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Pennsylvania has the largest rural population in the nation, and more than 50 percent of this population is female. Overall, Pennsylvania's rural women are doing well in education, family life stability, and health, relative to comparison groups of rural men and urban women and men. Educational attainment is greater among urban women and men, but less among rural men. Rural men are less likely to complete high school than rural women. About 65 percent of rural graduating seniors plan to continue their education, compared to about 74 percent of urban students. More rural females intend to obtain postsecondary education than rural males. Rural women are more likely to be married than any other comparison group, and there are fewer rural female-headed households than urban female-headed households. Birth, death, and breast cancer rates are lower for rural women than urban women. Specialized health care is limited in some counties. Women, particularly rural women, are much less likely to be arrested for a crime than men. Rural women are not faring as well economically as the comparison groups. Employment rates are slightly higher for urban men and women, and more urban workers are in executive, managerial, and professional specialty jobs than rural workers. Rural women are much more likely than any other group to live in a household with an income of less than twice the poverty threshold. In many rural counties, women's entrance into the labor force could be constrained by the lack of child care. (TD)

This project builds organizational and staff capacity to deliver HIV/AIDS education to farmworking Hispanic female adolescents and women. It includes two training manuals, one addressing the issues of farmworking mothers/mentors, and one addressing the issues of preadolescent and adolescent farmworking girls. This manual for girls emphasizes skills building around communication, refusal and negotiation skills, learning about the body, HIV/AIDS, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It stresses the importance of clear communication styles and skills building. The manual contains six units with basic HIV/AIDS and STD information, exercises, stories, and handouts. Participants go through a subtle process that involves exploring self-identity without assaulting personal experiences or values and using self- reflection to move toward an understanding of the need to address sexuality, HIV, and STDs in their lives. This helps girls gradually become aware of HIV/AIDS prevention. The six units are: (1) "Team Building: Getting to Know Each Other and the Program"; (2) "Our Bodies"; (3) "La Comunicacion: Strategies for Effective Communication"; (4) "Raising Consciousness About HIV/AIDS Among Farmworking Women"; (5) "Understanding the Facts about HIV and Other STDs"; and (6) "Las Destrezas: Skill Development for Young Women." (Contains 11 references.) (SM)

This project builds organizational and staff capacity to deliver HIV/AIDS education to farmworking Hispanic female adolescents and women. It includes two training manuals, one addressing the issues of farmworking mothers/mentors, and one addressing the issues of preadolescent and adolescent farmworking girls. This manual for mothers contains information on puberty and human developmental stages. The curriculum stresses the importance of clear communication styles and skills building. Each manual contains six units with basic HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted disease (STD) information, exercises, stories, and handouts. Participants go through a subtle process that involves exploring self-identity without assaulting personal experiences or values and using self-reflection to move toward an understanding of the need to address the reality of sexuality, HIV, and STDs in their lives. Mothers develop and practice skills to help their daughters adopt and sustain healthy, safe sexual decisions. The six units are: (1) "Team Building: Getting to Know Each Other and the Program"; (2) "Our Bodies"; (3) "La Comunicacion: Strategies for Effective Communication"; (4) "Raising Consciousness About HIV/AIDS Among Farmworking Women"; (5) "Understanding the Facts About HIV and Other STDs"; and (6) "Los Consejos: How to Talk to Young Women About Sexuality." (Contains 11 references.) (SM)

This project builds organizational and staff capacity to deliver HIV/AIDS education to farmworking Hispanic female adolescents and women. It includes two training manuals, one addressing the issues of farmworking mothers/mentors, and one addressing the issues of preadolescent and adolescent farmworking girls. This manual for girls emphasizes skills building around communication, refusal and negotiation skills, learning about the body, HIV/AIDS, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It stresses the importance of clear communication styles and skills building. The manual contains six units with basic HIV/AIDS and STD information, exercises, stories, and handouts. Participants go through a subtle process that involves exploring self-identity without assaulting personal experiences or values and using self- reflection to move toward an understanding of the need to address sexuality, HIV, and STDs in their lives. This helps girls gradually become aware of HIV/AIDS prevention. The six units are: (1) "Team Building: Getting to Know Each Other and the Program"; (2) "Our Bodies"; (3) "La Comunicacion: Strategies for Effective Communication"; (4) "Raising Consciousness About HIV/AIDS Among Farmworking Women"; (5) "Understanding the Facts about HIV and Other STDs"; and (6) "Las Destrezas: Skill Development for Young Women." (Contains 11 references.) (SM)

This project builds organizational and staff capacity to deliver HIV/AIDS education to farmworking Hispanic female adolescents and women. It includes two training manuals, one addressing the issues of farmworking mothers/mentors, and one addressing the issues of preadolescent and adolescent farmworking girls. This manual for mothers contains information on puberty and human developmental stages. The curriculum stresses the importance of clear communication styles and skills building. Each manual contains six units with basic HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted disease (STD) information, exercises, stories, and handouts. Participants go through a subtle process that involves exploring self-identity without assaulting personal experiences or values and using self-reflection to move toward an understanding of the need to address the reality of sexuality, HIV, and STDs in their lives. Mothers develop and practice skills to help their daughters adopt and sustain healthy, safe sexual decisions. The six units are: (1) "Team Building: Getting To Know Each Other and the Program"; (2) "Our Bodies"; (3) "La Comunicacion: Strategies for Effective Communication"; (4) "Raising Consciousness About HIV/AIDS Among Farmworking Women"; (5) "Understanding the Facts About HIV and Other STDs"; and (6) "Los Consejos: How To Talk to Young Women about Sexuality." (Contains 11 references.) (SM)

These two curriculum modules are self-contained units focusing on older women of color (primarily African-American) and rural minority elders. The modules were developed as a product of a Model Gerontology Career Development Program in Institutions of Higher Education in Rural Areas through a consortium of colleges, universities, and agencies serving older adults in Virginia. The modules provide the basis for instruction for courses on gerontology that can be incorporated into two-year postsecondary curricula, four-year college programs, or postgraduate courses. The following components are included in each module: (1) introduction and rationale; (2) learning objectives; (3) content outline; (4) instructor's resource guide with cross-references to bibliographic materials, learning objectives; (5) post-test questions; and (6) annotated bibliography. Instructors may use these modules as free-standing units of instruction, e.g., for workshops or seminars. Or they can be incorporated into existing curricula in a variety of ways by selecting the resources and mode of instruction appropriate to the curriculum and level of instruction. The annotated bibliography for the women of color module includes 27 citations, and the bibliography for the rural minority elders module describes 19 resources. The content of the women of color unit includes information on the following: the term "of color," theoretical perspectives, research problems, objective measures of vulnerability, studies of mental health, family roles, caregiving patterns, social networks, problems in service use, and policy issues. The rural minority elders unit covers: these topics: demographics, how rural minority elders differ from nonminorities, characteristics of rural social structure, cultural characteristics, factors in formal service utilization, and in-migrating retirees. (KC)

This article characterizes the mobility patterns of women and men residing in the first ring of rural development of Cuenca, Ecuador. It focuses on those who engage in economic, educational, and care tasks. Using data from a representative survey applied in the study area, the destinations, modes of transportation, travel times, and other variables associated with their daily trips are described. The results show that the mobility of all groups is characterized bytrips to the urban area. However, women who perform paid work and care tasks use publictransport more and invest more time in their travels. The article concludes by emphasizingthe importance of gender roles, occupational ties, and public transportation in rural mobility., Este artigo caracteriza os padrões de mobilidade de mulheres e homens que residem no primeiro anel de desenvolvimento rural de Cuenca, Equador. Centra-se naqueles que exercem atividades profissionais econômicas remuneradas, tarefas de educação e cuidado. Com base em dados de uma pesquisa representativa aplicada na área de estudo, são descritos os destinos, meios de transporte, horários e outras variáveis associadas às suas viagens diárias. Os resultados mostram que a mobilidade de todos os grupos é caracterizada por viagens à área urbana. Contudo, as mulheres que exercem atividades remuneradas e tarefas de cuidado, utilizam mais o transporte público e investem mais tempo em suas viagens. Conclui-se destacando a importância dos papéis de gênero, dos vínculos profissionais e do transporte público na mobilidade rural., Este artículo caracteriza los patrones de movilidad de mujeres y hombres que residen en el primer anillo de desarrollo rural de Cuenca (Ecuador). Se enfoca en quienes desempeñan actividades ocupacionales económicas remuneradas, educativas y tareas del cuidado. A partir de los datos de una encuesta representativa aplicada en la zona de estudio se describen los destinos, medios de transporte, tiempos y otras variables asociadas con sus viajes cotidianos. Los resultados muestran que la movilidad de todos los grupos se caracteriza por viajes hacia el área urbana. Sin embargo, las mujeres que desempeñan actividades remuneradas y tareas del cuidado usan más el transporte público e invierten más tiempo en sus viajes. Se concluye remarcando la importancia de los roles de género, los vínculos ocupacionales y el transporte público en la movilidad rural.

