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The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) was undertaken to identify and study the important dynamical processes which govern the wind-driven motion of coastal water over the continental shelf. The initial effort in this multi-year, multi-institutional research program was to obtain high-quality data sets of all the relevant physical variables needed to construct accurate kinematic and dynamic descriptions of the response of shelf water to strong wind forcing in the 2 to 10 day band. A series of two small-scale, densely-instrumented field experiments of approximately four months duration (called CODE-1 and CODE-2) were designed to explore and to determine the kinematics and momentum and heat balances of the local wind-driven flow over a region of the northern California shelf which is characterized by both relatively simple bottom topography and large wind stress events in both winter and summer. A more lightly instrumented, long-term, large-scale component was designed to help separate the local wind-driven response in the region of the small-scale experiments from motions generated either offshore by the California Current system or in some distant region along the coast, and also to help determine the seasonal cycles of the atmospheric forcing, water structure, and coastal currents over the northern California shelf. The first small-scale experiment (CODE-1) was conducted between April and August, 1981 as a pilot study in which primary emphasis was placed on characterizing the wind-driven "signal" and the "noise" from which this signal must be extracted. In particular, CODE-1 was designed to identify the key features of the circulation and its variability over the northern California shelf and to determine the important time and length scales of the wind-driven response. This report presents a basic description of the moored array data and some other Eulerian data collected during CODE-1. A brief description of the CODE-1 field program is presented first, foll, Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 80-14941.

The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) was undertaken to identify and study the important dynamical processes which govern the wind-driven motion of coastal water over the continental shelf. The initial effort in this multi-year, multi-institutional research program was to obtain high-quality data sets of all the relevant physical variables needed to construct accurate kinematic and dynamic descriptions of the response of shelf water to strong wind forcing in the 2 to 10 day band. A series of two small-scale, densely-instrumented field experiments of approximately four months duration (called CODE-1 and CODE-2) were designed to explore and to determine the kinematics and momentum and heat balances of the local wind-driven flow over a region of the northern California shelf which is characterized by both relatively simple bottom topography and large wind stress events in both winter and summer. A more lightly instrumented, long-term, large-scale component was designed to help separate the local wind-driven response in the region of the small-scale experiments from motions generated either offshore by the California Current system or in some distant region along the coast, and also to help determine the seasonal cycles of the atmospheric forcing, water structure, and coastal currents over the northern California shelf. The first small-scale experiment (CODE-1) was conducted between April and August, 1981 as a pilot study in which primary emphasis was placed on characterizing the wind-driven "signal" and the "noise" from which this signal must be extracted. In particular, CODE-1 was designed to identify the key features of the circulation and its variability over the northern California shelf and to determine the important time and length scales of the wind-driven response. This report presents a basic description of the moored array data and some other Eulerian data collected during CODE-1. A brief description of the CODE-1 field program is presented first, foll, Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 80-14941.

The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) was undertaken to identify and study the important dynamical processes which govern the wind-driven motion of coastal water over the continental shelf. The initial effort in this multi-year, multi-institutional research program was to obtain high-quality data sets of all the relevant physical variables needed to construct accurate kinematic and dynamic descriptions of the response of shelf water to strong wind forcing in the 2 to 10 day band. A series of two small-scale, densely-instrumented field experiments of approximately four months duration (called CODE-1 and CODE-2) were designed to explore and to determine the kinematics and momentum and heat balances of the local wind-driven flow over a region of the northern California shelf which is characterized by both relatively simple bottom topography and large wind stress events in both winter and summer. A more lightly instrumented, long-term, large-scale component was designed to help separate the local wind-driven response in the region of the small-scale experiments from motions generated either offshore by the California Current system or in some distant region along the coast, and also to help determine the seasonal cycles of the atmospheric forcing, water structure, and coastal currents over the northern California shelf. The first small-scale experiment (CODE-1) was conducted between April and August, 1981 as a pilot study in which primary emphasis was placed on characterizing the wind-driven "signal" and the "noise" from which this signal must be extracted. In particular, CODE-1 was designed to identify the key features of the circulation and its variability over the northern California shelf and to determine the important time and length scales of the wind-driven response. This report presents a basic description of the moored array data and some other Eulerian data collected during CODE-1. A brief description of the CODE-1 field program is presented first, foll, Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 80-14941.

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Taylor & Francis for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Operational Oceanography 10 (2017): 115-126, doi:10.1080/1755876X.2017.1322026., This paper outlines strategies that would advance coastal ocean modeling, analysis and prediction as a complement to the observing and data management activities of the coastal components of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The views presented are the consensus of a group of U.S. based researchers with a cross-section of coastal oceanography and ocean modeling expertise and community representation drawn from Regional and U.S. Federal partners in IOOS. Priorities for research and development are suggested that would enhance the value of IOOS observations through model-based synthesis, deliver better model-based information products, and assist the design, evaluation and operation of the observing system itself. The proposed priorities are: model coupling, data assimilation, nearshore processes, cyberinfrastructure and model skill assessment, modeling for observing system design, evaluation and operation, ensemble prediction, and fast predictors. Approaches are suggested to accomplish substantial progress in a 3-8 year timeframe. In addition, the group proposes steps to promote collaboration between research and operations groups in Regional Associations, U.S. Federal Agencies, and the international ocean research community in general that would foster coordination on scientific and technical issues, and strengthen federal-academic partnerships benefiting IOOS stakeholders and end users., 2018-05-20

