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As a consequence of the increasing influence of machine learning on our lives, everyone needs competencies to understand corresponding phenomena, but also to get involved in shaping our world and making informed decisions regarding the influences on our society. Therefore, in K-12 education, students need to learn about core ideas and principles of machine learning. However, for this target group, achieving all of the aforementioned goals presents an enormous challenge. To this end, we present a teaching concept that combines a playful and accessible unplugged approach focusing on conceptual understanding with empowering students to actively apply machine learning methods and reflect their influence on society, building upon decision tree learning., Comment: To be published in the proceedings of the 3rd Teaching in Machine Learning Workshop, PMLR, 2022

Technological advances in the context of digital transformation are the basis for rapid developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Although AI is not a new topic in computer science (CS), recent developments are having an immense impact on everyday life and society. In consequence, everyone needs competencies to be able to adequately and competently analyze, discuss and help shape the impact, opportunities, and limits of artificial intelligence on their personal lives and our society. As a result, an increasing number of CS curricula are being extended to include the topic of AI. However, in order to integrate AI into existing CS curricula, what students can and should learn in the context of AI needs to be clarified. This has proven to be particularly difficult, considering that so far CS education research on central concepts and principles of AI lacks sufficient elaboration. Therefore, in this paper, we present a curriculum of learning objectives that addresses digital literacy and the societal perspective in particular. The learning objectives can be used to comprehensively design curricula, but also allow for analyzing current curricula and teaching materials and provide insights into the central concepts and corresponding competencies of AI., Comment: To be published in the proceedings of the proceedings of World Conference on Computers in Education, WCCE 2022

Written reflective practice is a regular exercise pre-service teachers perform during their higher education. Usually, their lecturers are expected to provide individual feedback, which can be a challenging task to perform on a regular basis. In this paper, we present the first open-source automated feedback tool based on didactic theory and implemented as a hybrid AI system. We describe the components and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of our system compared to the state-of-art generative large language models. The main objective of our work is to enable better learning outcomes for students and to complement the teaching activities of lecturers., Comment: 2 figures

Aims and objectives: Digital teaching, learning and assessment have been part of medical education and continuing education for decades. The objective of this review paper is to highlight developments and perspectives in these areas in the GMS Journal for Medical Education (GMS JME). Methodology: In the spring of 2020, we conducted a systematic literature search of the Journal for Medical Education (JME) and analysed the articles with regard to different categories such as article type, digital tools used or mode of data collection. Results: Of the 132 articles analysed, 78 were digital interventions (53 of which were exploratory-descriptive), 28 were project descriptions, 16 were surveys of needs or equipment and 10 were concept papers. About one-third of the studies and project reports each dealt with virtual patients or case-based learning, whereas no articles were published on trends such as serious games or virtual reality. Overall, our analysis shows that in many respects, the studies on digital teaching were more broadly based, especially between 2006 and 2010, after which this trend tended to decline again.Conclusions: Our analysis shows that publications in the JME consider some key aspects of digital teaching in medical education and continuing education, such as educational videos or virtual patients. The variability of information and methods of presentation advocate the use of guidelines to optimise the quality of scientific papers. Furthermore, clues for future research topics and experimental study designs are identified., Zielsetzung: Digitales Lehren, Lernen und Prüfen ist bereits seit Jahrzehnten Bestandteil der medizinischen Aus- und Weiterbildung. Das Ziel dieser Überblicksarbeit ist es, Entwicklungen und Perspektiven in diesen Bereichen im GMS Journal for Medical Education (GMS JME) aufzuzeigen. Methodik: Im Frühjahr 2020 haben wir eine systematische Literaturrecherche im Journal for Medical Education (JME) durchgeführt und die Artikel hinsichtlich verschiedener Kategorien wie Artikeltyp, eingesetzte digitale Tools oder Modus der Datenerhebung analysiert. Ergebnisse: Von den 132 analysierten Artikeln waren 78 digitale Interventionen (davon 53 explorativ-deskriptiv), 28 Projektbeschreibungen, 16 Erhebungen zu Bedarfen oder Ausstattungen und 10 Konzeptpapiere. Jeweils etwa ein Drittel der Studien und Projektberichte beschäftigten sich mit virtuellen Patient*innen bzw. fallbasiertem Lernen, während keine Artikel zu Trends wie Serious Games oder virtuellen Realitäten publiziert wurden. Unsere Analyse zeigt insgesamt, dass in vielerlei Hinsicht die Studien zu digitaler Lehre v.a. zwischen 2006 und 2010 breiter gefächert waren, danach war dieser Trend eher wieder rückläufig.Schlussfolgerungen: Unsere Analyse zeigt, dass Publikationen im JME einige Schwerpunkte der digitalen Lehre in der medizinischen Aus- und Weiterbildung, wie z.B. Lehrfilme oder virtuelle Patient*innen, berücksichtigen. Die Variabilität von Angaben und Darstellungsweisen befürworten den Einsatz von Leitlinien zur Optimierung der Qualität von wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten. Weiterhin werden Anhaltspunkte für zukünftige Forschungsthemen und experimentelle Studiendesigns identifiziert.

