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Context: The local census of very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs is crucial to improving our understanding of the stellar-substellar transition and their formation history. These objects, known as ultra-cool dwarfs (UCDs), are essential targets for searches of potentially habitable planets. However, their detection poses a challenge because of their low luminosity. The Gaia survey has identified numerous new UCD candidates thanks to its large survey and precise astrometry. Aims: We aim to characterise 60 UCD candidates detected by Gaia in the solar neighbourhood with a spectroscopic follow-up to confirm that they are UCDs, as well as to identify peculiarities. Methods: We acquired the near-infrared (NIR) spectra of 60 objects using the SOFI spectrograph between 0.93 and 2.5 microns (R$\sim600$). We identified their spectral types using a template-matching method. Their binarity is studied using astrometry and spectral features. Results: We confirm that 60 objects in the sample have ultra-cool dwarf spectral types close to those expected from astrometry. Their NIR spectra reveal that seven objects could host an unresolved coolest companion and seven UCDs share the same proper motions as other stars. The characterisation of these UCDs is part of a coordinated effort to improve our understanding of the Solar neighbourhood., Comment: Based on observations made with the ESO New Technology Telescope at the La Silla Observatory under programme 106.214E.001 and 108.22G4.001. Accepted by A&A on the 30/01/2024

Anthropogenic impacts on the environment alter speciation processes by affecting both geographical contexts and selection patterns on a worldwide scale. Here we review evidence of these effects. We find that human activities often generate spatial isolation between populations and thereby promote genetic divergence but also frequently cause sudden secondary contact and hybridization between diverging lineages. Human-caused environmental changes produce new ecological niches, altering selection in diverse ways that can drive diversification; but changes also often remove niches and cause extirpations. Human impacts that alter selection regimes are widespread and strong in magnitude, ranging from local changes in biotic and abiotic conditions to direct harvesting to global climate change. Altered selection, and evolutionary responses to it, impacts early-stage divergence of lineages, but does not necessarily lead toward speciation and persistence of separate species. Altogether, humans both promote and hinder speciation, although new species would form very slowly relative to anthropogenic hybridization, which can be nearly instantaneous. Speculating about the future of speciation, we highlight two key conclusions: (1) Humans will have a large influence on extinction and "despeciation" dynamics in the short term and on early-stage lineage divergence, and thus potentially speciation in the longer term, and (2) long-term monitoring combined with easily dated anthropogenic changes will improve our understanding of the processes of speciation. We can use this knowledge to preserve and restore ecosystems in ways that promote (re-)diversification, increasing future opportunities of speciation and enhancing biodiversity., De två första författarna delar förstaförfattarskapet

To understand how species evolve and adapt to changing environments, it is important to study gene flow and introgression due to their influence on speciation and radiation events. Here, we apply a novel experimental system for investigating these mechanisms using natural populations. The system is based on two fungal sister species with morphological and ecological similarities occurring in overlapping habitats. We examined introgression between these species by conducting whole genome sequencing of individuals from populations in North America and Europe. We assessed genome-wide nucleotide divergence and performed crossing experiments to study reproductive barriers. We further used ABBA-BABA statistics together with a network analysis to investigate introgression, and conducted demographic modelling to gain insight into divergence times and introgression events. The results revealed that the species are highly divergent and incompatible in vitro. Despite this, small regions of introgression were scattered throughout the genomes and one introgression event likely involves a ghost population (extant or extinct). This study demonstrates that introgression can be found among divergent species and that population histories can be studied without collections of all the populations involved. Moreover, the experimental system is shown to be a useful tool for research on reproductive isolation in natural populations.

Hybridization can result in novel allelic combinations which can impact the hybrid phenotype through changes in gene expression. While misexpression in F1 hybrids is well documented, how gene expression evolves in stabilized hybrid taxa remains an open question. As gene expression evolves in a stabilizing manner, break-up of co-evolved cis- and trans-regulatory elements could lead to transgressive patterns of gene expression in hybrids. Here, we address to what extent gonad gene expression has evolved in an established and stable homoploid hybrid, the Italian sparrow (Passer italiae). Through comparison of gene expression in gonads from individuals of the two parental species (i.e., house and Spanish sparrow) to that of Italian sparrows, we find evidence for strongly transgressive expression in male Italian sparrows—2530 genes (22% of testis genes tested for inheritance) exhibit expression patterns outside the range of both parent species. In contrast, Italian sparrow ovary expression was similar to that of one of the parent species, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Moreover, the Italian sparrow testis transcriptome is 26 times as diverged from those of the parent species as the parental transcriptomes are from each other, despite being genetically intermediate. This highlights the potential for regulation of gene expression to produce novel variation following hybridization. Genes involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and protein synthesis are enriched in the subset that is over-dominantly expressed in Italian sparrow testis, suggesting that selection on key functions has moulded the hybrid Italian sparrow transcriptome.