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Taylor & Francis for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Operational Oceanography 10 (2017): 115-126, doi:10.1080/1755876X.2017.1322026., This paper outlines strategies that would advance coastal ocean modeling, analysis and prediction as a complement to the observing and data management activities of the coastal components of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The views presented are the consensus of a group of U.S. based researchers with a cross-section of coastal oceanography and ocean modeling expertise and community representation drawn from Regional and U.S. Federal partners in IOOS. Priorities for research and development are suggested that would enhance the value of IOOS observations through model-based synthesis, deliver better model-based information products, and assist the design, evaluation and operation of the observing system itself. The proposed priorities are: model coupling, data assimilation, nearshore processes, cyberinfrastructure and model skill assessment, modeling for observing system design, evaluation and operation, ensemble prediction, and fast predictors. Approaches are suggested to accomplish substantial progress in a 3-8 year timeframe. In addition, the group proposes steps to promote collaboration between research and operations groups in Regional Associations, U.S. Federal Agencies, and the international ocean research community in general that would foster coordination on scientific and technical issues, and strengthen federal-academic partnerships benefiting IOOS stakeholders and end users., 2018-05-20

Over the past decade, the feature-oriented regional modeling methodology has been developed and applied in several ocean domains, including the western North Atlantic and tropical North Atlantic. This methodology is model-independent and can be utilized with or without satellite and/or in situ observations. Here we develop new feature-oriented models for the eastern North Pacific from 36° to 48°N – essentially, most of the regional eastern boundary current. This is the first time feature-modeling has been applied to a complex eastern boundary current system. As a prerequisite to feature modeling, prevalent features that comprise the multiscale and complex circulation in the California Current system (CCS) are first overviewed. This description is based on contemporary understanding of the features and their dominant space and time scales of variability. A synergistic configuration of circulation features interacting with one another on multiple and sometimes overlapping space and time scales as a meander-eddy-upwelling system is presented. The second step is to define the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS). The major multiscale circulation features include the mean flow and southeastward meandering jet(s) of the California Current (CC), the poleward flowing California Undercurrent (CUC), and six upwelling regions along the coastline. Next, the typical synoptic width, location, vertical extent, and core characteristics of these features and their dominant scales of variability are identified from past observational, theoretical and modeling studies. The parameterized features are then melded with the climatology, in situ and remotely sensed data, as available. The methodology is exemplified here for initialization of primitive-equation models. Dynamical simulations are run as nowcasts and short-term (4–6 weeks) forecasts using these feature models (FM) as initial fields and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) for dynamics. The set of simulations over a 40, United States. Office of Naval Research (N00014-08-1-1097), United States. Office of Naval Research (N00014-08-1-0680)

A series of four hydrographic cruises at three-month intervals was undertaken in Buzzards Bay in 1982-83. Buzzards Bay is located on the southern coast of Massachusetts, west of Cape Cod. Listings and vertical profiles of one-meter-averaged values of temperatures, salinity, sigma-t and light transmission are presented. Selected vertical cross-sections of temperature, salinity and sigma-t are also included, as are horizontal maps of the same variables at depths of 1 m and 8 m., Prepared for NOAA, National Sea Grant College Program, under grant numbers NA80-AA-D-0007 (R/P-16; R/P-15) and NA83-AA-D-00049 (R/P-13) and the Coastal Research Center under a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

A series of four hydrographic cruises at three-month intervals was undertaken in Buzzards Bay in 1982-83. Buzzards Bay is located on the southern coast of Massachusetts, west of Cape Cod. Listings and vertical profiles of one-meter-averaged values of temperatures, salinity, sigma-t and light transmission are presented. Selected vertical cross-sections of temperature, salinity and sigma-t are also included, as are horizontal maps of the same variables at depths of 1 m and 8 m., Prepared for NOAA, National Sea Grant College Program, under grant numbers NA80-AA-D-0007 (R/P-16; R/P-15) and NA83-AA-D-00049 (R/P-13) and the Coastal Research Center under a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

A series of four hydrographic cruises at three-month intervals was undertaken in Buzzards Bay in 1982-83. Buzzards Bay is located on the southern coast of Massachusetts, west of Cape Cod. Listings and vertical profiles of one-meter-averaged values of temperatures, salinity, sigma-t and light transmission are presented. Selected vertical cross-sections of temperature, salinity and sigma-t are also included, as are horizontal maps of the same variables at depths of 1 m and 8 m., Prepared for NOAA, National Sea Grant College Program, under grant numbers NA80-AA-D-0007 (R/P-16; R/P-15) and NA83-AA-D-00049 (R/P-13) and the Coastal Research Center under a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

Current meter data were collected from moorings on the 800 and 1800 m isobaths on the continental slope off Point Sur, California at 100, 350, and 500 m depth and at 1000 m depth on the 1800 m isobath. Complex demodulation and spectral techniques were used to study the distribution of tidal energy at the diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies, and to study the size, rotation and orientation of the tidal current ellipses. At mooring P2 (800 m) the observed diurnal energy increased with depth for each of the 17 months of data analyzed, and the semidiurnal energy likewise increased with depth for 14 of the 17 months. The observations were studied using the theory of bottom trapped waves in a rotating stratified fluid (Rhines, 1970)., http://archive.org/details/bottomtrappedwav1094526399, Lieutenant Commander, United States Coast Guard, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