Cet article présente les enjeux du renforcement des capacités des femmes et les perspectives pour assurer une agriculture durable en Côte d’Ivoire. Les principales données de la revue de littérature que nous avons réalisées montrent qu’en Côte d’Ivoire, les femmes sont parties prenantes des stratégies mises en oeuvre pour une agriculture durable. Plusieurs actions contribuent à impulser une nouvelle ère d’autonomisation des femmes en milieu rural ivoirien ; notamment, la gestion des conflits fonciers, l’égalité homme-femme pour l’acquisition de parcelles et le renforcement des capacités des femmes. Dans cet ensemble d’actions, la culture hors-sol vient se positionner comme une réelle opportunité pour les femmes de révolutionner l’agriculture durable en Côte d’Ivoire. ***** This article presents the challenges of women’s capacity building and the prospects for ensuring sustainable agriculture in Côte d'Ivoire. The main data from the conducted literature review show that in Côte d'Ivoire, women are stakeholders in the strategies implemented for sustainable agriculture. A number of actions are helping to spur a new era of women’s empowerment in rural Côte d'Ivoire, including land conflict management, gender equality for land acquisition and women’s capacity building. In this set of actions, aboveground farming is positioning itself as a real opportunity for women to revolutionize sustainable agriculture in Côte d'Ivoire.

Découvert par hasard lors d’un atelier de dialogue local avec des titulaires de savoirs du Sud sur des thèmes divers, le bebelis est un médicament traditionnel utilisé par des femmes rurales en Haïti pour traiter des problèmes de santé rencontrés lors de la période des menstruations, de grossesse et après l’accouchement. Les propriétés multiples de ce médicament féminin (purificatrices, réparatrices, embellificatrices, menstrogènes, etc.) en font un produit d’une importance inestimable dans les communautés rurales peu ou non biomédicalisées. Quand, comment et pourquoi de nombreuses femmes rurales l’utilisent-elles ? Quelles sont les représentations populaires du corps féminin explicatives des usages du bebelis ? L’objectif principal de cet article est de décrire, dans la perspective de l’anthropologie des médicaments traditionnels, les propriétés de ce phytomédicament., During a workshop conversation on diverse themes with local knowledge holders in the South, the bebelis was uncovered as a traditional medicine used by rural women in Haiti to treat health problems that occur during the menstruation period, pregnancy and following childbirth. The multiple properties of this medicine used by women (for purification, healing, beautification, and inducing menstruation) render the bebelis a product of inestimable importance in rural communities with little or no biomedicalization. When do rural women use this medicine, how and why? What are the popular representations of women’s body that explain the uses of the bebelis? Adopting an anthropology of traditional medicine lens, the aim of this article is to describe this phytomedicine., Resumen : Descubierto por casualidad durante un taller de diálogo local con los expertos de los conocimientos del Sur sobre diversos temas, el bebelis es una medicina tradicional utilizada por las mujeres rurales de Haití para tratar los problemas de salud que surgen durante la menstruación, el embarazo y después del parto. Las múltiples propiedades de esta medicina femenina (purificadora, reconstituyente, embellecedora, menstruógena [que induce el retorno de la menstruación], etc.) la hacen inestimable en las comunidades rurales con escasa o ninguna biomedicina. ¿Cuándo, cómo y por qué lo utilizan muchas mujeres rurales? ¿Cuáles son las representaciones populares del cuerpo femenino que explican los usos de los bebelis? El objetivo principal de este artículo es describir, desde la perspectiva de la antropología de las medicinas tradicionales, las propiedades de esta fitomedicina.

Rezime : Fanm lavil ki ale akouche andeyò pou zafè pa bon ak fanm andeyò ki akouche lakay yo jere doulè akouchman san yo pa pran medikaman. Anpil nan fanm sa yo se potestan yo ye. Gen ladan yo tou ki se vodouyizan. Menmsi yo pa vodouyizan, gen nan yo ki konn fè rele ongan oubyen manbo lè yo santi doulè akouchman an pa yon bagay ki nòmal. Nosyon akouchman san doulè pa egziste pou anpil fanm andeyò, sitou pou sa ki pa gen mwayen yo. Anpil ladan yo fè nenpòt dis timoun lakay yo. Matwòn yo ede fanm sa yo jere doulè yo san yo pa itilize medikaman. Gen anpil nan fanm sa yo ki te akouche lakay yo, paske al akouche lopital potko alamòd. Genyen ki prefere akouche lakay yo malgre gon lopital ki rele Mache Kabrit ki pa twò lwen yo, yon lopital ki bay fanm ki ap akouche peridiral pou redui doulè yo, daprè sa yon matwòn Benè te di nou. Nan atik sa a, nou dekri kijan matwòn ak fanm yo jere doulè akouchman lakay ; nou bay rezon ki koz anpil fanm rete akouche lakay yo andeyò epi nou eseye konprann ki sans yo bay doulè yo ak benefis siko-espirityèl yo jwenn ladan., Urban women who go to give birth in the countryside because of lack of money, as well as peasant women who give birth at home, manage the pain of childbirth without medication. Many of these women are protestants. Others are voodoo practitioners. Even if they do not practice voodoo, some of these women ask someone to bring them a houngan or a mambo when they perceive that the pain of their childbirth is not natural. Rural women, especially those without financial means, are unaware of the notion of painless childbirth. Some of them gave birth to a dozen children at home. The matrons help these women manage the pain of childbirth without resorting to medication. Many of these women delivered their babies at home, as it was not yet customary to go to the hospital to give birth. Although there is a hospital called Mache Kabrit, which is not far from their community — a hospital which offers epidurals to midwives to reduce the pain of childbirth according to the testimony of a matron from Bainet —, some of these women choose to give birth at home. In this article, we describe the techniques deployed by midwives and midwives to manage the pain of home birth; we explain the reasons why many rural women give birth at home while trying to understand the meaning they attribute to the pain of childbirth as well as the psycho-spiritual benefits they derive from it., Les femmes urbaines qui vont accoucher à la campagne à cause du manque d’argent et les paysannes qui accouchent à la maison gèrent la douleur de leur accouchement sans médicament. Beaucoup de ces femmes sont des protestantes. D’autres sont des praticiennes vodou. Même si elles ne pratiquent pas le vodou, quelques-unes de ces femmes demandent à une personne de leur amener un houngan ou une mambo lorsqu’elles perçoivent que la douleur de leur accouchement n’est pas naturelle. Les femmes rurales, notamment celles qui n’ont pas de moyens financiers, ignorent la notion d’accouchement sans douleur. Certaines d’entre elles ont accouché d’une dizaine d’enfants à la maison. Les matrones aident ces femmes à gérer la douleur de leur accouchement sans recourir aux médicaments. Beaucoup de ces femmes ont mis au monde leur bébé chez elles, car il n’était pas encore coutume d’aller accoucher à l’hôpital. Bien qu’il y ait un hôpital dénommé Mache Kabrit, qui se trouve non loin de leur communauté — un hôpital qui offre la péridurale aux parturientes afin de réduire la douleur de l’accouchement d’après le témoignage d’une matrone de Bainet —, certaines de ces femmes choisissent d’accoucher chez elles. Dans cet article, nous décrivons les techniques déployées par les matrones et les parturientes pour gérer la douleur de l’accouchement à domicile ; nous expliquons les raisons pour lesquelles beaucoup de femmes rurales accouchent chez elles tout en essayant de comprendre le sens qu’elles attribuent à la douleur de l’accouchement ainsi que les bénéfices psycho-spirituels qu’elles en retirent., Resumen : Las mujeres urbanas que van a dar a luz al campo por falta de dinero y las mujeres campesinas que dan a luz en casa manejan el dolor del parto sin medicamentos. Muchas de estas mujeres son protestantes. Otros son practicantes de vudú. Aunque no practiquen el vudú, algunas de estas mujeres piden a alguien que les lleve un houngan o un mambo cuando perciben que el dolor del parto no es normal. Las mujeres rurales, especialmente aquellas sin medios económicos, desconocen la noción del parto sin dolor. Algunas de ellas dieron a luz a una decena de niños en casa. Las matronas ayudan a estas mujeres a manejar el dolor del parto sin recurrir a medicamentos. Muchas de estas mujeres dieron a luz a sus bebés en casa, ya que aún no era costumbre ir al hospital a dar a luz. Si bien existe un hospital llamado Mache Kabrit, que no está lejos de su comunidad — un hospital que ofrece epidurales a las parturientas para aliviar el dolor del parto según el testimonio de una matrona de Bainet —, algunas de estas mujeres optan por dar a luz en sus casas. En este artículo, describimos las técnicas desplegadas por parteras y parturientas para manejar el dolor del parto domiciliario; explicamos las razones por las que muchas mujeres rurales dan a luz en casa mientras tratamos de comprender el significado que le atribuyen al dolor del parto, así como los beneficios psico-espirituales que derivan de él.

