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Of late, insurance fraud detection has assumed immense significance owing to the huge financial & reputational losses fraud entails and the phenomenal success of the fraud detection techniques. Insurance is majorly divided into two categories: (i) Life and (ii) Non-life. Non-life insurance in turn includes health insurance and auto insurance among other things. In either of the categories, the fraud detection techniques should be designed in such a way that they capture as many fraudulent transactions as possible. Owing to the rarity of fraudulent transactions, in this paper, we propose a chaotic variational autoencoder (C-VAE to perform one-class classification (OCC) on genuine transactions. Here, we employed the logistic chaotic map to generate random noise in the latent space. The effectiveness of C-VAE is demonstrated on the health insurance fraud and auto insurance datasets. We considered vanilla Variational Auto Encoder (VAE) as the baseline. It is observed that C-VAE outperformed VAE in both datasets. C-VAE achieved a classification rate of 77.9% and 87.25% in health and automobile insurance datasets respectively. Further, the t-test conducted at 1% level of significance and 18 degrees of freedom infers that C-VAE is statistically significant than the VAE., Comment: 19 pages, 3 figures, 6 tables

The article presents the milled surface quality of Uni-Directional Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (UD-CFRP) composites from Taguchi’s and grey relational analysis. The novelty is demonstrating the possibility of detecting the surface defects in polymer composites during milling using SEM analysis. The material used for this study is UD-CFRP composite laminates and made by hand-layup process. All the milling operations were carried out using a solid tungsten carbide end milling tool and experiments conducted on CNC milling machine. Taguchi L9, 3-level orthogonal array was considered for experimentation. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to explore the significance of each individual input process parameters on multiple performance characteristics. Optimal process parameters are thoroughly validated by grey relational grade achieved by the grey relational analysis for multi performance characteristics. Finally, experimental results were correlated and analyzed with scanning electron micrographs using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

The article presents the milled surface quality of Uni-Directional Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (UD-CFRP) composites from Taguchi’s and grey relational analysis. The novelty is demonstrating the possibility of detecting the surface defects in polymer composites during milling using SEM analysis. The material used for this study is UD-CFRP composite laminates and made by hand-layup process. All the milling operations were carried out using a solid tungsten carbide end milling tool and experiments conducted on CNC milling machine. Taguchi L9, 3-level orthogonal array was considered for experimentation. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to explore the significance of each individual input process parameters on multiple performance characteristics. Optimal process parameters are thoroughly validated by grey relational grade achieved by the grey relational analysis for multi performance characteristics. Finally, experimental results were correlated and analyzed with scanning electron micrographs using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Purpose: to study the dynamics of blood plasma electrochemical parameters in patients with severe combined trauma before and after fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions.Materials and methods. The open circuit potential (OCP) of platinum electrode and antioxidant activity of blood plasma were studied in 35 patients with severe combined trauma and 35 post-FFP samples with at least 6-month shelf life. The electrochemical parameters of patients’ blood plasma were analyzed before transfusion, and 1 hr. and 24 hrs. after transfusion.Results. OCP measured in FFP was found to be more positive vs. OCP measured in recipients' blood plasma in 34 out of 35 cases (97%). It has been shown that in patients with severe combined trauma, OCP increased from 5.047 [-7.553; 12.976] mV to 12.827 [-1.372; 24.764] mV and antioxidant activity decreased 24 hours after FFP transfusion from 16.979 [11.302; 20.946] µC to 13.551 [9.288; 18.405] µC. After FFP transfusion, there were no significant changes in clinical blood parameters.Conclusion. By measuring electrochemical parameters of blood plasma in patients with severe combined trauma before and after FFP transfusions, it was discovered that in spite of absence of changes in blood parameters by routine methods, there are changes in the condition of the antioxidant system of the body, which manifest in the bias of patients’ blood plasma OCP towards higher positive values and decreased antioxidant activity. Redox imbalance in the body might cause the oxidative stress development., Цель исследования: изучить изменения электрохимических параметров плазмы крови пациентов с тяжелой сочетанной травмой до и после трансфузий свежезамороженной плазмы (СЗП).Материалы и методы. Исследовали потенциал при разомкнутой цепи (ПРЦ) платинового электрода и антиоксидантную активность плазмы крови 35-и пациентов с тяжелой сочетанной травмой и 35-и образцов СЗП сроком хранения не менее 6 месяцев. Исследование электрохими- ческих параметров плазмы крови пациентов проводили до трансфузии, через 1 час и 24 часа после трансфузии.Результаты. Обнаружили, что величины ПРЦ в СЗП были положительнее по сравнению величи- нами ПРЦ, измеренными в плазме крови реципиентов в 34 из 35 случаев (97%). Показали, что у паци- ентов с тяжелой сочетанной травмой происходит повышение ПРЦ с 5,047 [-7,553; 12,976] мВ до 12,827 [-1,372; 24,764] мВ, а также снижение антиоксидантной активности через 24 часа после транс- фузии СЗП с 16,979 [11,302; 20,946] мкКл до 13,551 [9,288; 18,405] мкКл. Выявили отсутствие значимых изменений клинических показателей крови после трансфузии СЗП.Заключение. С помощью измерений электрохимических параметров плазмы крови пациентов с тяжелой сочетанной травмой до и после трансфузии СЗП, выявили, что, несмотря на отсутствие из- менений в параметрах крови, определяемых рутинными методами, происходят изменения в состоя- нии антиоксидантной системы организма, выражающиеся в смещении величины ПРЦ в плазме крови пациентов в область более положительных значений и снижении антиоксидантной активно- сти. Нарушение окислительно-восстановительного баланса организма может быть причиной разви- тия окислительного стресса.