A thirty-four day record of near-bottom temperature and horizontal velocity spanning the lower third of the water column from within Monterey Canyon was examined. The observed internal tide is highly non-linear with kinetic energy dispersed among numerous overtides near the bottom and more concentrated in the primary semi diurnal constituent (M2) higher in the water column. The bottom currents and temperature vary in strength over the record period, taking on the characteristics of an internal bore at times with large up-canyon accelerations accompanied by rapid temperature drops. The bores are nearly phase locked to the sea level variations and arrive at the measurement site ^8.6 h after high tide in Monterey, CA. They are evident in the velocity records up to at least 35 m above the bottom and may be accompanied by high frequency pulses that extend higher. The variation is not caused by direct forcing from the barotropic tidal range as the strongest bores do not exclusively occur during either the spring or neap phase of the barotropic tide. Speculation on the cause for the temporal variation centers on the changes in mid-water stratification observed, http://www.archive.org/details/internaltidalbor00keys, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Shipboard ADCP and CTD measurements were conducted in Monterey Submarine Canyon in April and October 1994 to determine the propagation characteristics and energy levels of the semidiurnal internal tide. The measurements reveal a bottom intensified internal tide propagating energy up canyon. The region of strongest motion is in a beam 150-200 m thick, centered approximately 150 m above the Canyon floor. Along canyon baroclinic M2 currents are typically 15-20 cm/s, an order of magnitude larger than the estimated barotropic tidal currents. In April 1994, the internal tidal beam is well described by a progressive wave, while in October 1994, the signal is standing along and perpendicular to the beam. The Princeton Ocean Model was used to study the generation and propagation of semidiurnal internal tides in submarine canyons and to investigate their sensitivity to canyon shape, http://archive.org/details/observationsndmo109458759, Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

In conjunction with the Huntington Beach Phase III Investigation, the diurnal variability in the wind and ocean currents from July 1 - October 12, 2001 over the San Pedro Shelf is investigated. Results suggest that the diurnal currents are driven by the diurnal winds but that the strength of the ocean response is modulated by the low frequency flow regime. The spectral peak of the near-surface currents is at the diurnal frequency, which is below the inertial frequency (1.107 cpd). The diurnal currents are surface-intensified, decaying with depth to a minimum at 10-13 m and increasing slightly in strength below that. The near-surface diurnal currents are in phase across the shelf, and are close to in phase with the winds over the shelf. The amplitude modulation of the diurnal energy of the ocean currents is correlated with the direction of the low frequency flow along the shelf;the energy is enhanced when the flow is equatorward, and weak when the flow is poleward. The amplitudes of the diurnal near-surface currents are also correlated with the diurnal winds. However, the low frequency currents and winds are not well correlated., http://archive.org/details/aninvestigationo109451057, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

In August of 2006 the Adaptive Sampling and Prediction (ASAP) experiment was conducted near the northern Monterey Bay. Multiple assets including aircraft, autonomous vehicles, moorings, and numerical models were used to gain a better understanding of three-dimensional upwelling centers. Data were collected at two separate mooring locations using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) during the experiment. The focus of this thesis is to determine the effects of local wind forcing on the ocean circulation and provide a comparison between the data collected at the mooring locations and numerical predictions for the region. Upwelling and relaxation events are used as the basis for understanding the local wind forcing. Upwelling typically results in equatorward flow while relaxation events typically result in poleward flow. Several different types of analyses were used to determine the effects of the local wind forcing. A visual analysis was performed with stick vector plots and component plots of the rotated time series that compared the wind with the data from the water column. Two methods of cross correlation, component correlations and vector correlations, were exploited as well as a spectral analysis of the wind and ADCP data. Finally the coherence and phase between the wind and currents were examined. Based on the analysis it became evident that the currents were forced by both wind and non-local events such as eddies, meanders, and the large-scale alongshelf pressure gradient. Associated with the ASAP experiment, the Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS), the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), and the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) provided nowcasts that were compared with the mooring data to determine their accuracy and precision. Overall, in the beginning of August the models provided reasonable representations of the flow patterns at the mooring locations. The prediction error increased towards the end of August which was possibly related to data ass, http://archive.org/details/observationsndmo109453469, US Navy (USN) author., Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

