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Neisseria gonorrhoeae deploys a novel immune evasion strategy wherein the lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) structure of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is capped by the bacterial sialyltransferase, using host cytidine-5'-monophosphate (CMP)-activated forms of the ninecarbon nonulosonate (NulO) sugar N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a sialic acid (Sia) abundant in humans. This allows evasion of complement-mediated killing by recruiting factor H (FH), an inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway, and by limiting classical pathway activation ("serum-resistance"). We utilized CMP salts of six additional natural or synthetic NulOs, Neu5Gc, Neu5Gc8Me, Neu5Ac9Ac, Neu5Ac9Az, legionaminic acid (Leg5Ac7Ac) and pseudaminic acid (Pse5Ac7Ac), to define structural requirements of Sia-mediated serum-resistance. While all NulOs except Pse5Ac7Ac were incorporated into the LNnT-LOS, only Neu5Gc incorporation yielded high-level serum-resistance and FH binding that was comparable to Neu5Ac, whereas Neu5Ac9Az and Leg5Ac7Ac incorporation left bacteria fully serum-sensitive and did not enhance FH binding. Neu5Ac9Ac and Neu5Gc8Me rendered bacteria resistant only to low serum concentrations. While serum-resistance mediated by Neu5Ac was associated with classical pathway inhibition (decreased IgG binding and C4 deposition), Leg5Ac7Ac and Neu5Ac9Az incorporation did not inhibit the classical pathway. Remarkably, CMP-Neu5Ac9Az and CMP-Leg5Ac7Ac each prevented serum-resistance despite a 100-fold molar excess of CMP-Neu5Ac in growth media. The concomitant presence of Leg5Ac7Ac and Neu5Ac on LOS resulted in uninhibited classical pathway activation. Surprisingly, despite near-maximal FH binding in this instance, the alternative pathway was not regulated and factor Bb remained associated with bacteria. Intravaginal administration of CMP-Leg5Ac7Ac to BALB/c mice infected with gonorrhea (including a multidrug-resistant isolate) reduced clearance times and infection burden. Bacteria recovered from CMP-Leg

ASK A GROUP of military officers and noncommissioned officers if they have considered leaving the profession of arms because of the way a supervisor treated them, and, depending on their time in service, anywhere from a third to all of them will raise their hands to say yes. However, what we should recognize about such an informal polling process is that we are only addressing the survivors. We have no idea how many actually left, and whether those who chose to leave were talented contributors chased out by bad leadership or low performers not suited for a military career. Spend some additional time with those who raised their hands and, if you give them a chance to tell you, you will hear some tales of abuse that are inconsistent with a world-class organization. A professional and recruited force requires leadership that inspires, not dissuades, continuing service., Pub. in Military Review, p58-64, Nov-Dec 2010.

The original edition of the "Strategic Leadership Primer," published in 1998, served the U.S. Army War College (USAWC) well as a basic overview of Strategic Leadership. Written by Dr. Rod Magee with the assistance of several other faculty members, it was intended as an orientation reading for students arriving at the USAWC whose backgrounds were primarily in the tactical and operational field environment. The Primer was useful because there was no other adequate work that described and defined strategic leadership in terms that could be understood and applied by USAWC students. A 2nd edition was published in 2004 and edited by Colonel (Ret) Steve Shambach. This 3rd edition updates significant portions of the Primer, especially Chapters 1, 2, and 3, and also adds a chapter on decision making (Chapter 5). It is not that the nature of Strategic Leadership has changed drastically, rather this edition preserves the salient features of the original editions. It is updated with contemporary literature and examples to sustain the Primer's relevance.

One of the hardest things for a successful organization to do is question the assumptions on which its success is attributed. The U.S. military reached its preeminence on the battlefield, in part, due to a highly systematic approach to training and leadership development. Much of the program planning and curriculum in the U.S. system of professional military training and education was developed through a systems analysis approach, best illustrated in the Army's use of detailed tasks, conditions, and standards. There are aspects of the systems analysis approach to education that are useful. There is nothing inherently harmful in developing competency lists, provided they are kept general in nature and viewed with the appropriate level of circumspection. The authors are concerned, however, that this approach lacks the complex contextual and relational elements that combine to determine leadership effectiveness or failure. When carried to the extent of detailed crosswalks to learning objectives, competency mapping represents an over-engineered approach to leadership development and education that is more bureaucratic than professional. This article critically examines the control-oriented approach to leadership development exemplified in the use of list-based techniques such as competency mapping. The authors recommend instead an organizational learning-based process enabled by vastly expanded assessment and educational network components. Their recommended framework uses context-relevant study to justify continuous curriculum adjustment facilitated by a network of the various elements of the professional military education system. They further advocate using this network to improve leadership education and curriculum development. A networked approach to joint leadership development can lead to multiple perspectives of leadership more appropriate to a rapidly changing environment and one more worthy of the military profession., Published in Parameters, U.S. Army War College Quarterly, v34 n3, p46-60, Autumn 2004.