This study examined the challenges regarding access to higher education among rural women in Punjab, Pakistan, and explored the impacts and implications of these challenges. The study examined the role of socioeconomic factors, family size and distance to educational institutions in shaping access to higher education for rural women. A sample of 384 participants from the region was surveyed using a well-structured questionnaire. The analysis revealed that household income and the perceived difficulty in paying school fees significantly influenced access to higher education with greater financial resources increasing the likelihood of educational opportunities for women. The size of a family has become another factor that affects educational outcomes because there are not enough resources and attention available for girl’s higher education. Moreover, the distance of educational institution from home presented a significant barrier, hindering access to higher education for rural women. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling showed that these factors were important to effect the rural women's ability to attend the institute. The study showed the need for targeted interference and policies to promote higher education and enhance access to higher education for rural women in Punjab, Pakistan.

The objective of the study was to compare agricultural investment and agricultural production of rural agrarian women in Uganda that had received microcredit to those that had not. A quasi-experimental was used to assess differences between performance indicators of agricultural enterprises for existing and incoming borrowers of Bangladesh Rural and Advancement Committee (BRAC) microfinance. Propensity score matching was used to ensure the comparability of the groups and to assess differences between existing borrowers and in-coming borrowers, before they received their first loan. Results indicated that the major reason for borrowing was education of children. There was no difference in investment in agricultural production between the study groups. The existing borrowers had lower monetary value of all harvested crops and for maize and beans than the in-coming borrowers. Total number of animals owned, types of animals kept and reported monetary value for goats and local cattle were also less for existing borrowers than for in-coming borrowers. It was observed that the loan repayment protocols did not match income from agriculture. The results reveal a need to modify loan repayment protocols to address the latent period between agricultural investment and output.

This research allowed us to know the factors that affect the productivity of women in agriculture,as well as to explore the existing working conditions that could also impact the role of womenin their productive environment. The study was conducted in 2019. The objective of this workwas to identify the main problems experienced by women with respect to men in the sustenanceof households and performance in agricultural activities. To this end, a descriptive study ofmixed approach was carried out, which was applied in two agricultural regions of BCS, collectinginformation through a survey. The results show differences in relation to income, working hours,management of household expenses and time spent on domestic work. The work concludes thatthere is no equality, so it is important to promote the value of people of both sexes in the socialdynamics of the communities analyzed, La presente investigación permitió conocer los factores que inciden en la productividad de las mujeres en la agricultura, así como explorar las condiciones de trabajo existentes, que también pudieran impactar el rol de la mujer en su ámbito productivo. El estudio se realizó en el año 2019. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los principales problemas que vive la mujer con respecto a los hombres en el sustento de los hogares y desempeños en actividades agrícolas.Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de enfoque mixto aplicado en dos regiones agrícolas de BCS, recopilándose información mediante encuesta. Los resultados muestran diferenciasen relación con los ingresos, las jornadas laborales, la administración del gasto familiar y el tiempo que destinan al trabajo doméstico. El trabajo concluye que no existe igualdad, por lo que es importante propiciar el valor de las personas de ambos sexos en la dinámica social de las comunidades analizadas.

Climate change affects people and regions differently. The East Africa region is one of the most affected by the changes in the climate. There, women, especially the most marginalised and disadvantaged, are the most impacted, in many ways. Despite being the most heavily burdened, rural women are underrepresented and overlooked in tackling weather change. This can be changed by adopting a gender perspective that empowers women. This would allow them to improve their lives exponentially and to become key actors in mitigating and adapting to climate change effectively.