During FY00, Professors Wash and Rosenfeld of the Naval Postgraduate School's Meteorology and Oceanography Departments, respectively, made extended visits to each of the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command's regional centers and facilities for the purposes of providing training, evaluating the use of METOC data, models, and tactical decision aids, and gathering information to aid in the improvement of the METOC curricula at NPS. This report represents a synopsis of their findings integrated over all of their visits. Three major roles for METOC regional centers and facilities are identified: (1) to be a source of local METOC knowledge and expertise for their area of responsibility, including familiarity with mesoscale circulations and all reliable sources of real-time data and model output; (2) to provide operational support to the fleet, including customized fused products and littoral oceanography products; and (3) to provide training for METOC personnel in regional-specific meteorology and oceanography, and continuing advanced technical training. A major finding is that technical education and training is inadequate to allow METOC personnel to take maximum advantage of the full range of data, models, and tactical decision aids available to them. Weaknesses in the quality-control and verification of METOC analysis and forecast products are also identified. A number of innovative practices at individual commands are recommended for adoption throughout the claimancy., Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Every littoral or regional ocean has both coastal circulation components and influences from offshore regions. Over the past decade, the feature-oriented regional modeling approach has evolved to become operational in some of these regions (western North Atlantic, tropical North Atlantic). This methodology is model-independent and can be applied with or without satellite and/or in situ observations, especially in coastal regions. In applying this methodology for the subtropical North Pacific, we first present an overview of the synoptic nature of the different features that comprise the multiscale and complex circulation in the California Current system (CCS). This description is a prerequisite to feature modeling and is based on our present understanding of the features and their dominant space and time scales of variability. The region of interest is from 36 degrees N to 48 degrees N - essentially most of the eastern boundary current region of the subtropical North Pacific. We present a synergistic configuration of synoptic features interacting with one another on multiple and sometimes overlapping space and time scales as a meander-eddy-upwelling system. The second step is to define the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS) for this system. The major multiscale synoptic circulation features include the mean flow and southeastward meandering jet(s) of the California Current, the poleward flowing California Undercurrent, and six upwelling regions along the western coast of the U.S. We first identify the typical synoptic width, location, vertical extent, and core characteristics of these features and their dominant spatial and temporal scales of variability from past observational theoretical and modeling studies. These synoptic features are then melded with available climatology of the region for initialization and assimilation. Finally, dynamical simulations are run as nowcasts and short-term (4-6 weeks) forecasts., Submitted to Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, Special Issue in honor of Allan R. Robinson. Sponsored in part by Office of Naval Research grant N00014-03-WR-20009. The original document contains color images.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution December 1986, The focus of this dissertation is on the description and dynamical interpretation of the tidal band current fluctuations over the continental shelf off northern California. The term "tidal band" is used here to denote fluctuations with periods from about one-half to one day, including all the major diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents. The semidiurnal frequency is super-inertial, and the diurnal frequency sub-inertial, at this mid-latitude location. Kinetic and potential energy are strongly peaked at the diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies. Although inertial currents are occasionally observed, particularly during the winter when internal wave energy in general is elevated in this locale, they do not contribute significantly to the current variance. Consequently, the treatment here is divided into discussion of the diurnal and semidiurnal variability. Each chapter emphasizes a process which can cause the tidal currents to deviate from what would be anticipated based solely on observations of sea level. In Chapter II, the diurnal current variability is discussed, and the role played by atmospheric forcing is examined in detail. In Chapter III, the barotropic semidiurnal tidal currents over the shelf are described, and the effect of small-scale bumps in the coastline is evaluated. The baroclinic semi diurnal tidal currents, which are dependent upon the local time-varying hydrographic conditions, are examined in Chapter IV., Support from the WHOI Education Office, a NASA traineeship, and NSF grants OCE 80-14941 and OCE 84-17769.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution December 1986, The focus of this dissertation is on the description and dynamical interpretation of the tidal band current fluctuations over the continental shelf off northern California. The term "tidal band" is used here to denote fluctuations with periods from about one-half to one day, including all the major diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents. The semidiurnal frequency is super-inertial, and the diurnal frequency sub-inertial, at this mid-latitude location. Kinetic and potential energy are strongly peaked at the diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies. Although inertial currents are occasionally observed, particularly during the winter when internal wave energy in general is elevated in this locale, they do not contribute significantly to the current variance. Consequently, the treatment here is divided into discussion of the diurnal and semidiurnal variability. Each chapter emphasizes a process which can cause the tidal currents to deviate from what would be anticipated based solely on observations of sea level. In Chapter II, the diurnal current variability is discussed, and the role played by atmospheric forcing is examined in detail. In Chapter III, the barotropic semidiurnal tidal currents over the shelf are described, and the effect of small-scale bumps in the coastline is evaluated. The baroclinic semi diurnal tidal currents, which are dependent upon the local time-varying hydrographic conditions, are examined in Chapter IV., Support from the WHOI Education Office, a NASA traineeship, and NSF grants OCE 80-14941 and OCE 84-17769.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution December 1986, The focus of this dissertation is on the description and dynamical interpretation of the tidal band current fluctuations over the continental shelf off northern California. The term "tidal band" is used here to denote fluctuations with periods from about one-half to one day, including all the major diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents. The semidiurnal frequency is super-inertial, and the diurnal frequency sub-inertial, at this mid-latitude location. Kinetic and potential energy are strongly peaked at the diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies. Although inertial currents are occasionally observed, particularly during the winter when internal wave energy in general is elevated in this locale, they do not contribute significantly to the current variance. Consequently, the treatment here is divided into discussion of the diurnal and semidiurnal variability. Each chapter emphasizes a process which can cause the tidal currents to deviate from what would be anticipated based solely on observations of sea level. In Chapter II, the diurnal current variability is discussed, and the role played by atmospheric forcing is examined in detail. In Chapter III, the barotropic semidiurnal tidal currents over the shelf are described, and the effect of small-scale bumps in the coastline is evaluated. The baroclinic semi diurnal tidal currents, which are dependent upon the local time-varying hydrographic conditions, are examined in Chapter IV., Support from the WHOI Education Office, a NASA traineeship, and NSF grants OCE 80-14941 and OCE 84-17769.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution December 1986, The focus of this dissertation is on the description and dynamical interpretation of the tidal band current fluctuations over the continental shelf off northern California. The term "tidal band" is used here to denote fluctuations with periods from about one-half to one day, including all the major diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents. The semidiurnal frequency is super-inertial, and the diurnal frequency sub-inertial, at this mid-latitude location. Kinetic and potential energy are strongly peaked at the diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies. Although inertial currents are occasionally observed, particularly during the winter when internal wave energy in general is elevated in this locale, they do not contribute significantly to the current variance. Consequently, the treatment here is divided into discussion of the diurnal and semidiurnal variability. Each chapter emphasizes a process which can cause the tidal currents to deviate from what would be anticipated based solely on observations of sea level. In Chapter II, the diurnal current variability is discussed, and the role played by atmospheric forcing is examined in detail. In Chapter III, the barotropic semidiurnal tidal currents over the shelf are described, and the effect of small-scale bumps in the coastline is evaluated. The baroclinic semi diurnal tidal currents, which are dependent upon the local time-varying hydrographic conditions, are examined in Chapter IV., Support from the WHOI Education Office, a NASA traineeship, and NSF grants OCE 80-14941 and OCE 84-17769.

Observations from disparate observational assets, including tide gauges, moorings, and high-frequency (HF) radars, were used to depict the tidal variability, and to evaluate model tidal simulations, for a region off central California, including the Monterey Bay. For this study, the hydrodynamic model was forced only with tides derived from a large-scale model for the northeast Pacific Ocean. Homogeneous density, and initially horizontally uniform density stratification, cases were considered. The model successfully reproduced tidal sea-surface height variations within the model domain, a determined by comparisons with sea level or bottom pressure measured at six locations. To achieve tidal currents with realistic amplitudes, as determined from HF radar and moored measurements, it was found that barotropic velocity, as well as sea level, from the large-scale regional tidal model must be included in specifying the open-boundary condition. However, even with such forcing, the model with homogeneous density field under-predicted the semidiurnal and diurnal barotropic currents as estimated from depth-averaged currents measured at 11 locations. In the diurnal frequency band, the observed surface and nearshore depth-averaged currents are likely influenced by meteorological forcing, which was not included in the model., Pub. in Deep-Sea Research II, v56 p199-218, 2009.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1987., MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND LINDGREN., Vita., Includes bibliographies., by Leslie Karen Rosenfeld., Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1987., MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND LINDGREN., Vita., Includes bibliographies., by Leslie Karen Rosenfeld., Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1987., MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND LINDGREN., Vita., Includes bibliographies., by Leslie Karen Rosenfeld., Ph.D.

