecución en las personas con ansiedad social. Todas las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas, aunque la que obtuvo la mayor significancia fue la tarea de stroop emocional. Estos resultados son analizados a partir de los procesos atencionales y motivacionales.

The cross-modal integration is a highly adaptive mechanism in which information patterns are combined in order to provide more accurate information about the external properties of the environment. However, subjects are not always capable of processing two sources simultaneously. The aim of this study is to evaluate the processing interference between gustative and auditory representations in working memory. The experiment recruited 47 participants whose age average was 22.45 years (SD = 3.787 years). A within-subjects design (repeated measures) was used, as well as the cross-modal stroop task . The results suggest that the attentional competition between gustative and auditory stimuli under congruent stimuli is lower compared to incongruent stimuli and controls. Additionally, it was found an inverse correlation between reaction time and the number of correct congruent stimuli., La integración intermodal es un mecanismo altamente adaptativo en el que la información de las modalidades se combinan proporcionando información más ajustada acerca de las propiedades externas del ambiente. Sin embargo, los sujetos no siempre son capaces de procesar dos fuentes de información de manera simultánea. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar la interferencia del procesamiento entre las representaciones gustativas y auditivas en la memoria operativa. Participaron del experimento 47 sujetos argentinos universitarios cuya edad promedio resultó de 22,45 años (de=3,787 años). Se empleó un diseño intra-sujetos de medidas repetidas. Se utilizó el paradigma de la tarea stroop intermodal. Los resultados sugieren que durante el nivel de estímulos congruentes la competencia atencional entre los estímulos gustativos y auditivos es menor en relación con los estímulos incongruentes y controles. Adicionalmente, se encontró una correlación inversa entre el tiempo de reacción y el número de aciertos de los estímulos congruentes.

The purpose of this research was to identify differences in response time to an emotional stroop task in subjects with and without social anxiety. A comparative descriptive design was used in a sample of 63 participants, which were divided into two groups according to the scores on the FNE instrument. All of them were measured by three different Stroop type tasks: the traditional, the neutral and the emotional. It was found, significant differences in execution times in the Stroop type tasks, and the greatest executive time was presented by people with social anxiety. All differences were statistically relevant, although the emotional Stroop task got the highest significance. The results were analyzed from attentional and motivational processes., El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las diferencias en el tiempo de respuesta ante una tarea tipo stroop emocional entre sujetos con y sin ansiedad social. Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo comparativo y participaron 63 personas divididas en dos grupos según las puntuaciones en el instrumento FNE. Todos los participantes de ambos grupos debieron resolver tres tareas tipo stroop: una tradicional, otra neutral y una emocional. Se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en los tiempos de ejecución en todas las tareas tipo stroop, siendo siempre mayor el tiempo de ejecución en las personas con ansiedad social. Todas las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas, aunque la que obtuvo la mayor significancia fue la tarea de stroop emocional. Estos resultados son analizados a partir de los procesos atencionales y motivacionales.

Subjects in each of four experiments performed a selective attention task using two different response modes, a speech mode and a manual (button-pressing) mode. All four experiments demonstrated that if analyzing a stimulus and producing a response required similar kinds of processing, the task was easy, while if analyzing the stimulus and producing the response required different kinds of processing, then the task was difficult. This compatibility relationship between stimuli and responses also affected the amount of interference subjects suffered. If identifying values on a stimulus dimension and responding required similar kinds of processing, then that stimulus dimension was hard to filter out when it was noncriterial. (Author)