This article aims to understand the experience of the Agroecological Fair at the Federal University of Lavras in Minas Gerais-Brazil as a proximity circuit and counter-hegemonic space, as well as the meaning that family farmers give to this space. The work is the result of the extension project: «Construindo saberes na feira agroecológica na Universidade Federal de Lavras-MG» (Building knowledge at the agroecological fair at the Federal University of Lavras-MG). The methodology followed in the study used quantitative methods such as a standardized questionnaire and others of the qualitative paradigm like observation and interviews conducted during the field work, to which we added document analysis. The main conclusion underlined that the fair is a social construction characterized by establishing relations of proximity between producers and consumers of the same territory, in time and space. The study shows the potential of agroecological fairs, in contrast to global markets, for their contributions to the reconfiguration of the social fabric by articulating a diversity of social actors and dignifying peasant family agriculture, for developing face-to-face links between producers and consumers, for making visible the role of women in the entire production chain as shown by our interlocutors, for a different relationship with nature by placing environmentally healthy products in the experienced space that is the fair. As an experience, the agroecological fair at the Federal University of Lavras opens the possibility of the constitution of identities as agroecological fair participants from the practices and meanings that imply processes in which agroecology takes shape in the territory, involving other actors such as the University and its entire academic community., L'article vise à comprendre l'expérience de la foire agroécologique à l'Université fédérale de Lavras à Minas Gérais, au Brésil, en tant que circuit de proximité et espace contre-hégémonique, ainsi que les significations que les agriculteurs et les agricultrices familiales attribuent à cet espace. Ce travail découle du projet d'extension " Construindo saberes na feira agroecológica na Universidade Federal de Lavras-MG " (Renforcer les connaissances au salon agroécologique de l'Université fédérale de Lavras-MG). La méthodologie utilisée dans cette étude s'est appuyée sur des méthodes quantitatives avec l'application d'un questionnaire structuré et sur des méthodes du paradigme qualitatif telles que l'observation et les entretiens réalisés sur le terrain, auxquels des analyses de documents ont été ajoutées. On en conclut que la foire est une construction sociale qui implique des parcours autour de produits et d'acteurs spécifiques ; caractérisée par la proximité sociale, territoriale et relationnelle entre producteurs et consommateurs, proximité dans le temps et l'espace avec des contributions favorables à un environnement sain ; proximité avec les identités culturelles régionales, présentes dans les produits, proximité ressentie et intériorisée à travers les pratiques sociales. L'étude montre le potentiel des foires agroécologiques face aux marchés mondiaux, grâce à leurs contributions à la reconfiguration du tissu social, en articulant une diversité d'acteurs sociaux et en valorisant l'agriculture familiale paysanne, en développant des liens basés sur le contact direct entre producteurs et consommateurs, et en mettant en évidence le rôle des femmes dans toute la chaîne de production, comme le montrent nos interlocutrices ; par une autre relation avec la nature, en plaçant des produits écologiquement corrects dans cet espace expérimenté qu'est la foire. En tant qu'expérience, la foire agroécologique de l'Université fédérale de Lavras ouvre la possibilité de constitue, O artigo tem como objetivo compreender a experiência da Feira Agroecológica na Universidade Federal de Lavras em Minas Gerais-Brasil como um circuito de proximidade e espaço contra hegemônico, assim como os significados que os agricultores e agricultoras familiares dão a este espaço. O trabalho resulta do projeto de extensão «Construindo saberes na feira agroecológica na Universidade Federal de Lavras-MG». A metodologia utilizada neste estudo se apoiou em métodos quantitativos com aplicação de questionário estruturado e em métodos do paradigma qualitativo tais como a observação e entrevistas realizadas durante o trabalho de campo, as quais foram agregadas análise de documentos. Conclui-se que a feira é uma construção social que envolve trajetórias em torno de produtos e atores específicos; caracterizada pela proximidade social, territorial e relacional entre produtores e consumidores, proximidade no tempo e no espaço com contribuições favoráveis para um ambiente saudável; proximidade com as identidades culturais regionais, presentes nos produtos, proximidade sentida e internalizada através das práticas sociais. O estudo mostra o potencial das feiras agroecológicas frente aos mercados globais, por suas contribuições para a reconfiguração do tecido social, articulando uma diversidade de atores sociais e dignificando a agricultura familiar camponesa, desenvolvendo vínculos baseados no contato face a face entre os que produzem e os que consomem, e por visibilizar o papel da mulher em toda a cadeia produtiva como mostram nossas interlocutoras; por outra relação com a natureza, colocando produtos ecologicamente corretos naquele espaço experimentado que é a feira. Como experiência, a feira agroecológica da Universidade Federal de Lavras abre a possibilidade de constituição de identidades como feira agroecológica a partir das práticas e significados que envolvem processos em que a agroecologia ganha corpo no território, envolvendo outros atores como a Universidade e toda a, El presente artículo tuvo como objetivos comprender la experiencia de la Feria Agroecológica en la Universidad Federal de Lavras en Minas Gerais (Brasil) como circuito de proximidad y espacio contrahegemónico, así como la significación que los agricultores/as familiares otorgan a ese espacio. El trabajo es el resultado del proyecto de extensión denominado “Construindo saberes na feira agroecológica na Universidade Federal de Lavras-MG” (Construyendo saberes en la feria agroecológica de la Universidad Federal de Lavras-MG). La metodología seguida en el estudio accionó métodos cuantitativos como la aplicación de un cuestionario estandarizado y otros del paradigma cualitativo, tales como la observación y entrevistas realizados durante el trabajo de campo, así como el análisis de documentos. Se concluye que la feria es una construcción social caracterizada por establecer relaciones de proximidad entre productores y consumidores de un mismo territorio, en tiempo y espacio. El estudio muestra el potencial de las ferias agroecológicas frente a los mercados globales: por sus aportes a la reconfiguración del tejido social al articular una diversidad de actores sociales y dignificar la agricultura familiar campesina; por desarrollar vínculos basados en el cara a cara entre quien produce y quien consume; por visibilizar el papel de las mujeres en toda la cadena productiva, como muestran las interlocutoras; por evidenciar otra relación con la naturaleza, al colocar productos ambientalmente sanos en ese espacio vivencial que es la feria. Como experiencia, la feria agroecológica en la Universidad Federal de Lavras abre la posibilidad de la constitución de identidades como feriantes agroecológicos a partir de las prácticas y significaciones que envuelven procesos en los que la agroecología gana cuerpo en el territorio, involucrando a otros actores como la Universidad y a toda su comunidad académica.

This article discusses the practices of representing shepherd women in Spain, who have recently become more visible. New representations challenge stereotyped concepts of gender roles and rurality in such a masculinized context as the livestock sector. One of the main arguments of the article is that shepherdesses narratives and visuals connect with the sustainable agro-social development of the economy from an ecofeminist perspective. The authors conducted a close reading of a selection of productions, including short videos and media interventions about shepherdesses. Among the conclusions, they argue that shepherdesses' media productions and interventions put women at the center of local development processes, with particular emphasis on their role and leadership qualities. Their activities promote and maintain a networked sisterhood that activates intersectional approaches in favor of alternative structures to farming and life in rural areas.

Purpose: The contemporary research was intended to survey the countryside women's participation in monetary creating activities and had explored socio-economic obstacles faced by them while carrying out their home activities. Methodology: Survey was carried out in two purposively selected villages in the Mardan district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. by Usage of a simple random technique, targeting a total of 112 women respondents’ primary data were collected with the help of a semi-structured interview schedule and analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics techniques. Findings: The study found that the literacy rate was low among the sampled respondents therefore livestock rearing and embroidery work was the most common income-generating activities among the respondents. There were no formal and recognized training centers or any other guidance providers for the women in the study area. Moreover, the lack of marketing facilities had restrained the respondents to sell out their products at cheaper prices, therefore, sampled respondents faced problem/s in performing income-generating activities in the study area. Implications: credit and marketing facilities can also be promoted for the sustainable business advancement of the rural women so they can sell their products at reasonable prices to improve their socio-economic conditions.                                                        &nbsp

This article deals with a crucial subject for the Congo and even for other similar countries. Said pointed subject is: "The role of the rural woman (Congolese) in the development of her Locality through alternative Tourism". This subject highlights the crucial place of Congolese rural women in the development of their locality through Alternative Tourism, which is a catalyst for jobs and growth in rural areas. To this end, my work is then a collection of suggestions (tracks of solutions) which is essential in Congo for a new model of development of Locality (case of the Bay of Loango) to support rural tourism, while preserving, valuing, promoting rural women in order to reduce pov, Cet article traite un sujet capital pour le Congo et même pour d’autres pays similaires. Leditsujet pointu est: «Le rôle de la femme rural (Congolaise) dans le développement de sa localité à travers le Tourisme alternatif». Ce sujet met en évidence la place capitale dela femme rurale Congolaise dans le développement de sa localité à travers le Tourisme Alternatif,qui est un catalyseur d’emplois et de croissance en milieu rural. A cet effet, mon travail est alors une collecte de suggestions (pistes de solutions) qui s’impose au Congo pour un nouveau modèle de développement de Localité(cas de la Baie de Loango)pour favoriser letourisme rural, tout en préservant, valorisantetpromouvant la femme rurale afin deréduirela pauvreté, Este artículo trata un tema crucial para el Congo e incluso para otros países similares. Dicho tema puntual es “El papel de la mujer rural congoleña en el desarrollo de su localidad a través del turismo alternativo”. Este tema destaca el lugar crucial de las mujeres rurales congoleñas en el desarrollo de una localidadde estudio en el Congoa través del Turismo Alternativo, un catalizador para el empleo y el crecimiento en las zonasrurales. Con este fin,estetrabajo pretende proponer una serie de recomendaciones y acciones de buenas prácticasque pudieran ser esenciales en el Congo para un nuevo modelo de desarrollo local, en el caso concreto de la Bahía de Loango para apoyar el turismo rural, preservando, valorandoypromoviendo a las mujeres para reducir la pobreza

The processes of organization and participation in the care of the world's largestparamo, located in the territory of Sumapaz, are historical and have made it possible to position resistance to economic and ecotourism megaprojects that wouldaffect the natural conditions of said the mentioned ecosystem. The purpose ofthis article is to reflect on the relevance that women's community agencies havehad in Sumapaz in the preservation of the environment, as a guarantor of thewell-being of the community and the territory. The narratives were the strategythat allowed some women to learn about the scope of their agency and their participation in these processes of struggle and territorial protection., Los procesos de organización y participación al cuidado del páramo más grande del mundo, ubicado en el territorio de Sumapaz, son históricos y han permitido posicionar la resistencia a megaproyectos económicos y ecoturísticos que afectarían las condiciones naturales de dicho ecosistema. El presente artículo tiene como finalidad reflexionar sobre la relevancia que han tenido las agencias comunitarias femeninas en el Sumapaz en la preservación del medio ambiente, como garante del bienestar de la comunidad y del territorio. Las narrativas fueron la estrategia que permitió conocer desde algunas mujeres los alcances de su agencia y su participación en estos procesos de lucha y protección territorial., Os processos de organização e participação no cuidado do maior páramo domundo, localizado no território de Sumapaz, são históricos e permitiram posicionar a resistência a megaprojetos econômicos e ecoturísticos que afetariam ascondições naturais desse ecossistema. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre a relevância que aos agênciasórgãos comunitárias de mulheres têm tido em Sumapaz na preservação do meio ambiente, como garantidor garantes do bem-estar da comunidade e do território. As narrativas foram a estratégia que permitiu conhecer, a partir dea algumas mulheres, conhecer o alcance de sua agência esua participação nesses processos de luta e proteção territorial.