Our major long-term goals for this project are: 1. Develop improved assessment of the ocean science, technology, and operations (OSTO) workforce. 2. Anticipate future requirements for this workforce. 3. Identify educational processes needed to develop this workforce. Our major objectives are: 1. Characterize the present workforce that supports ocean observing, analysis, and forecasting operations (OOAF). 2. Characterize the present workforce that supports OSTO components that are similar to the OOAF component. 3. Identify the types of information required to monitor the evolution of the OSTO workforce over the next two decades, identify the most probable future workforce scenarios, and design initial workforce prediction systems. 4. Identify education and training objectives and practices that effectively address current and anticipated OSTO workforce needs., Prepared in cooperation with Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.

Characterize the present workforce that supports ocean observing systems (OOS), with OOS defined broadly to include activities closely and commonly related to ocean observing, such as ocean analysis and forecasting., Prepared in collaboration with Marine Advanced Technology Center, Monterey Peninsular College, Monterey, CA.

Characterize the present workforce that supports ocean observing systems (OOS), with OOS defined broadly to include activities closely and commonly related to ocean observing, such as ocean analysis and forecasting., code 1 only. Prepared in collaboration with Marine Advanced Technology Center, Monterey Peninsular College, Monterey, CA.

The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) was undertaken to identify and study the important dynamical processes which govern the wind-driven motion of coastal water over the continental shelf. The initial effort in this multi-year, multi-institutional research program was to obtain high-quality data sets of all the relevant physical variables needed to construct accurate kinematic and dynamic descriptions of the response of shelf water to strong wind forcing in the 2 to 10 day band. A series of two small-scale, densely- instrumented field experiments of approximately four months duration (called CODE-1 and CODE-2) were designed to explore and to determine the kinematics and momentum and heat balances of the local wind-driven flow over a region of the northern California shelf which is characterized by both relatively simple bottom topography and large wind stress events in both winter and summer. A more lightly instrumented, long -term, large-scale component was designed to help separate the local wind-driven response in the region of the small-scale experiments from motions generated either offshore by the California Current system or in some distant region along the coast, and also to help determine the seasonal cycles of the atmospheric forcing, water structure, and coastal currents over the northern California shelf. The first small-scale experiment (CODE-1) was conducted between April and August, 1981 as a pilot study in "which primary emphasis was placed on characterizing the wind-driven "signal" and the "noise" from which this signal must be extracted. In particular, CODE-1 was designed to identify the key features of the circulation and its variability over the northern California shelf and to determine the important time and length scales of the wind-driven response. The second small-scale experiment (CODE-2) was conducted between April and August, 1982 and was designed to sample more carefully the mesoscale horizonta1 variability observed in CODE-1. Th, This work has been supported by the National Science Foundation.

The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) was undertaken to identify and study the important dynamical processes which govern the wind-driven motion of coastal water over the continental shelf. The initial effort in this multi-year, multi-institutional research program was to obtain high-quality data sets of all the relevant physical variables needed to construct accurate kinematic and dynamic descriptions of the response of shelf water to strong wind forcing in the 2 to 10 day band. A series of two small-scale, densely- instrumented field experiments of approximately four months duration (called CODE-1 and CODE-2) were designed to explore and to determine the kinematics and momentum and heat balances of the local wind-driven flow over a region of the northern California shelf which is characterized by both relatively simple bottom topography and large wind stress events in both winter and summer. A more lightly instrumented, long -term, large-scale component was designed to help separate the local wind-driven response in the region of the small-scale experiments from motions generated either offshore by the California Current system or in some distant region along the coast, and also to help determine the seasonal cycles of the atmospheric forcing, water structure, and coastal currents over the northern California shelf. The first small-scale experiment (CODE-1) was conducted between April and August, 1981 as a pilot study in "which primary emphasis was placed on characterizing the wind-driven "signal" and the "noise" from which this signal must be extracted. In particular, CODE-1 was designed to identify the key features of the circulation and its variability over the northern California shelf and to determine the important time and length scales of the wind-driven response. The second small-scale experiment (CODE-2) was conducted between April and August, 1982 and was designed to sample more carefully the mesoscale horizonta1 variability observed in CODE-1. Th, This work has been supported by the National Science Foundation.

The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) was undertaken to identify and study the important dynamical processes which govern the wind-driven motion of coastal water over the continental shelf. The initial effort in this multi-year, multi-institutional research program was to obtain high-quality data sets of all the relevant physical variables needed to construct accurate kinematic and dynamic descriptions of the response of shelf water to strong wind forcing in the 2 to 10 day band. A series of two small-scale, densely- instrumented field experiments of approximately four months duration (called CODE-1 and CODE-2) were designed to explore and to determine the kinematics and momentum and heat balances of the local wind-driven flow over a region of the northern California shelf which is characterized by both relatively simple bottom topography and large wind stress events in both winter and summer. A more lightly instrumented, long -term, large-scale component was designed to help separate the local wind-driven response in the region of the small-scale experiments from motions generated either offshore by the California Current system or in some distant region along the coast, and also to help determine the seasonal cycles of the atmospheric forcing, water structure, and coastal currents over the northern California shelf. The first small-scale experiment (CODE-1) was conducted between April and August, 1981 as a pilot study in "which primary emphasis was placed on characterizing the wind-driven "signal" and the "noise" from which this signal must be extracted. In particular, CODE-1 was designed to identify the key features of the circulation and its variability over the northern California shelf and to determine the important time and length scales of the wind-driven response. The second small-scale experiment (CODE-2) was conducted between April and August, 1982 and was designed to sample more carefully the mesoscale horizonta1 variability observed in CODE-1. Th, This work has been supported by the National Science Foundation.