La conduite des veaux laitiers sous nourrices, développée en France depuis 2010, est de plus en plus répandue en agriculture biologique. Dans ce système, les génisses pâturent très précocement et avec leurs nourrices ce qui peut modifier l’épidémiologie des strongles gastro-intestinaux (SGI). L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la dynamique d’infestation par les SGI des génisses pâturant avec leurs nourrices durant la première saison de pâturage (SP1) et ses conséquences durant la seconde saison (SP2). Dans le nord-ouest de la France, 74 lots de 3 à 40 génisses de SP1 ont été suivis en 2018 ou 2019 et 34 lots de génisses en SP2 ont été suivis en 2020. Trois indicateurs parasitaires (coprologie, pepsinogène sérique, anticorps anti-Ostertagia) ont été mesurés en fin de SP1 en 2018, à 4 reprises en 2019 et à 3 reprises en 2020. Les génisses ont été mises à l’herbe à l’âge d’un mois en moyenne. La durée de la SP1 variait en fonction de la date de naissance. La durée de la SP2 était longue (278 ± 26 jours). Les valeurs moyennes de pepsinogène sérique et du ratio de densité optique (RDO) des taux d'anticorps anti-Ostertagia étaient globalement faibles en SP1 (respectivement 0,97 à 1,60 Unité Tyrosine et RDO de 0,23 à 0,71), indiquant une faible exposition des génisses aux SGI en présence des nourrices. Ceci est vraisemblablement dû à l’alimentation majoritairement lactée des jeunes, la présence de vaches nourrices immunes sur les parcelles et une conduite protectrice au pâturage. Les conséquences en SP2 des infestations sont très dépendantes de la durée de la SP1. Les génisses nées au printemps avec une longue SP1 (>180 jours), avaient de faibles niveaux d’excrétion fécale dès le milieu de la SP2 suggérant la mise en place d’une immunité vis-à-vis des SGI. Alors que les génisses nées à l’automne, avec une courte SP1 (< 90 jours) avaient une exposition aux SGI négligeable en SP1. En SP2, leurs indicateurs parasitaires correspondaient à ceux des génisses en SP1. Les n

The rearing system of dairy calves with nurse cows has been developing since 2010 in organic farms in western France. This system allows cow-calf contact until a weaning age close to the natural weaning for cattle and is characterized by an early turnout for calves at around one month of age with their nurse cows and a first grazing season with mixed grazing of calves and adults at a ratio of 2–4 calves per nurse cow. The objectives of this study were to assess the gastrointestinal (GIN) and lungworm infections in such reared calves and their variability during the first grazing season. Faecal egg count (FEC), pepsinogen (PEP) concentration and Ostertagia ELISA optical density ratio (ODR) were determined in calves (n =497) at housing in 33 groups from 24 farms in 2018, and in calves (n =405) and nurse cows (n =199) throughout the 2019 grazing season in 41 groups from 20 farms. For lungworm infection, information was obtained during 2019 through the recording of coughing epi-sodes along the grazing season and the Dictyocaulus ELISA ODR determination at housing both in calves and nurses. Results indicated that the level of GIN infection was overall low for calves during the first grazing season with PEP and Ostertagia ODR group-average values ranging from 0.97 to 1.6 U Tyr and 0.23 to 0.71 ODR respectively. No anthelmintic treatment being given in any group of calves. Ostertagia ODR values increased with the duration of the grazing season (>240 d) and with the ratio calves/nurse (>2). GIN parameters for nurses remained fairly stable during the grazing season with mean FEC, PEP and Ostertagia ODR group-average values of 13 epg, 2.28 U Tyr and 0.81 ODR, respectively. Antibodies against lungworms were detected in 3–62 % of calves depending on the duration of grazing, but only 6% of calves showed a coughing episode. The dilution effect due to the mixed grazing of resistant (nurse cows) and susceptible (calves) animals associated with predominant milk diet of calves during

Rearing dairy calves with nurse cows is increasingly carried out in France. During their first grazing season (FGS), calves generally have regular increase but low gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infection due to the suckling and a dilution effect with the presence of immune cows. This low exposure could influence the acquisition of GIN immunity and the level of infection of weaned heifers during their second grazing season (SGS). The aim of this study was to describe the variability of GIN infection of heifers in SGS according to their grazing history in FGS. In 34 groups of heifers (n= 312) from 19 farms, weight, fecal egg counts, pepsinogen concentration and Ostertagia ELISA ODR were measured on each heifer at the end of FGS in 2019 and three times during SGS in 2020. The variability of GIN markers at the end of SGS was analysed using logistic regressions. The evolution of GIN markers in SGS of heifers with a short FGS (<90 days) corresponded to a typical FGS pattern, whereas heifers with a long FGS (>180 days) showed a low fecal egg count indicating the expression of immunity. However, regardless of the duration of FGS, pepsinogen concentration and Ostertagia ELISA ODR at the end of the SGS were high suggesting either high level of infection with low growth or abomasal inflammation. A long FGS is recommended to ensure low and prolonged exposure to GIN in calves with nurse cow and earlier development of immunity in SGS.