The study determined the level of awareness and satisfaction with micro health insurance among rural women in the Puducherry Union territory. Using survey methods, primary data was acquired from insured members via a questionnaire. With the help of SPSS 20.0, a Chi-Square analysis was performed to determine the level of awareness and satisfaction, as well as demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The findings imply that boosting knowledge is a key prerequisite for voluntary participation in MHI schemes, and that interactive, contextualised awareness tools might help people better understand insurance. The research indicates that the Puducherry Union Territory's microhealth insurance scheme can be an effective instrument for increasing health among rural women.

Es por este motivo que el presente trabajo tiene como finalidad estudiar las buenas prácticas que emplean los agricultores del sector tradicional de la aceituna de mesa en pos de un desarrollo sostenible. A su vez, se pretende analizar la relevancia de la mujer rural en la transición hacia este tipo de economías. Para ello, el trabajo se centrará en las cooperativas agrarias al ser agentes relevantes de desarrollo en el medio rural, It is for this reason that the present work aims to study the good practices employed by farmers in the traditional table olive sector in pursuit of sustainable development. At the same time, the aim is to analyze the relevance of rural women in the transition to this type of economy. To this end, the work will focus on agricultural cooperatives as they are relevant agents of development in rural areas.

The approach to the documentary work of the luce Insti-tuteand the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture is decisive in understand-ing the history of rural documentary in Italy and Spain because it allows us to delve into the study of peasant communities during fascism and Francoism, respectively. The present work wants to deal with knowing and identifying how the creation of a female identity was conceived, at-tending, mainly, to the role played by some institutions such as le scuole rurali or school farms, with figures such as the assistants of domestic economy, within these agrarian societies., La aproximación a la obra documental del Instituto LUCE y el Ministerio de Agricultura español, resulta decisiva en la comprensión de la historia del documental rural en Italia y España porque nos permite adentrarnos en el estudio de las comunidades campesinas durante el fascismo y el franquismo respectivamente. El presente trabajo quiere ocuparse de conocer e identificar cómo se gestó la creación de una identidad femenina atendiendo, principalmente, al papel desempeñado por algunas instituciones como le scuole rurali o las granjas escuelas, con figuras como las Ayudantes de Economía doméstica, en el seno de estas sociedades agrarias.

El presente artículo recoge una investigación sobre el proceso de autoinclusión digital de mujeres de zonas rurales extremeñas. El objetivo central es identificar los facilitadores de inclusión de las mujeres rurales en las tecnologías digitales, abordando la autodefinición sobre el nivel de autonomía en el manejo de estos medios, y la existencia de diferencias en la percepción sobre estos facilitadores en función de la edad. Para ello, se parte de un enfoque cuantitativo y una metodología descriptiva, mediante la aplicación del Cuestionario SIRWOP a una muestra aleatoria de 400 mujeres (entre 15 y 75 años) de entornos rurales situados en la provincia de Cáceres. Los resultados obtenidos, revelan diferentes niveles de autonomía, donde las mujeres jóvenes con más estudios e ingresos presentan un mejor desempeño tecnológico. También, se observan diferencias en la valoración de los posibilitadores para el uso de las tecnologías, así las mujeres jóvenes cuentan con un mayor apoyo del entorno. En general, existe una percepción positiva sobre los aspectos facilitadores de inclusión digital, destacando el apoyo de familiares, y un mejor acceso a las tecnologías. Para concluir, se ofrecen orientaciones dirigidas a la promoción de medidas enfocadas al desarrollo de habilidades digitales avanzadas y usos rutinarios., This article includes an investigation on the process of digital self-inclusion of women from rural areas of Extremadura. The main objective is to identify the facilitators of inclusion of rural women in digital technologies, addressing the self-definition of the level of autonomy in the management of these media and the existence of differences in the perception of these facilitators based on age. To do this, we start from a quantitative approach and a descriptive methodology by applying the SIRWOP Questionnaire to a random sample of 400 women (between 15 and 75 years old) from rural settings located in the province of Cáceres. The results obtained reveal different levels of autonomy where young women with more education and income present better technological performance. Also, differences are observed in the assessment of enablers for the use of technologies, so young women have greater support from the environment. In general, there is a positive perception about the facilitating aspects of digital inclusion, highlighting the support of family members and better access to technologies. To conclude, guidelines are offered aimed at promoting measures focused on the development of advanced digital skills and routine uses.

The objective is to analyze the social gender relations in the Chiloé archipelago during the last decade of civic-military dictatorship, considering the life trajectories of rural women, the impact of the regime on the insular rurality and on the formation of a community solidarity between women as a resistance in the daily life. The work was carried out with testimoniesof rural women of the Chiloé archipelago, press and documents of the time. Their experiences demonstrate a defense of life expressed in the sustainable subsistence of care as a collective exercise, and where machismo and the sexual division of labor are even denounced socially., El objetivo es analizar las relaciones sociales de género en el archipiélago de Chiloé durante la última década de dictadura cívico-militar, considerando trayectorias de vida de mujeres rurales, el impacto del régimen en la ruralidad insular y en la conformación de una solidaridad comunitaria entre mujeres como resistencia en lo cotidiano. Se analizaron testimonios de mujeres rurales del archipiélago de Chiloé, prensa y documentos de la época. Las experiencias de ellas demuestran una defensa de la vida expresada en la subsistencia sostenible de los cuidados como un ejercicio colectivo, que al mismo tiempo denuncia socialmente el machismo y la división sexual del trabajo

is paper describes the configuration process of rural and gender public policy in Northwest Argentina. Also revisit an experience located in the province of La Rioja, which begins with the first antecedents in the region and continues during the present. It is necessary to start from a review of the historical background, because there are no works that refer specifically to it. To characterize the experience of community organization, as well as the intervention of external organizations and the State, we start from the place of enunciation of the actors themselves. Here we try to problematize the rural planning proposals as homogeneous and generalized processes, during the 20th century., Este artigo descreve o processo de configura#ão das políticas públicas rurais e de gênero no noroeste da Argentina. Também revisita uma experiência localizada na provincia de La Rioja, que começa com os primeiros antecedentes na região e continua até o presente. É necessário Este artigo descreve o processo de configuração das políticas públicas rurais e de gênero no noroeste da Argentina. Também revisita uma experiência localizada na provincia de La Rioja, que começa com os primeiros antecedentes na região e continua até o presente. É necessário partir de uma revisão do pano de fundo histórico, pois não há textos que se refiram específicamente a ele. Para caracterizar a experiência de organização comunitária, bem como a intervenção de organização comunitária, bem como a interven#ão de organizações externas e do Estado, partimos do lugar de enuncia#ão dos próprios atores. Aquí procuramos problematizar as propostas de planejamento rural como processos homogéneos e generalizados, durante o século XX., Este trabajo busca describir el proceso configurativo de la política pública rural y con perspectiva genérica, en el Noroeste Argentino. También revisitar una experiencia situada en la provincia de La Rioja, la cual inicia con los primeros antecedentes en la región y continúa en el presente. Se considera necesario partir de una revisión de los antecedentes históricos, debido a que no se disponen trabajos que refieran específicamente a dicha sistematización. Para la experiencia de organización comunitaria, se apuesta a una caracterización de la intervención de organismos externos y el Estado, pero partiendo del lugar de enunciación de las propias actoras. Se intenta aquí problematizar a las propuestas de planificación rural como procesos homogéneos y generalizados, durante el siglo XX.