In August of 2006 the Adaptive Sampling and Prediction (ASAP) experiment was conducted near the northern Monterey Bay. Multiple assets including aircraft, autonomous vehicles, moorings, and numerical models were used to gain a better understanding of three-dimensional upwelling centers. Data were collected at two separate mooring locations using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) during the experiment. The focus of this thesis is to determine the effects of local wind forcing on the ocean circulation and provide a comparison between the data collected at the mooring locations and numerical predictions for the region. Upwelling and relaxation events are used as the basis for understanding the local wind forcing. Upwelling typically results in equatorward flow while relaxation events typically result in poleward flow. Several different types of analyses were used to determine the effects of the local wind forcing. A visual analysis was performed with stick vector plots and component plots of the rotated time series that compared the wind with the data from the water column. Two methods of cross correlation, component correlations and vector correlations, were exploited as well as a spectral analysis of the wind and ADCP data. Finally the coherence and phase between the wind and currents were examined. Based on the analysis it became evident that the currents were forced by both wind and non-local events such as eddies, meanders, and the large-scale alongshelf pressure gradient. Associated with the ASAP experiment, the Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS), the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), and the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) provided nowcasts that were compared with the mooring data to determine their accuracy and precision. Overall, in the beginning of August the models provided reasonable representations of the flow patterns at the mooring locations. The prediction error increased towards the end of August which was possibly related to data ass

Characterize the present workforce that supports ocean observing systems (OOS), with OOS defined broadly to include activities closely and commonly related to ocean observing, such as ocean analysis and forecasting.

The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effect of the Truancy Intervention Program (TIP) on attendance patterns of elementary school students. Longitudinal archival data were used from Miami-Dade County Public School system's data system, ISIS. Data included the students' school information from fifth through ninth grade for attendance, academic grades, referral information, and referral consequences. The sample for this study was drawn from students at TIP-participating M-DCPS elementary schools in Miami-Dade County. Data collected spanned five years for each participant from the fifth grade to the ninth grade. To examine the effect of TIP on attendance, participation in middle school TIP was compared with non-TIP participation. In addition to immediate effects on attendance, the durability of the effects of TIP was studied through an analysis of attendance at the ninth grade level. A secondary purpose was to examine the relation of TIP participation to Grade Point Average (GPA). The data were analyzed using 2 (group) x 3 (grade) Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on yearly attendance (number of absences), and grade point average for each year. The interaction between group and grade was significant. Post hoc tests indicated that absences were not significantly different in the two programs in seventh, eighth or ninth grade. Students enrolled in a middle school with TIP showed a significantly higher number of absences in ninth grade than for seventh or eighth grade. There were no differences by grade level for students enrolled in non-TIP middle schools. GPA analysis indicated that students enrolled in a non-TIP middle school had a significantly higher GPA across seventh, eighth, and ninth grades when compared to students enrolled at a TIP middle school. An examination of attendance disciplinary referrals and consequences further revealed that the referral rates for students enrolled at a TIP middle school were higher at the seventh, eig

The ICON model, a high-resolution, dataassimilating, model of the Monterey Bay area, was initially designed for studying mesoscale features such as eddies and upwelling filaments. Tidal forcing is now being implemented into this model to facilitate short-term particle-tracking studies, and to move towards a real-time operational forecast model.

The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effect of the Truancy Intervention Program (TIP) on attendance patterns of elementary school students. Longitudinal archival data were used from Miami-Dade County Public School system's data system, ISIS. Data included the students' school information from fifth through ninth grade for attendance, academic grades, referral information, and referral consequences. The sample for this study was drawn from students at TIP-participating M-DCPS elementary schools in Miami-Dade County. Data collected spanned five years for each participant from the fifth grade to the ninth grade. To examine the effect of TIP on attendance, participation in middle school TIP was compared with non-TIP participation. In addition to immediate effects on attendance, the durability of the effects of TIP was studied through an analysis of attendance at the ninth grade level. A secondary purpose was to examine the relation of TIP participation to Grade Point Average (GPA). The data were analyzed using 2 (group) x 3 (grade) Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on yearly attendance (number of absences), and grade point average for each year. The interaction between group and grade was significant. Post hoc tests indicated that absences were not significantly different in the two programs in seventh, eighth or ninth grade. Students enrolled in a middle school with TIP showed a significantly higher number of absences in ninth grade than for seventh or eighth grade. There were no differences by grade level for students enrolled in non-TIP middle schools. GPA analysis indicated that students enrolled in a non-TIP middle school had a significantly higher GPA across seventh, eighth, and ninth grades when compared to students enrolled at a TIP middle school. An examination of attendance disciplinary referrals and consequences further revealed that the referral rates for students enrolled at a TIP middle school were higher at the seventh, eig

Turbidity currents are thought to be the main mechanism to move ~ 500,000m3 of sediments annually from the head of the Monterey Submarine Canyon, to the deep-sea fan. Indirect evidence has shown frequent occurrences of such turbidity currents in the canyon, but the dynamic properties of the turbidity currents such as maximum speed, duration and dimensions are still unknown. Here we present the first-ever in-situ measurements of velocity profiles of four turbidity currents whose maximum along-canyon velocity reached 190cm/s. Two turbidity currents coincided with storms that produced the higest swells and the biggest stream flows during the year-long deployment.