Objective: to describe the first experience with an enteral feeding regimen used as part of combination therapy in a patient after small intestine transplantation (SIT).Materials and methods. The results of treatment in a 48year-old male after heterotopic SIT for short bowel syndrome were given. The extent of the graft was 250 cm. The combination treatment aimed to restore graft functions and included immunosuppressive, infusion, transfusion, antibacterial, antiviral, and detoxification therapies and parenteral and enteral feeding (EF). Our elaborated EF regimen was divided into 3 steps: 1) early enteral therapy (on day 1) using a monomeric saline enteral solution and a specialized formula containing pharmaconutrients (glutamine, antioxidants, and tributyrine); 2) incorporation of a semielemental formula (on day 5); 3) use of polymeric formulas and clinical nutrition. Laboratory, ultrasound, radiological, and endoscopic monitoring and biopsy were performed.Results. The combination treatment using stepwise EF could satisfy a patient's protein-energy needs. Restoration of histological structures in the graft mucosa was observed during morphological examination on day 7. At enteroscopy, the intestinal mucosa was pink with prominent villi, motility, and bile-colored chyme. On day 7, there was a 150-ml self-colored stool. Data confirmed that the intestinal graft restored absorption and parietal digestion. On day 30, the patient was switched to polymeric formulas and curative diet. By the discharge from hospital, on day 86, his body mass index was 23.1 kg/m2.Conclusion. The positive treatment results in the patient became possible after SIT due to improvement of surgical techniques, current immunosuppression, and a comprehensive approach to treating him in the postoperative period. Our elaborated stepwise EF regiment is an important component of combination therapy after SIT and facilitates the restoration of the major functions of the tra, Цель исследования. Описать первый опыт применения схемы энтерального питания в составе комплексной терапии у пациента после трансплантации тонкой кишки (ТТК). Материалы и методы. Представлены результаты лечения мужчины 48 лет, после гетеротопической ТТК кишки по поводу синдрома короткой кишки. Протяженность трансплантата — 250 см. Комплексное лечение было направлено на восстановление функций трансплантата и включало иммуносупрессивную, инфузионную, трансфузионную, антибактериальную, противовирусную, детоксикационную терапию, парентеральное и энтеральное питание (ЭП). Разработанная нами схема ЭП разделена на 3 этапа: 1 — ранняя энтеральная терапия (с 1 -х суток) с применением мономерно -солевого энтерального раствора и специализированной смеси, содержащей фармаконутриенты (глутамин, антиоксиданты и трибутирин); 2 — включение полуэлементной смеси (с 5 -х суток); 3 — применение полимерных смесей и диетическое питание. Проводили лабораторный, ультра-звуковой, рентгенологический и эндоскопический контроль с биопсией.Результаты. На фоне комплексного лечения с применением поэтапного ЭП удалось компенсировать белково -энергетические потребности пациента. С 7 -х суток при морфологическом исследовании наблюдали восстановление гистологических структур слизистой оболочки трансплантата. При энтероскопии слизистая оболочка кишки имела розовый цвет с хорошо выраженными ворсинками, наличием перистальтики и окрашенного желчью химуса. На 7 -е сутки получили самостоятельный окрашенный стул (150 мл). Все это подтверждало восстановление функции всасывания и пристеночного пищеварения кишечного трансплантата. С 30 суток больного перевели на полимерные смеси и диетическое лечебное питание. К моменту выписки на 86 сутки индекс массы тела составлял 23,1 кг/м2.Заключение. Положительные результаты лечения пациента после ТТК стали возможны благодаря совершенствованию хирургической техники, современной иммуносупрессии и комплексному лечению пациента в послеоперац

In this paper, we revisit the classical data compression problem for domain specific texts. It is well-known that classical Huffman algorithm is optimal with respect to prefix encoding and the compression is done at character level. Since many data transfer are domain specific, for example, downloading of lecture notes, web-blogs, etc., it is natural to think of data compression in larger dimensions (i.e. word level rather than character level). Our framework employs a two-level compression scheme in which the first level identifies frequent patterns in the text using classical frequent pattern algorithms. The identified patterns are replaced with special strings and to acheive a better compression ratio the length of a special string is ensured to be shorter than the length of the corresponding pattern. After this transformation, on the resultant text, we employ classical Huffman data compression algorithm. In short, in the first level compression is done at word level and in the second level it is at character level. Interestingly, this two level compression technique for domain specific text outperforms classical Huffman technique. To support our claim, we have presented both theoretical and simulation results for domain specific texts.