Cell fate transitions depend on balanced rewiring of transcription and translation programs to mediate ordered developmental progression. Components of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway have been implicated in regulating embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Here we show that NMD controls expression levels of the translation initiation factor Eif4a2 and its premature termination codon-encoding isoform (Eif4a2(PTC)). NMD deficiency leads to translation of the truncated eIF4A2(PTC) protein. eIF4A2(PTC) elicits increased mTORC1 activity and translation rates and causes differentiation delays. This establishes a previously unknown feedback loop between NMD and translation initiation. Furthermore, our results show a clear hierarchy in the severity of target deregulation and differentiation phenotypes between NMD effector KOs (Smg5 KO > Smg6 KO > Smg7 KO), which highlights heterodimer-independent functions for SMG5 and SMG7. Together, our findings expose an intricate link between mRNA homeostasis and mTORC1 activity that must be maintained for normal dynamics of cell state transitions.

Single cell biology has the potential to elucidate many critical biological processes and diseases, from development and regeneration to cancer. Single cell analyses are uncovering the molecular diversity of cells, revealing a clearer picture of the variation among and between different cell types. New techniques are beginning to unravel how differences in cell state—transcriptional, epigenetic, and other characteristics—can lead to different cell fates among genetically identical cells, which underlies complex processes such as embryonic development, drug resistance, response to injury, and cellular reprogramming. Single cell technologies also pose significant challenges relating to processing and analyzing vast amounts of data collected. To realize the potential of single cell technologies, new computational approaches are needed. On March 17–19, 2021, experts in single cell biology met virtually for the Keystone eSymposium “Single Cell Biology” to discuss advances both in single cell applications and technologies.

This dissertation studies blockchain technology in finance and accounting. In four essays, I examine Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), accounting for crypto assets, and corporate use cases of blockchain technology. The first essay investigates whether and to what extent ICO investors consider the information provided in whitepapers when making investment decisions. The second essay examines the country-level determinants that encourage projects to raise funds through ICOs. The third essay analyzes how companies can account for crypto assets under IFRS. The fourth essay evaluates corporate use cases for blockchain technology in accounting and auditing., Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Blockchain-Technologie im Finanz- und Rechnungswesen. In vier Aufsätzen untersuche ich Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), die Bilanzierung von Krypto-Assets und Anwendungsfälle der Blockchain-Technologie im Unternehmen. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht, ob und inwieweit ICO-Investoren die in Whitepapers bereitgestellten Informationen bei ihren Investitionsentscheidungen berücksichtigen. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht die länderspezifischen Determinanten, die eine Kapitalbeschaffung über ICOs begünstigen. Der dritte Aufsatz analysiert, wie Unternehmen Krypto-Assets nach IFRS bilanzieren können. Der vierte Aufsatz bewertet auf Unternehmen zugeschnittene Anwendungsfälle der Blockchain-Technologie in Rechnungswesen und Wirtschaftsprüfung.

This dissertation studies blockchain technology in finance and accounting. In four essays, I examine Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), accounting for crypto assets, and corporate use cases of blockchain technology. The first essay investigates whether and to what extent ICO investors consider the information provided in whitepapers when making investment decisions. The second essay examines the country-level determinants that encourage projects to raise funds through ICOs. The third essay analyzes how companies can account for crypto assets under IFRS. The fourth essay evaluates corporate use cases for blockchain technology in accounting and auditing., Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Blockchain-Technologie im Finanz- und Rechnungswesen. In vier Aufsätzen untersuche ich Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), die Bilanzierung von Krypto-Assets und Anwendungsfälle der Blockchain-Technologie im Unternehmen. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht, ob und inwieweit ICO-Investoren die in Whitepapers bereitgestellten Informationen bei ihren Investitionsentscheidungen berücksichtigen. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht die länderspezifischen Determinanten, die eine Kapitalbeschaffung über ICOs begünstigen. Der dritte Aufsatz analysiert, wie Unternehmen Krypto-Assets nach IFRS bilanzieren können. Der vierte Aufsatz bewertet auf Unternehmen zugeschnittene Anwendungsfälle der Blockchain-Technologie in Rechnungswesen und Wirtschaftsprüfung.

