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This study investigates the design of a solar powered kite equipped with sensors for any environmental data monitoring, such as, temperature, pressure and so on towards the elevated environment. The developed prototype transforms a traditional kite with a unique design approach that involves the upward height measurement, energy harvesting by solar cells as well as data transmission via wireless network. However, the results from initial monitoring shows only the vertical mapping of ambient temperature as the test case. The developed system can successfully sense and display the temperature data from various height within a certain range as found in the initial investigation. Therefore, upon monitoring various environmental parameters at any cases or during emergency situations using the solar-kite as the simple tool, decision can be made to take appropriate measures against any detrimental changes of the environment by other means.

This study investigates the design of a solar powered kite equipped with sensors for any environmental data monitoring, such as, temperature, pressure and so on towards the elevated environment. The developed prototype transforms a traditional kite with a unique design approach that involves the upward height measurement, energy harvesting by solar cells as well as data transmission via wireless network. However, the results from initial monitoring shows only the vertical mapping of ambient temperature as the test case. The developed system can successfully sense and display the temperature data from various height within a certain range as found in the initial investigation. Therefore, upon monitoring various environmental parameters at any cases or during emergency situations using the solar-kite as the simple tool, decision can be made to take appropriate measures against any detrimental changes of the environment by other means.

There is a strong devotion in the automotive industry to be part of a wider progression towards the Fifth Generation (5G) era. In-vehicle integration costs between cellular and vehicle-to-vehicle networks using Dedicated Short Range Communication could be avoided by adopting Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technology with the possibility to re-use the existing mobile network infrastructure. More and more, with the emergence of Software Defined Networks, the flexibility and the programmability of the network have not only impacted the design of new vehicular network architectures but also the implementation of V2X services in future intelligent transportation systems. In this paper, we define the concepts that help evaluate software-defined-based vehicular network systems in the literature based on their modeling and implementation schemes. We first overview the current studies available in the literature on C-V2X technology in support of V2X applications. We then present the different architectures and their underlying system models for LTE-V2X communications. We later describe the key ideas of software-defined networks and their concepts for V2X services. Lastly, we provide a comparative analysis of existing SDN-based vehicular network system grouped according to their modeling and simulation concepts. We provide a discussion and highlight vehicular ad-hoc networks’ challenges handled by SDN-based vehicular networks.