Energy poverty is a growing global challenge with significant adverse effects on well-being and health. However, its social impacts on vulnerable population in deprived communities have been largely ignored. Consequently, this study examines the social-economic impacts of energy poverty among women and students in Esa Oke, a hilly and rural and energy-deprived community in southwestern Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey design approach was adopted, while purposive and random sampling technique was used in selecting respondents. Findings from the study revealed differences in energy consumption behaviour of women and students in rural settings; while women adopt traditional biomass for cooking, students adopt modern energy services. Additionally, the impacts of poor energy access differ per women and students. For instance, on one hand, the use of traditional biomass significantly affects rural women's health, as the majority (95%) of women respondents reported exposure to emissions through indirect combustion of fuelwood. On the other hand, students' academic performance and academic activities were significantly disrupted due to the poor electricity supply in the area. Based on the foregoing, the study recommends an inclusive rural energy policy that captures all social groups affected by energy poverty.

The processes of organization and participation in the care of the world's largest paramo, located in the territory of Sumapaz, are historical and have made it pos-sible to position resistance to economic and ecotourism megaprojects that would affect the natural conditions of said the mentioned ecosystem. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the relevance that women's community agencies have had in Sumapaz in the preservation of the environment, as a guarantor of the well-being of the community and the territory. The narratives were the strategy that allowed some women to learn about the scope of their agency and their participation in these processes of struggle and territorial protection., Os processos de organização e participação no cuidado do maior páramo do mundo, localizado no território de Sumapaz, são históricos e permitiram posi-cionar a resistência a megaprojetos econômicos e ecoturísticos que afetariam as condições naturais desse ecossistema. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre a relevância que aos agênciasórgãos comunitárias de mulheres têm tido em Suma-paz na preservação do meio ambiente, como garantidor garantes do bem-estar da comunidade e do território. As narrativas foram a estratégia que permitiu conhecer, a partir dea algumas mulheres, conhecer o alcance de sua agência e sua participação nesses processos de luta e proteção territorial., Los procesos de organización y participación al cuidado del páramo más grande del mundo, ubicado en el territorio de Sumapaz, son históricos y han permitido posi-cionar la resistencia a megaproyectos económicos y ecoturísticos que afectarían las condiciones naturales de dicho ecosistema. El presente artículo tiene como finalidad reflexionar sobre la relevancia que han tenido las agencias comunitarias femeninas en el Sumapaz en la preservación del medio ambiente, como garante del bienestar de la comunidad y del territorio. Las narrativas fueron la estrategia que permitió conocer desde algunas mujeres los alcances de su agencia y su participación en estos procesos de lucha y protección territorial.

Objetivo. Explorar, a partir da literatura, as contribuições do desenvolvimento da competência em informação para o empoderamento de mulheres rurais, como população socialmente vulnerável e que é inibida de participar plenamente da sociedade em função das desigualdades de gênero. Método. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa de literatura. Foram utilizados diferentes tipos de documentos produzidos no Brasil e em outros países e publicados entre os anos de 2000 e 2019.Resultados. As mulheres rurais têm um papel central no trabalho do campo, na produção de alimentos e na garantia da subsistência da família. Entretanto, na realidade social brasileira, há diversos fatores que as colocam em vulnerabilidade social. Visualizamos que o desenvolvimento da competência em informação, nas quatro dimensões propostas por Vitorino e Piantola (2011), pode contribuir de diversas formas para o processo de empoderamento de mulheres rurais, tornando-as menos vulneráveis e atuando no restabelecimento das relações sociais e sociofamiliares.Conclusões. O desenvolvimento da competência em informação de mulheres rurais é uma temática ainda pouco explorada na literatura de Ciência da Informação, apesar de sua relevância para o empoderamento, especialmente, quando associada ao acesso à informação, ao uso das TICs e ao aprendizado ao longo da vida., Objective. To explore, from the literature, the contributions of the development of information literacy to the empowerment of rural women, as a socially vulnerable population that is inhibited from fully participating in society due to gender inequalities.Method. This is a narrative literature review. We used different types of documents produced in Brazil and other countries and published between 2000 and 2019.Results. Rural women have a central role in field work, food production and ensuring the subsistence of the family. However, in Brazilian social reality, there’s several factors that place them in social vulnerability. We visualize that the development of information literacy, in the four dimensions proposed by Vitorino and Piantola (2011), can contribute in several ways to the process of empowerment of rural women, making them less vulnerable and acting in the re-establishment of social and socio-family relations.Conclusions. The development of information literacy of rural women is a theme still little explored in the Information Science literature, despite its relevance for empowerment, especially when associated with access to information, use of ICT and lifelong learning.

Introduction. In Spain, in rural areas, women's participation in the socio-labour sphere is undervalued, although they are essential in employment, entrepreneurship and innovation. Objectives. In this sense, this documentary research study aims to review, from the discipline of social work, what kind of actions increase and make visible the empowerment of women, socio-labour insertion and gender equality in rural areas in Spain. Methodology. The methodological process was carried out through a bibliographic search in the Social Service Abstract and Sociological Abstract databases, providing bibliographic coverage of research in relation to our object of study and our discipline. Results. The results point to the lack of research on the inclusion of women in socio-economic revitalisation strategies in rural Spain between 2010 and 2020. Conclusions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop research and social intervention programmes that are adapted to the social reality of women in the environment in which they intervene. These actions must be flexible, adapted to the real needs of rural women, innovative, comprehensive and based on active participation, leadership and empowerment., Introducción. En España, en las zonas rurales, la participación de la mujer en el ámbito sociolaboral es poco valorada, siendo ellas esenciales en el empleo, el emprendimiento y la innovación. Objetivos. En este sentido, el presente estudio de investigación documental tiene como objetivo revisar, desde la disciplina del trabajo social, que tipo de actuaciones acrecientan y visibilizan el empoderamiento de la mujer, la inserción sociolaboral y la igualdad de género en el ámbito rural en el Estado español. Metodología. El proceso metodológico se llevó a cabo a través de una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Social Service Abstract y Sociological Abstract proporcionando cobertura bibliográfica de investigaciones en relación a nuestro objeto de estudio y a nuestra disciplina. Resultados. Los resultados señalan la carencia de investigaciones que se preocupen por la inclusión de la mujer en las estrategias de dinamización socioeconómica en la España rural entre los años 2010 y 2020. Conclusiones. Por ello, es necesario desarrollar programas de investigación e intervención social que se adecuen a la realidad social de las mujeres del entorno donde se interviene. Estas actuaciones han de ser flexibles, adaptadas a las verdaderas necesidades de las mujeres rurales, innovadoras, de carácter integral y basadas en la participación activa, liderazgo y empoderamiento.

Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX, el mundo rural inició un proceso demográfico conocido como el ciclo del declive de la despoblación. Los pueblos, se quedaron sin habitantes, y las tareas agrícolas comenzaron a mecanizarse, jóvenes y mujeres protagonizaron una marcha selectiva hacia los principales núcleos urbanos del país, en busca de nuevas oportunidades laborales y sociales. Entre 1960 y 1980, el periodo más duro conocido como el del éxodo rural, la provincia de Zamora sufrió su mayor pérdida poblacional, a medida que fueron pasando los años el ratio de masculinidad en la provincia se disparó, a partir del año 2002 se produjo el mayor incremento de población masculina frente a la femenina, en tan solo veinte años pasó de un 96,94% a un 98,77%. Sin embargo en las últimas décadas, los movimientos como el feminismo y la ecología, han adquirido un creciente protagonismo en el medio rural, las mujeres han luchado por fomentar nuevos papeles o identidades sociales que las empoderan, y las separan de los estereotipos y los roles de género que se desarrollaban de forma tradicional en el campo. Todos estos factores, han ayudado a que surjan nuevas formas de desarrollo rural relacionadas con nuevos yacimientos de empleo, centrados en la sostenibilidad del entorno, abogando por pequeñas producciones agroecológicas que priorizan la calidad, y sobre todo, que fomentan el emprendimiento femenino, y la fijación poblacional. Producciones alimentarias como queserías, bodegas, talleres de artesanía, o alojamientos rurales, además de los oficios que se desempeñaban tradicionalmente en la zona. Este Trabajo Fin de Grado en la modalidad de trabajo profesional desarrolla un reportaje multimedia que pretende visibilizar estas nuevas formas de emprendimiento femenino, a través de las historias de cinco de las mujeres que han decidido trasladar su vida al medio rural dentro de la provincia de Zamora., From the second half of the 20th century, the rural world began a demographic process known as the cycle of depopulation decline. As the villages became sparsely populated and agricultural work began to be mechanised, young people and women set out on a selective march to the country's main urban centres in search of new employment and social opportunities. Between 1960 and 1980, the harshest period known as the rural exodus, the province of Zamora suffered its greatest population loss, and as the years went by the male ratio in the province soared, from 2002 onwards, there was the greatest increase in the male population compared to the female population, from 96.94% to 98.77% in just twenty years. However, in recent decades, movements such as feminism and ecology have become increasingly important in the rural world, and women have fought to promote new roles or social identities that empower them and separate them from the stereotypes and gender roles that were traditionally developed in the countryside. All these factors have helped the emergence of new forms of rural development related to new sources of employment, focused on the sustainability of the environment, advocating small-scale agro-ecological production that prioritises quality and, above all, encourages female entrepreneurship and the fixation of the population in rural areas. All these factors have helped the emergence of new forms of rural development related to new sources of employment, focused on the sustainability of the environment, advocating small agro-ecological productions that prioritise quality, and above all, promote female entrepreneurship and the fixation of the population in rural areas. Food production such as cheese dairies, wineries, craft workshops and rural accommodation, in addition to the trades that were traditionally carried out in the area. The multimedia report presents these new forms of female entrepreneurship through the stories of five of the women who have decided to, Departamento de Historia Moderna, Contemporánea y de América, Periodismo y Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad, Grado en Periodismo