Introduction: Next-generation sequencing in cases of hereditary neuromuscular disorders often yields multiple candidate gene variants. Here, we describe a case with mutations in two genes, lamin A/C (LMNA) and exostosin glycosyltransferase 2 (EXT2), which led to hereditary myopathy combined with multiple exostoses. Case history: A 51-year-old German woman with a history of removal of multiple exostoses during childhood presented with proximal limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and a newly diagnosed cardiomyopathy with atrioventricular conduction block. Because her younger son had exostoses and her younger brother had died at age 44 after heart transplantation due to dilated cardiomyopathy, an autosomal dominant inheritance was suspected. Results: Muscle biopsy revealed features of chronic myopathy associated with focal myofibrillar disintegration. Electron microscopy showed myonuclear, myofibrillar, and Z-disc alterations, accumulations of granulofilamenentous material, and a large sporadic osmiophilic inclusion body reminiscent of a nemaline body. Mendeliome and Sanger sequencing detected both a c.1129C>T LMNA mutation of known pathogenicity and a c.1101_1102delAG (E368Kfs*18) truncating EXT2 mutation in the patient and her affected son. Discussion: The clinical. genetic, and muscle biopsy findings suggest that both mutations are pathogenic. The EXT2 mutation was most likely responsible for the multiple exostoses phenotype in mother and son, whereas the myopathy was probably caused by a combined effect of the LMNA and EXT2 mutations.

The different contributions made to this edited book illustrate that the study of psychological contracts has offered critical scholarly and practical insights into the functional and dysfunctional aspects of the employment relationship for several decades. However, as with other fields of research, it behooves the psychological contract field to pause periodically, take stock, explore gaps, and identify new research streams to maintain and expand its impact upon scholarship and practice. An edited book like this offers a good opportunity to see how far we have come with the psychological contract and where the challenges lie ahead. In the chapter, the authors identify and develop three key areas that promise to enrich psychological contract research: 1) time; 2) social context; and 3) the changing nature of work. For each of these key areas, they formulate promising future research questions.

Introduction: Next-generation sequencing in cases of hereditary neuromuscular disorders often yields multiple candidate gene variants. Here, we describe a case with mutations in two genes, lamin A/C (LMNA) and exostosin glycosyltransferase 2 (EXT2), which led to hereditary myopathy combined with multiple exostoses. Case history: A 51-year-old German woman with a history of removal of multiple exostoses during childhood presented with proximal limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and a newly diagnosed cardiomyopathy with atrioventricular conduction block. Because her younger son had exostoses and her younger brother had died at age 44 after heart transplantation due to dilated cardiomyopathy, an autosomal dominant inheritance was suspected. Results: Muscle biopsy revealed features of chronic myopathy associated with focal myofibrillar disintegration. Electron microscopy showed myonuclear, myofibrillar, and Z-disc alterations, accumulations of granulofilamenentous material, and a large sporadic osmiophilic inclusion body reminiscent of a nemaline body. Mendeliome and Sanger sequencing detected both a c.1129C>T LMNA mutation of known pathogenicity and a c.1101_1102delAG (E368Kfs*18) truncating EXT2 mutation in the patient and her affected son. Discussion: The clinical. genetic, and muscle biopsy findings suggest that both mutations are pathogenic. The EXT2 mutation was most likely responsible for the multiple exostoses phenotype in mother and son, whereas the myopathy was probably caused by a combined effect of the LMNA and EXT2 mutations.

The different contributions made to this edited book illustrate that the study of psychological contracts has offered critical scholarly and practical insights into the functional and dysfunctional aspects of the employment relationship for several decades. However, as with other fields of research, it behooves the psychological contract field to pause periodically, take stock, explore gaps, and identify new research streams to maintain and expand its impact upon scholarship and practice. An edited book like this offers a good opportunity to see how far we have come with the psychological contract and where the challenges lie ahead. In the chapter, the authors identify and develop three key areas that promise to enrich psychological contract research: 1) time; 2) social context; and 3) the changing nature of work. For each of these key areas, they formulate promising future research questions.