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou měření biologických signálů během psychické zátěže. Ke sledování tohoto vlivu byl zvolen Stroopův test, který se v psychologii využívá ke zjišťování poruch pozornosti a schopnosti soustředění. Záznamy EEG a EKG signálů v průběhu Stroopova testu byly získány pomocí EEG stanice v rámci výzkumu evokovaných potenciálů. Součástí práce je navržená uživatelská aplikace pro analýzu a interpretaci dat a následnou statistickou analýzou dvou-výběrovým t-testem., Master’s thesis deals with the measurement of biological signals for the effect of psychological burden. To monitor this effect was elected Stroop test, which is in the psychology used to detect disorders of attention and concentration. EEG and ECG signals during Stroop test were obtained using the EEG recording systém, in the context of research evoked potentials. As a part of the work it has been designed custom application for analyzing and interpreting data and statistical analysis by t-test.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou měření biologických signálů během psychické zátěže. Ke sledování tohoto vlivu byl zvolen Stroopův test, který se v psychologii využívá ke zjišťování poruch pozornosti a schopnosti soustředění. Záznamy EEG a EKG signálů v průběhu Stroopova testu byly získány pomocí EEG stanice v rámci výzkumu evokovaných potenciálů. Součástí práce je navržená uživatelská aplikace pro analýzu a interpretaci dat a následnou statistickou analýzou dvou-výběrovým t-testem., Master’s thesis deals with the measurement of biological signals for the effect of psychological burden. To monitor this effect was elected Stroop test, which is in the psychology used to detect disorders of attention and concentration. EEG and ECG signals during Stroop test were obtained using the EEG recording systém, in the context of research evoked potentials. As a part of the work it has been designed custom application for analyzing and interpreting data and statistical analysis by t-test.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou měření biologických signálů během psychické zátěže. Ke sledování tohoto vlivu byl zvolen Stroopův test, který se v psychologii využívá ke zjišťování poruch pozornosti a schopnosti soustředění. Záznamy EEG a EKG signálů v průběhu Stroopova testu byly získány pomocí EEG stanice v rámci výzkumu evokovaných potenciálů. Součástí práce je navržená uživatelská aplikace pro analýzu a interpretaci dat a následnou statistickou analýzou dvou-výběrovým t-testem., Master’s thesis deals with the measurement of biological signals for the effect of psychological burden. To monitor this effect was elected Stroop test, which is in the psychology used to detect disorders of attention and concentration. EEG and ECG signals during Stroop test were obtained using the EEG recording systém, in the context of research evoked potentials. As a part of the work it has been designed custom application for analyzing and interpreting data and statistical analysis by t-test.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou měření biologických signálů během psychické zátěže. Ke sledování tohoto vlivu byl zvolen Stroopův test, který se v psychologii využívá ke zjišťování poruch pozornosti a schopnosti soustředění. Záznamy EEG a EKG signálů v průběhu Stroopova testu byly získány pomocí EEG stanice v rámci výzkumu evokovaných potenciálů. Součástí práce je navržená uživatelská aplikace pro analýzu a interpretaci dat a následnou statistickou analýzou dvou-výběrovým t-testem., Master’s thesis deals with the measurement of biological signals for the effect of psychological burden. To monitor this effect was elected Stroop test, which is in the psychology used to detect disorders of attention and concentration. EEG and ECG signals during Stroop test were obtained using the EEG recording systém, in the context of research evoked potentials. As a part of the work it has been designed custom application for analyzing and interpreting data and statistical analysis by t-test.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou měření biologických signálů během psychické zátěže. Ke sledování tohoto vlivu byl zvolen Stroopův test, který se v psychologii využívá ke zjišťování poruch pozornosti a schopnosti soustředění. Záznamy EEG a EKG signálů v průběhu Stroopova testu byly získány pomocí EEG stanice v rámci výzkumu evokovaných potenciálů. Součástí práce je navržená uživatelská aplikace pro analýzu a interpretaci dat a následnou statistickou analýzou dvou-výběrovým t-testem., Master’s thesis deals with the measurement of biological signals for the effect of psychological burden. To monitor this effect was elected Stroop test, which is in the psychology used to detect disorders of attention and concentration. EEG and ECG signals during Stroop test were obtained using the EEG recording systém, in the context of research evoked potentials. As a part of the work it has been designed custom application for analyzing and interpreting data and statistical analysis by t-test.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou měření biologických signálů během psychické zátěže. Ke sledování tohoto vlivu byl zvolen Stroopův test, který se v psychologii využívá ke zjišťování poruch pozornosti a schopnosti soustředění. Záznamy EEG a EKG signálů v průběhu Stroopova testu byly získány pomocí EEG stanice v rámci výzkumu evokovaných potenciálů. Součástí práce je navržená uživatelská aplikace pro analýzu a interpretaci dat a následnou statistickou analýzou dvou-výběrovým t-testem., Master’s thesis deals with the measurement of biological signals for the effect of psychological burden. To monitor this effect was elected Stroop test, which is in the psychology used to detect disorders of attention and concentration. EEG and ECG signals during Stroop test were obtained using the EEG recording systém, in the context of research evoked potentials. As a part of the work it has been designed custom application for analyzing and interpreting data and statistical analysis by t-test.

The Stroop task has been used to investigate automatic lexical processing and attentional control. Unlike tasks that involve explicit reading (i.e. the lexical decision task), the Stroop task asks for the names of the ink colours, making the word reading task irrelevant. This thesis investigates the Stroop phenomenon by using Chinese characters and pinyin, and how semantic and phonological information provided by Chinese characters and pinyin can be activated in the Stroop task. In Chapter 3, three Stroop experiments are presented that investigated the role of sublexical components (i.e. phonetic radicals) in Chinese characters. When the meaning of the target character is irrelevant to the colour words, its phonetic radical, which is a colour word, can still elicit strong Stroop interference and facilitation effects. This suggests the semantic activation of sublexical components in Chinese characters. Additionally, the phonological cues provided by sublexical components can also be activated in the Stroop task. Chapter 4 Presents a Stroop experiment that explored the decomposed components in Stroop effects. Previous research focussing on multi-stage accounts of Stroop effects confirmed the contribution of response, semantic, and task conflicts. This study provides evidence for the impact of phonological conflicts/facilitation in Stroop effects by using Chinese homophones. A series of Stroop experiments are presented in Chapter 5 that looked at the impact of using Chinese characters written in pinyin, a Romanization transcription of Chinese characters. The results showed that Chinese characters written in pinyin can activate semantic and phonological information of target characters. The mixed presentation of Chinese characters and pinyin in the final experiment suggested that those two scripts can impact each other’s performance in Stroop interference and facilitation effects. The results of this thesis provide new interpretations of the Stroop phenomenon that it ca