In conjunction with the Huntington Beach Phase III Investigation, the diurnal variability in the wind and ocean currents from July 1 - October 12, 2001 over the San Pedro Shelf is investigated. Results suggest that the diurnal currents are driven by the diurnal winds but that the strength of the ocean response is modulated by the low frequency flow regime. The spectral peak of the near-surface currents is at the diurnal frequency, which is below the inertial frequency (1.107 cpd). The diurnal currents are surface-intensified, decaying with depth to a minimum at 10-13 m and increasing slightly in strength below that. The near-surface diurnal currents are in phase across the shelf, and are close to in phase with the winds over the shelf. The amplitude modulation of the diurnal energy of the ocean currents is correlated with the direction of the low frequency flow along the shelf;the energy is enhanced when the flow is equatorward, and weak when the flow is poleward. The amplitudes of the diurnal near-surface currents are also correlated with the diurnal winds. However, the low frequency currents and winds are not well correlated.

To determine the accuracy of nearshore winds from the QuikSCAT satellite, winds from three satellite datasets (scientifically processed swath, gridded near-real-time, and gridded science datasets) were compared to those from 12 nearshore and 3 offshore U.S. West Coast buoys. Satellite observations from August 1999 to December 2000 that were within 25 km and 30 min of each buoy were used. Comparisons showed that satellite–buoy wind differences near shore were larger than those offshore. Editing the satellite data by discarding observations recorded in rain and those recorded in light winds improved the accuracy of all three datasets. After removing rain-flagged data and wind speeds less than 3 m s21, root-mean-squared differences (satellite minus buoy) for swath data, the best of the three datasets, were 1.4 m s21 and 378 based on 5741 nearshore comparisons. By removing winds less than 6 m s21, these differences were reduced to 1.3 m s21 and 268. At the three offshore buoys, the root-mean-squared differences for the swath data, with both rain and winds less than 6 m s21 removed, were 1.0 m s21 and 158 based on 1920 comparisons. Although the satellite’s scientifically processed swath data near shore do not match buoy observations as closely as those offshore, they are sufficiently accurate for many coastal studies.

During FY00, Professors Wash and Rosenfeld of the Naval Postgraduate School's Meteorology and Oceanography Departments, respectively, made extended visits to each of the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command's regional centers and facilities for the purposes of providing training, evaluating the use of METOC data, models, and tactical decision aids, and gathering information to aid in the improvement of the METOC curricula at NPS. This report represents a synopsis of their findings integrated over all of their visits. Three major roles for METOC regional centers and facilities are identified: (1) to be a source of local METOC knowledge and expertise for their area of responsibility, including familiarity with mesoscale circulations and all reliable sources of real-time data and model output; (2) to provide operational support to the fleet, including customized fused products and littoral oceanography products; and (3) to provide training for METOC personnel in regional-specific meteorology and oceanography, and continuing advanced technical training. A major finding is that technical education and training is inadequate to allow METOC personnel to take maximum advantage of the full range of data, models, and tactical decision aids available to them. Weaknesses in the quality-control and verification of METOC analysis and forecast products are also identified. A number of innovative practices at individual commands are recommended for adoption throughout the claimancy., Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white. Sponsored in part by ONR Grant N0001400WR20027.

The long term goals of this project are to develop a measuring capability for tracking and forecasting the development and decay of coastal upwelling circulations. A suite of real-time, remotely sensing instruments will input to a 3-D, data assimilating numerical model, which will support both circulation and ecosystem (e.g., bioluminescence potential) predictions.

The long-term goal of this project is to improve the U.S. Navy Meteorology/Oceanography (METOC) community’s ability to support the operational Navy (surface ships, submarines, anti-submarine warfare (ASW) air squadrons, SEALS, and amphibious forces) with tactically-relevant oceanographic products derived from data, models, and tactical decision aids (TDAs).

Six ADCP and CTD ship surveys of the continental shelf and slope in the vicinity of the Gulf of the Farallones, CA, were conducted in 1990}1992. ADCP data provide much more detail on the structure of the currents over the slope and shelf in the Gulf and reveal a persistent, largely barotropic poleward #ow with a complex mesoscale #ow "eld superimposed. The directly measured currents are not well represented by the geostrophic velocity "elds derived from hydrographic casts. Important upper-ocean circulation features include: a Slope Countercurrent (SCC), variable shelf circulation, and submesoscale eddy-like features. The SCC was present in all seasons and is believed due to a strong year-round positive wind-stress curl enhanced by Point Reyes. Its #ow was poleward throughout the upper 300 m, and often surface intensi"ed. Poleward transport in the upper 400 m was 1}3 Sv, much greater than previous geostrophic estimates for the California Current System constrained to a 500 dbar reference level. The shelf circulation was much more variable than the SCC and generally exhibited a pattern consistent with classic Ekman dynamics, responding to synoptic wind forcing. Submesoscale vortices, or eddies, often dominated the general #ow "eld. These eddies are thought to be generated by the frictional torque associated with current}topography interactions. Their centers typically have a distinct water type associated with either the SCC or the southward-#owing California Current. Higher spiciness anomalies, representing a higher percentage of Paci"c Equatorial Water (PEW), were typically found in the core of the SCC or within anticyclonic eddies. Lower (bland) spiciness anomalies, characteristic of a higher percentage of Paci"c Subarctic Water (PSAW), were associated with cyclonic eddies. While these circulation features were largely barotropic, the #ow also adjusted baroclinically to changes in the density "eld, as di!erent water types were advected by the general #ow "eld or by