Purpose: This study was designed to understand knowledge level and practice of personal hygiene of rural women. Methodology:This study was conducted in District Faisalabad. Multistage random sampling was used to select the sample. At initial stage of sampling, two towns (Samundari Town and Tandlianwala Town) were selected randomly out of eight towns of District, Faisalabad. Later on, two union councils from each town were finalized and 2 villages were selected from each (four) union councils. Total eight villages were selected for collecting final sample for study. Sample of four hundred respondents was selected from 8 villages by using Solvin formula. At final stage, convenient sampling technique was used to select the respondents from eight villages of District, Faisalabad. A well established interview schedule was used to collect data from respondents. Data analysis was done by using SPSS. 25 and descriptive statistical techniques were applied to describe summaries of visible characteristics of the dataset. Findings: It was found that majority of rural women have not enough knowledge about personal hygiene and its practice was missed out due to lack of sufficient knowledge. Implications:Keeping in view the importance of personal hygiene practices, it is necessary to take measures to improve the situation. Hygiene and sanitation education at the individual or household level needs to be clear and simple. &nbsp

This article is the result of an investigation that recognized the processes and conditions of women's participation within the framework of the Havana agreements, signed between the national government and the revolutionary armed forces of Colombia (FARC-EP). Participation in Sumapaz has had the active presence of women, who are essential in the peaceful resolution of problems. Despite the fact that their participation has been made invisible, the contribution has had an impact on various levels: in the micro spheres of daily life to the macro order as political parties that affect beyond the local., El presente artículo es resultado de una investigación que reconoció los procesos y condiciones de la participación de las mujeres en el marco de los acuerdos de La Habana, firmados entre el gobierno nacional y las fuerzas armadas revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC-EP). La participación en Sumapaz ha contado con la presencia activa de mujeres, fundamentales en la resolución pacífica de los problemas. A pesar de que su participación se ha invisibilizado, el aporte ha incidido en diversos niveles: en ámbitos micro de la cotidianidad hasta el orden macro como partidos políticos que afectan más allá de lo local., Este artigo é o resultado de uma investigação que reconheceu os processos e as condições da participação das mulheres no marco dos acordos de Havana, assinados entre o governo nacional e as Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia (FARC-EP). A participação em Sumapaz contou com a presença ativa de mulheres, essenciais na resolução pacífica dos problemas. Apesar de sua participação ter se tornado invisível, a contribuição teve um impacto em vários níveis: nas micro esferas da vida cotidiana à macro ordem como partidos políticos que afetam além do local.

Physical activity contributes to the health and well-being of students because of the physical, psychological, and social benefits it provides (especially during confinement). The objective was to identify the level of physical activity of college students during confinement by COVID-19. It is a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted from March to July 2020. A population of 931 students enrolled in the Universidad Nacional de Frontera, Sullana-Peru, and a sample of 270 participated. The international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. Of the total participants, 32% were men and 68% women, 51% resided in urban areas and 49% in rural areas. The level of physical activity was low in 20% of the students, moderate in 29% and high in 51% of the students respectively. Of the total, 13% were diagnosed with COVID-19, of which 2.6% had low levels of physical activity, 5.2% moderate and 5.5% high. 28.1% of the students had physical complaints associated with COVID-19 symptoms. It is concluded that during the confinement, the university students presented a high level of physical activity, mostly women from rural areas rather than urban areas, where the level of physical activity was low.

An index of sensation-observation-perception of climate change (ISOP-CC) is proposed as a response variable based on five indicators (rainfall, temperatures, plagues, winds and frosts), with the aim of measuring female cultural reactions to these atmospheric events. Responses were valued from zero to one hundred percent. The study was carried out in three localities of the Municipality of San Salvador el Verde, located in the upper basin of the Atoyac River, in the region known as Sierra Nevada de Puebla, Mexico. Among the independent variables with impacts on the ISOP-CC are the altitudinal gradient related to the type of ecosystem and forest cover, damages due to climate change, land tenure, economic activities of the domestic group, forest cover, social and agricultural productive variables. It is concluded that rural women have differential ISOP-CC according to the altitude of their settlement., Se propone un índice de sensación-observación-percepción del cambio climático (ISOP-CC) como variable de respuesta a partir de cinco indicadores (precipitaciones, temperaturas, plagas, vientos y heladas), con el objetivo de medir las reacciones culturales femeninas ante dichos eventos atmosféricos; a las respuestas se les asignaron valores que oscilan entre cero y cien por ciento. El estudio se llevó a cabo en tres localidades del municipio de San Salvador el Verde, ubicadas en la cuenca alta del río Atoyac, en la región conocida como Sierra Nevada de Puebla, México. Entre las variables independientes con impactos en el ISOP-CC se encuentran el gradiente altitudinal relacionado con el tipo de ecosistema y la cobertura forestal, los perjuicios por el cambio climático, la tenencia de la tierra, las actividades económicas del grupo doméstico, la cobertura forestal, las variables sociales y agroproductivas. Se concluye que las mujeres rurales tienen ISOP-CC diferenciales según la altitud de su asentamiento.

The public library is a local information hub that makes all types of knowledge and information freely available to its users. Its doors are open to all members of the community for full and unrestricted access to its resources and services, regardless of caste, sex, or religion. Public libraries today play an important role in the life of the community. The purpose of this study is to evaluate rural women's reading habits and use of public library resources and services. The study focused on, the purpose of library visits, the frequency of library visits by public library users, the amount of time spent in the library, and the level of satisfaction with the available resources and services. For this purpose, the researcher designed a well-structured questionnaire as a data collection tool. The results reveal that the library is valuable; the services are satisfactory for the majority of users which allowing them to stay current and improve their information searching skills in both their professional and leisure time. The study's findings will aid library and information science professionals working in public libraries to better understand the reading habits of rural women. The study's findings will have significant implications for public library infrastructure, reading materials, and the establishment of women-oriented services.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP- 1965) define Information and Communication Technologies [ICTs] are basically information-handling tools – a varied set of goods, applications and services that are used to create, store up, practice, issue and exchange information. The set include the old ICTs such as radio, television and telephone, and then new ICTs of computers, satellite and wireless technology and the Internet. These different tools are now able to work together, and combine to form our networked world. An enormous infrastructure of inter-connected telephone services standardized computing hardware, the internet, radio and television, which reaches into every corner of the globe”. at the present time, both traditional and modern ICTs are accessed and used for Various information needs of the people. Self employability and employability through ICT for rural women can enable by developing skills in the ICT areas are Use of online Transactions, Use of consumer and professional websites and apps, Use of Office Management software and Desktop Publishing Tools, Use of Storage Devices Tools, Use of Website Creation Tools, Leadership and Motivational Skills and Entrepreneurial and Employability Skills were highlighted to the surveyed rural women, the level of awareness, skills used to employability and personality level have been assesses in this study

To identify the health information sources and seeking behaviour of the tribal rural women of Kangpokpi in Manipur, a north eastern state of India, 42 married women of child bearing age are randomly selected for the study. Descriptive Statistics is used to analyse the data. The study found that health information sources used most frequently by the women are the State Government-run Community Health Centre (CHC), the Pharmacy, Private Doctors, and Specialist Doctors in order of their preferences. However, the women also chose non-scientific forms of treatment and informal health information sources like Family members, Friends, Priest, etc. as their highly trusted health information sources. The study also attempts to find the barriers faced by these tribal women while accessing their health information needs.