Mentorship is a hot topic in academia, business, and the military. Recently, in "The Chronicle of Higher Education," Robert Gross said it was evident from the Educational Resources Information Center's annual list of publications that virtually nobody was writing about mentors and mentoring in the 1970s, as only 33 articles appeared for that entire decade. He adds, however, "Then the topic took off: 230 pieces in 1980-84; 597 in 1985-89; 1,051 in 1990-94; 1,524 in 1995-99." In February 2002, a subject keyword search using the term "mentor" of Wilson Omnifile, an academic database of articles and publications, resulted in over 2,000 hits. A survey of Fortune 500 executives indicated that 96 percent of them saw mentoring as an important influence in their professional development. Despite the widespread interest in mentoring and hopes that it presents potential for addressing a myriad of problems, the concept is not well understood within the Army. The term "mentorship" has different connotations and currently is used loosely in describing an array of leadership and human behaviors. The term elicits a wide range of responses, from enthusiastic endorsement to adamant cynicism, with confusion in between. In a recent Army War College strategy research project, Merrill Anderson-Ashcraft conducted a content analysis of 64 essays on mentoring submitted by members of the USAWC Class of 2002. Although most essays included positive and negative comments, she observed that 71 percent of the statements in the papers addressed negative aspects of mentoring. Further analysis indicated that misunderstandings regarding mentoring goals, strategies, and implementation methods are a core problem contributing to confusion and cynicism. The purpose of this article is to help inform the developing dialog by assessing the current treatment of the mentoring concept in today's Army and then highlighting the issues, implications, and alternatives relative to a formal Army Mentorship Program., Published in Parameters, v32 n3, p115-127, Autumn 2002.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with George Reed. Reed was born in Alice, Texas on 28 August 1922. Prior to joining the US Army Air Corps in 1942, he participated in the Civilian Pilot Training program. Upon entering the Air Corps he was sent to California and after testing, he was selected for pilot training. He tells of the various phases of flight training and the types of aircraft he flew. After graduating and receiving his wings, he was sent to Albuquerque, New Mexico for multi-engine transitional training in the B-24 bomber. Upon completing the training he was ordered to Fresno, California to pick up a crew. The newly formed crew flew numerous training missions until June, 1944, when they picked up a new B-24 and flew to Foggia, Italy. Upon their arrival the crew was assigned to the 456th Bomb Group, 745th Bomb Squadron. He describes in detail the intricacies involved in flying a mission, from the wake-up call through the debriefing following the mission. Reed flew thirty-five missions and was recalled into the service during the Korean War. He served as a B-29 instructor at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas until his retirement in 1971.

The hate-motivated murders of Michael James and Jackie Burden in Fayetteville, North Carolina, by three Fort Bragg soldiers resulted in an unprecedented self-examination by direction of the Secretary of the Army on the extent of extremism in the Army. In the four years since 1995 there were significant changes in the hate movement that will impact on the Army in the future as it struggles to deal with manifestations of extremist behavior. This study examines ramifications of soldiers that participate in hate groups, considers several significant hate group trends, and looks at the Army response to soldiers who do not internalize Army values. Except for some notable measures taken at the installation level after well-publicized events the long-term Army response lags behind measures taken at the federal and state levels.

132 p. illus. 18 cm., Verse and prose., United States and Its Territories, 1898-1930: The Age of Imperialism, (dlps) ADC2791.0001.001, (lccallno) 828 R324ph, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Editors: Aug. 1859-July 1865, J. D. White, J. H. McQuillen, G. J. Ziegler.--Aug. 1865-Dec. 1871, J. H. McQuillen, G. J. Ziegler.--Jan. 1872-May 1891, J. W. White.--July 1891-Apr. 1930, E. C. Kirk (with L. P. Anthony, Dec. 1917-Apr. 1930).--May 1930-Dec. 1936, L. P. Anthony., Vols. 1-13 are called "new series.", Merged in Jan. 1937 with: Journal of the American Dental Association, ISSN 1048-6364, to form: Journal of the American Dental Association and dental cosmos, ISSN 0375-8451., The Dental cosmos; a monthly record of dental science. [Vol. 65] : Vol 65 : Issue 7, Page(s) 714-718, (dlps) volume: 0527912.0065.001, (dlps) article: 0527912.0065.001:396, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Editors: Aug. 1859-July 1865, J. D. White, J. H. McQuillen, G. J. Ziegler.--Aug. 1865-Dec. 1871, J. H. McQuillen, G. J. Ziegler.--Jan. 1872-May 1891, J. W. White.--July 1891-Apr. 1930, E. C. Kirk (with L. P. Anthony, Dec. 1917-Apr. 1930).--May 1930-Dec. 1936, L. P. Anthony., Vols. 1-13 are called "new series.", Merged in Jan. 1937 with: Journal of the American Dental Association, ISSN 1048-6364, to form: Journal of the American Dental Association and dental cosmos, ISSN 0375-8451., The Dental cosmos; a monthly record of dental science. [Vol. 57] : Vol 57 : Issue 6, Page(s) 628-630, (dlps) volume: 0527912.0057.001, (dlps) article: 0527912.0057.001:305, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The rate of decrease in the variance of higher order crossings is obtained for stationary Gaussian m-dependent sequences. This result provides a fast approximation to the variance of the number of axis crossings of oscillatory processes. In some sense, the authors fill in a gap not answered by the Higher Order Crossings Theorem regarding the monotonicity of higher order crossings. (Author)