A thirty-four day record of near-bottom temperature and horizontal velocity spanning the lower third of the water column from within Monterey Canyon was examined. The observed internal tide is highly non-linear with kinetic energy dispersed among numerous overtides near the bottom and more concentrated in the primary semi diurnal constituent (M2) higher in the water column. The bottom currents and temperature vary in strength over the record period, taking on the characteristics of an internal bore at times with large up-canyon accelerations accompanied by rapid temperature drops. The bores are nearly phase locked to the sea level variations and arrive at the measurement site ^8.6 h after high tide in Monterey, CA. They are evident in the velocity records up to at least 35 m above the bottom and may be accompanied by high frequency pulses that extend higher. The variation is not caused by direct forcing from the barotropic tidal range as the strongest bores do not exclusively occur during either the spring or neap phase of the barotropic tide. Speculation on the cause for the temporal variation centers on the changes in mid-water stratification observed

LONG-TERM GOALS: The long-range goals of this project are to understand the environmental factors that define the level of internal wave activity in the littoral oceans and to develop re-locatable models capable of predicting these levels. The hypothesis is that energy due to internal tides generated through interactions with complex coastal topography is both predictable, using high-resolution primitive equation numerical models, and responsible for setting energy levels of the broader-frequency internal wave spectrum.

Data from two shipboard experiments in 1994, designed to observe the semidiurnal internal tide in Monterey Canyon, reveal semidiurnal currents of about 20 cm s−1, which is an order of magnitude larger than the estimated barotropic tidal currents. The kinetic and potential energy (evidenced by isopycnal displacements of about 50 m) was greatest along paths following the characteristics calculated from linear theory. These energy ray paths are oriented nearly parallel to the canyon floor and may originate from large bathymetric features beyond the mouth of Monterey Bay. Energy propagated shoreward during the April experiment (ITEX1), whereas a standing wave, that is, an internal seiche, was observed in October (ITEX2). The difference is attributed to changes in stratification between the two experiments. Higher energy levels were present during ITEX1, which took place near the spring phase of the fortnightly (14.8 days) cycle in sea level, while ITEX2 occurred close to the neap phase. Further evidence of phase-locking between the surface and internal tides comes from monthlong current and temperature records obtained near the canyon head in 1991. The measured ratio of kinetic to potential energy during both ITEX1 and ITEX2 was only half that predicted by linear theory for freely propagating internal waves, probably a result of the constraining effects of topography. Internal tidal energy dissipation rate estimates for ITEX1 range from 1.3 × 10−4 to 2.3 × 10−3 W m−3, depending on assumptions made about the effect of canyon shape on dissipation. Cross-canyon measurements made during ITEX2 reveal vertical transport of denser water from within the canyon up onto the adjacent continental shelf.

This project studied the circulation and transport of material in Monterey Submarine Canyon. Five subsurface moorings supporting twelve current meters with temperature sensors (six also measured conductivity and light transmission) and six sediment traps were deployed. Numerous CTD casts were made during four cruises. As expected, tidal frequencies dominated the energy spectra, and mean currents were very weak. Surprisingly, a three-day oscillation was found at all the measurement sites within the canyon. Two sediment traps deployed in the narrower region of the canyon recorded dramatically different flux regimes, with the 780 m trap collecting 2-4 g m(-2) d(-1), and the 1360 m trap collecting 22-60 g m(-2) d(-1). The predominantly lithogenic composition of the material in the deeper trap is evidence that canyon wall resuspension events dominate the flux regime there, whereas the lower concentrations of lithogenic material in the shallower trap, together with the seasonal pattern in the opal flux, indicate the influence of seasonal phytoplankton blooms. The mass fluxes measured in the wider part of the canyon were only 0.2-1.7 g m(-2)d(-1).

The long-range goals of this project are to understand the environmental factors that define the level of internal wave activity in the littoral oceans and to develop re-locatable models capable of predicting these levels. The hypothesis is that energy due to internal tides generated through interactions with complex coastal topography is both predictable, using high-resolution primitive equation numerical models, and responsible for setting energy levels of the broader-frequency internal wave spectrum.

Shipboard ADCP and CTD measurements were conducted in Monterey Submarine Canyon in April and October 1994 to determine the propagation characteristics and energy levels of the semidiurnal internal tide. The measurements reveal a bottom intensified internal tide propagating energy up canyon. The region of strongest motion is in a beam 150-200 m thick, centered approximately 150 m above the Canyon floor. Along canyon baroclinic M2 currents are typically 15-20 cm/s, an order of magnitude larger than the estimated barotropic tidal currents. In April 1994, the internal tidal beam is well described by a progressive wave, while in October 1994, the signal is standing along and perpendicular to the beam. The Princeton Ocean Model was used to study the generation and propagation of semidiurnal internal tides in submarine canyons and to investigate their sensitivity to canyon shape

Near‐surface currents in Monterey Bay derived from a network of shore‐based HF radars are presented for August–December 1994 and compared with those from April to September 1992. Focus is placed on the low‐frequency (2‐ to 30‐day period) motions in the remotely sensed data and on comparison of radar‐derived currents with moored current and wind observations, ship‐based acoustic Doppler current profiler observations, satellite‐based surface temperature imagery, and surface drifter velocities. The radar‐derived picture of the late summer mean flow is very similar in the two realizations and is consistent with historical data. Flow is equatorward in the outer part of the bay, poleward in a narrow band nearshore, and very sluggish in the middle of the bay. Low‐pass‐filtered time series of radar‐derived currents are highly correlated with moored current observations and with winds in the outer part of the bay. The vector time series are also coherent across a broad frequency band with currents typically in phase between 1‐ and 9‐m depths and with 1‐m currents typically 40°–60° to the right of the wind. Overall, these results confirm the utility of Coastal Ocean Dynamics Applications Radar (CODAR)‐type HF radars for the study of coastal surface currents out to ranges ∼50 km from shore, particularly for highly averaged fields. Data variability and comparison with in situ observations for high‐frequency (1‐ to 48‐hour period) motions point to the need to better characterize and minimize sources of error in the radar observations.