Objective: to study the specific features of the diagnosis and treatment of endothoxicosis as a manifestation of postresus-citative disease in acute exogenous poisoning.Subjects and methods. Clinical, laboratory, and statistical methods of the diagnosis of endotoxicosis complicating the course of acute poisoning by narcotics, psychopharmacological agents, and cauterants, as well as complex physicochemical detoxification were applied to 554 patients.Results. The study pathology has been ascertained to have 3 developmental stages — from functional (primary) to developed and terminal clinical and laboratory manifestations as multiple organ dysfunctions. The best therapeutic results are achieved by effective therapeutic measures just in early-stage endotoxicosis, by substantially reducing the rates of death and pneumonia and the time of the latter’s resolution. The major contribution to the reduction in the rate of death due acute poisoning is associated with physicochemical detoxification that considerably lessens the influence of the intoxication factors of postresuscitative disease.Conclusion. When diagnosing endotoxicosis in patients with acute endogenous intoxication, it is necessary to keep in mind a whole spectrum of typical changes in endotoxicosis markers and homeostatic parameters: hematologi-cal, blood rheological, lipid peroxidation/antioxidative systems, which should be timely corrected by the basic efferent artificial detoxification techniques (hemosorption, hemodiafiltration, hemofiltration), by compulsorily employing physio-and chemohemotherapy (laser-ultraviolet hemotherapy, sodium hypochlorite infusion)., Цель исследования . Изучить особенности диагностики и лечения эндотоксикоза как проявления постреанимационной болезни при острых экзогенных отравлениях.Материалы и методы. Использование клинико-лаборатор-ных и статистических методов диагностики эндотоксикоза, осложнившего течение острых отравлений наркотиками, психофармакологическими средствами и прижигающими жидкостями, и применение комплексной физико-химической детоксикации для его лечения у 554 больных.Результаты. Установлено, что при изучаемой патологии наблюдается 3 стадии развития эндотоксикоза — от функциональных (начальных) до развитых и терминальных клинико-лабораторных проявлений в виде полиорганной недостаточности. Наилучшие лечебные результаты достигаются на фоне использования эффективных лечебных мероприятий уже в начальной стадии эндо-токсикоза, что позволяет существенно снизить летальность и частоту пневмоний, уменьшить сроки разрешения пневмоний. Основной вклад в сокращение частоты летальных исходов при острых отравлениях связан с физико-химической детоксикацией, значительно уменьшающей влияние интоксикационного фактора постреанимационной болезни.Заключение. При диагностике эндотоксикоза у больных с острыми экзогенными отравлениями необходимо учитывать весь комплекс типичных изменений маркеров эндотоксикоза и показателей гомеостаза: гематологических, иммунологических, гемореологических, показателей ПОЛ/АОС, которые необходимо своевременно корригировать с помощью основных эфферентных методов искусственной детоксикации (гемосорбция, гемодиафильтрация, гемофильтрация) с обязательным использованием физио- и химиогемотерапии (лазерно-ультрафиолетовая гемотерапия, инфузии гипохлорита натрия).

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Superbugs such as infectious bacteria pose a great threat to humanity due to an increase in bacterial mortality leading to clinical treatment failure, lengthy hospital stay, intravenous therapy and accretion of bacteraemia. These disease-causing bacteria gain resistance to drugs over time which further complicates the treatment. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance is therefore necessary so that bacterial infectious diseases can be diagnosed rapidly. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) provides valuable information on the efficacy of antibiotic agents and their dosages for treatment against bacterial infections. In clinical laboratories, most widely used AST methods are disk diffusion, gradient diffusion, broth dilution, or commercially available semi-automated systems. Though these methods are cost-effective and accurate, they are time-consuming, labour-intensive, and require skilled manpower. Recently much attention has been on developing rapid AST techniques to avoid misuse of antibiotics and provide effective treatment. In this review, we have discussed emerging engineering AST techniques with special emphasis on phenotypic AST. These techniques include fluorescence imaging along with computational image processing, surface plasmon resonance, Raman spectra, and laser tweezer as well as micro/nanotechnology-based device such as microfluidics, microdroplets, and microchamber. The mechanical and electrical behaviour of single bacterial cell and bacterial suspension for the study of AST is also discussed.