In order to identify the existing health information sources and channels of rural women, 213 married women of child bearing age from four villages of Kangpokpi District in Manipur, India were randomly selected. A questionnaire method was adopted for the data collection and Descriptive Statistics was used for analyzing the data collected from the women. The study identified a number of health information sources such as Family members, Friends, among others and Information channels like Word of Mouth ASHA, Pamphlet in Mother tongue, Mobile phone Short Message System (SMS) for communicating their health information needs.

The Centers for Disease Control report that the rate of overdose deaths among women is rapidly increasing, with women experiencing a 532% increase in fatal opioid overdose deaths between 1999 and 2017, compared to a 355% increase for men. Among women, those in rural areas have disproportionately higher drug overdose death rates than women in urban areas (Mazure and Fiellin, 2018), indicating an opportunity for targeted rural public health interventions to slow overdose fatality increases among women. This fact sheet reviews Utah trends, potential factors increasing fatal opioid overdose, intimate partner violence and substance use disorders, and provides resources for getting help.

ABSTRACT Chronic disease and poor mental health are disproportionally impacting adults living in rural America. Regular physical activity has been shown to promote overall well-being and prevent many chronic diseases. Yet, research shows that many rural adults do not engage in enough physical activity to meet the recommended levels put forth by the federal government. The purpose of this descriptive qualitative study was to explore and describe the experiences of physical activity as perceived by rural women in their own words. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews of 20 women aged 25 to 34 living in McDowell County, West Virginia. The social-ecological model was used as a conceptual framework in this study. A thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data, and numerous themes and sub-themes were identified. This study demonstrates that health benefits, enjoyment, work-life balance, social interactions and access to facilities are important contributing factors to physical activity among young rural women. Three additional themes are also documented: Perceptions of physical activity, lack of safe environments-specifically related to the drug epidemic, and the geographic landscapes. The results of this study offer insight into how rural women experience physical activity. The findings in this study suggest that multi-level strategies and interventions that are tailored toward younger rural women (25-34 years) are needed to promote physical activity among rural women.

Throughout North America, indigenous women experience higher rates of intimate partner violence and sexual violence than any other ethnic group, and so it is of particular importance to understand sources of support for Native American women. In this article, we use social network analysis to study the relationship between social integration and women’s access to domestic violence support by examining the recommendations they would give to another woman in need. We ask two main questions: First, are less integrated women more likely to make no recommendation at all when compared with more socially integrated women? Second, are less integrated women more likely than more integrated women to nominate a formal source of support rather than an informal one? We use network data collected from interviews with 158 Canadian women residing in an indigenous community to measure their access to support. We find that, in general, less integrated women are less likely to make a recommendation than more integrated women. However, when they do make a recommendation, less integrated women are more likely to recommend a formal source of support than women who are more integrated. These results add to our understanding of how access to two types of domestic violence support is embedded in the larger set of social relations of an indigenous community.

La creación del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) en 1956 tiene un objetivo claro con respecto a la extensión rural (entendida como el fomento de la agricultura por medio de procesos de educación no formal): generar una conexión más cercana entre extensión e investigación rural. La pretendida integración de estas tareas busca facilitar el proceso de generación y aplicación de tecnología, indispensable para cumplir el objetivo de aportar al desarrollo del agro argentino. Sin embargo, la investigación en el INTA no se limita al desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías, sino que también se realizan estudios socio-económicos. En este trabajo indagamos sobre la relación entre investigación y extensión, poniendo el foco en una serie de estudios realizados en distintos puntos del país en el marco del Programa Hogar Rural, la iniciativa de extensión del INTA orientada hacia las mujeres rurales. El análisis de estos estudios, pensados como insumos para mejorar la práctica de extensión, nos permite conocer aspectos importantes del planeamiento de esta política.

Social innovations can tackle various challenges related to gender equity in rural areas, especially when such innovations are initiated and developed by women themselves. We examine cases located in rural areas of Canada, Italy, Lebanon, Morocco, and Serbia, where women are marginalized by gender roles, patriarchal values, male dominated economy and policy, and lack of opportunities for education and employment. Our objective is to analyze five case studies on how women-led social innovation processes can tackle gender equity related challenges manifested at the levels of everyday practice, institutions, and cognitive frames. The analyses are based on interviews, workshops, literature screening, and are examined via the qualitative abductive method. Results summarize challenges that rural women are facing, explore social innovation initiatives as promising solutions, and analyze their implications on gender equity in the five case studies. Based on our results we propose a new concept: reconstructive social innovation cycle. It refers to is defined as cyclical innovation processes that engage women via civil society initiatives. These initiatives reconstruct the existing state of affairs, by questioning marginalizing and discriminative practices, institutions, and cognitive frames that are often perceived as normal. The new concept helps with to assessing the implications that women-led social innovations have for gender equity.

The purpose of this article is to present the results of a research conducted on the work of rural women “feeders”, in coffee farms and estates in the rural area of three municipalities belonging to the south-central sub-region of Caldas, between 2017 and 2018. The study is supported by mixed research methods particularly in the Dominant Model Concurrent Nested Design (DMCD), whose purpose is to understand the situations of labor invisibility surrounding the activity of preparation and supply of meals for coffee day laborers; as a result, labor conditions marked by segregation, inequity, and precariousness were revealed. It was also demonstrated how their work is an essential issue for the maintenance of the labor force, social relations and the productivity of coffee companies, El propósito de este artículo es presentar los resultados de una investigación realizada sobre la labor de las mujeres rurales “alimentadoras”, en fincas y haciendas cafeteras de la zona rural de tres municipios pertenecientes a la subregión centro sur de Caldas, entre los años 2017 y 2018. El estudio se apoya en métodos mixtos de investigación particularmente en el Diseño Anidado Concurrente del Modelo Dominante (DIAC), cuya finalidad es comprender las situaciones de invisibilidad laboral que rodea la actividad de preparación y suministro de comidas para jornaleros cafeteros; como resultado, se revelaron condiciones laborales marcadas por la segregación, inequidad, y precariedad. Igualmente se demostró cómo su trabajo se configura en un asunto esencial para el mantenimiento de fuerza de trabajo, las relaciones sociales y la productividad de las empresas cafeteras.

This article collects research results on the employment situation of rural female cooks in industrialized coffee farms in the South-Central subregion of Caldas (Colombia). Likewise, its objective is to characterize this work under the social justice approach proposed by Nancy Fraser related to maldistribution and misrecognition. The methodology used in the study is related to the qualitative approach, and particularly the biographical-narrative method, likewise the analysis was carried out using Grounded Theory tools. The results reveal that unfair working conditions prevail in Colombian coffee farming, associated with low recognition of work performed in the domestic sphere (in the case of meal preparation), poor or no economic remuneration, and the absence of a legal framework of employment in accordance with the reality of the rural women dedicated to this job., El presente artículo, recoge resultados de investigación sobre la situación laboral de las mujeres rurales “alimentadoras” en fincas cafeteras tecnificadas en la subregión Centro-sur de Caldas (Colombia). De igual forma, su objetivo es caracterizar esta labor bajo el enfoque de justicia social propuesto por Nancy Fraser relacionado con la mala distribución y el reconocimiento erróneo. La metodología utilizada en el estudio es de enfoque cualitativo, y particularmente el método biográfico-narrativo; asimismo el análisis se realizó mediante herramientas de Teoría Fundamentada. Los resultados revelan que en la caficultura colombiana prevalecen condiciones de trabajo injustas asociadas al bajo reconocimiento de las labores realizadas en el ámbito doméstico (caso preparación de comidas), pobre o nula retribución económica, y ausencia de marco legal laboral acorde con la realidad de las mujeres rurales dedicadas a este oficio.