This is a continuation of a series of papers on the digital geometry of three-dimensional digital images. In earlier reports, D. Morgenthaler and A. Rosenfeld gave symmetric definitions for simple surface points under the concepts of 6-connectivity and 26-connectivity, and they non-trivially characterized a simple closed surface (i.e., a subset of the image which separates its complement into an 'inside' and an 'outside') as a connected collection of 'orientable' simple surface points. Later, the author and A. Rosenfeld established that the computationally costly assumption of orientability is unnecessary for 6-connectivity by proving that orientability, a local property, is implicitly guaranteed within the (3x3x3)-neighborhood definition of a 6-connected simple surface point. However, they also showed that no such guarantee exists for 26-connectivity. In this report, the author completes this investigation of simple closed surfaces by showing that orientability is ensured globally by 26-connectivity. Hence, a simple closed surface may be efficiently charactered as a connected collection of simple surface points regardless of the type of connectivity in consideration. (Author)

This is a continuation of a series of papers on the digital geometry of three-dimensional images. In an earlier paper by Morgenthaler and Rosenfeld, a three-dimensional analog of the two-dimensional Jordan Curve Theorem was established. This was accomplished by defining simple surface points under the symmetric consideration of 6-connectedness and 26-connectedness and by characterizing a simple closed surface as a connected collection of 'orientable' simple surface points. The necessity of the assumption of orientability, a condition of often prohibitive computational cost to establish, was the major unresolved issue of that paper. In this paper, we show the assumption not to be necessary in the case of 6-connectedness and, unexpectedly, show that the property of orientability is not symmetric with respect to the two types of connectedness. (Author)

The report describes an investigation into the use of satellite borne gravity gradient devices for the recovery of terrestrial gravity information in terms of discrete mean gravity anomalies, point masses or potential coefficients. Simulation studies were conducted considering two possible instrument configurations: (1) a hand-mounted system capable of sensing five independent components of the gravity gradient tensor and (2) a rotating gravity gradient system. The spatial partial derivatives of a gravitational potential are developed using the methods of tensor calculus with specialization to the potential in spherical harmonics. A method is presented for estimating the root mean square magnitudes of all components of the gravity gradient tensor. The resulting estimates and the simulated solutions for the hard-mounted system strongly indicate that the measuring sensitivities required for the cross-gradient terms are beyond practical limits for satellite gradiometers. In addition, the effect of altitude attenuation on the gradients was evaluated. (Modified author abstract)

Includes subject index (pages 532-538)., Issues of Through the Leaves for the year 1927 (volume 15). Includes articles, photographs, and illustrations related to beet farming in Colorado.

not available

Letter dated May 31, 1899 from George Edward Reed, President of Dickinson College, to John Franklin Goucher, informing him that the Board of Trustees most likely will vote to confer the degree of Doctor of Laws on him at their meeting on June 5 and expect him to be present at the conferring of the degree. (Editor's note: Blank pages 2 and 4 were not scanned and thus are not included.)

4 continuous tone images, Responses to survey mailed by the University of Michigan Alumnae Council to women who had attended the University in the period 1870-1924. The survey included information on activities, memories of faculty and college life, descriptions of influence of University on their lives, occupations, public services, etc., (dlps) 8730.1009.001, (voicesdb) 1010, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

This archival material has been provided for educational purposes. Ball State University Libraries recognizes that some historic items may include offensive content. Our statement regarding objectionable content is available at: https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/about

This oral history is a part of the academic year 1999, US Army War College/US Army Military History Institute's Senior Officer Oral History Program, prepared under the auspices of the Institute's Oral History Branch. Background on the Criminal Investigation Division -- Independence of CID -- CID becomes a separate agency -- Events leading up to the Aberdeen Proving Ground Sexual Misconduct Investigation -- Answering to senior leadership of the Army -- Influence of Navy 'Tailhook' investigation -- OPTEMPO during investigation -- Answering to Congress -- Media reporting of the investigation -- Testifying before Congress -- Shutting down the hotline -- End result of the CID investigation -- Release of the Inspector General Report -- Legal ramifications -- Suggestions for dealing with Congress and NGOs -- Recommendations for dealing with the media -- Recurring observations in sexual misconduct investigations -- Lessons learned -- Thoughts on gender integration training.