The agro-ecological transition is based on “bottom up” innovation processes developed by agricultural stakeholders. The role of researchers is now to accompany this process by working closely with them. Since the 90s, groups of dairy farmers have been set up in many developed countries to exchange information about intensive grazing management. Within these groups, organic dairy breeders have experimented new cow-calf rearing practices, in which a specific batch of lactating cows is constituted in order to nurse and raise 2-4 calves each (usually replacement heifers) for several months on pasture. The objective of our study was to assess effects of this innovative rearing system on growth and health of the calves, with a focus on the risk of grazing parasite (gastrointestinal nematodes). On an experimental organic farm located in East of France, we designed a cow-calf rearing system in collaboration with farmers experienced on this practice. A 2-year study of 3 cohorts of 9, 16 and 23 calves was conducted from 2016 to 2019. We weighed, recorded all health events and measured different parasitic indicators at key times of the grazing season. Calves showed a fast and steady growth during the 2 years of follow-up, allowing a calving at 24 months old. Parasitic risks were low, with nurse cows playing a protective role towards infection. In addition, early immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes was developed in calves. Throughout the study, the calves did not receive any antibiotic nor anti-parasitic treatments. Only one calf died due to ruminal tympany. Rearing calves with nurse cows seems to be of real interest for their growth and health, and in particular the management of parasitic risks. Further studies in other farms are needed to validate these results.

Les parasites (Helminthes, Protozoaires, Acariens, Insectes) restent responsables de pathologie majeures impactant l'élevage des ruminants. Pendant des décennies, la maitrise de ces divers groupes de parasites a reposé pour l'essentiel sur des molécules de synthèse développées par l'industrie pharmaceutique. Cependant, cette gestion quasi exclusive par des traitements chimiques se trouve désormais confrontée à plusieurs limites : d'une part, une demande sociétale croissante pour réduire les intrants chimiques en élevage dans le cadre d'une agriculture évoluant vers des critères agroécologiques ; d'autre part, le phénomène général de résistances aux antiparasitaires dans les différents groupes mentionnés. Dans ce contexte, le concept de gestion intégrée du parasitisme fondée sur une combinaison de solutions alternatives aux molécules de synthèse devient le nouveau paradigme de lutte applicable aux divers groupes de pathogènes. L'objectif de cette revue est de présenter quelques exemples de solutions complémentaires aux substances de synthèse en se fondant sur deux modèles principaux : les nématodes gastro intestinaux et les insectes chez des petits ruminants ou les bovins.

Rearing dairy calves with nurse cows has been increasingly adopted by French farmers especially in organic farming and is characterized by a fostering of two to four calves during the first month of life by an unmilked lactating cow. This type of rearing remains poorly documented regarding its impact on calf health, such as cryptosporidiosis. The objectives of our study were to describe practices related to rearing dairy calves with nurse cows and to evaluate the prevalence, intensity and risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in calf neonates. Between January and September 2019, the rearing practices of calves were described in 20 organic French farms and faeces were sampled once from 611 animals aged between 5 and 21 days. Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding was identified by modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique and scored semi-quantitatively (score 0–4). The risk of excretion (score 0 versus 1–4) was analysed using multivariate logistic regression models. This cow-calf rearing system usually consisted of a first phase with the dam, followed by an optional phase of artificial milk feeding (calves being fed with whole milk of the farm) and a final phase of fostering by a nurse cow. Each nurse was suckled from one to five calves of close age with a fostering age of 8 days on average. The oocyst shedding prevalence was 40.2 % and similar to classically reared calves, but the intensity of shedding and the prevalence of diarrhoea appeared to be lower. The identified six risk factors for oocyst shedding were: born in the last two thirds of the birth order, born between January and July versus August and September, calf with its dam in the barn versus on pasture, having an artificial milk feeding phase versus being with the dam only, and contact between peer calves and notably the presence of an oocyst excretory calf fostered by the same nurse. These results emphasize the role of the environment for the direct and indirect contamination, particularly that related to the accu

Morphologically similar species, that is cryptic species, may be similar or quasi-similar owing to the deceleration of morphological evolution and stasis. While the factors underlying the deceleration of morphological evolution or stasis in cryptic species remain unknown, decades of research in the field of paleontology on punctuated equilibrium have originated clear hypotheses. Species are expected to remain morphologically identical in scenarios of shared genetic variation, such as hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting, or in scenarios where bottlenecks reduce genetic variation and constrain the evolution of morphology. Here, focusing on three morphologically similar Stygocapitella species, we employ a whole-genome amplification method (WGA) coupled with double-digestion restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the species complex. We explore population structure, use population-level statistics to determine the degree of connectivity between populations and species, and determine the most likely demographic scenarios which generally reject for recent hybridization. We find that the combination of WGA and ddRAD allowed us to obtain genomic-level data from microscopic eukaryotes (∼1 millimetre) opening up opportunities for those working with population genomics and phylogenomics in such taxa. The three species share genetic variance, likely from incomplete lineage sorting and ancient admixture. We speculate that the degree of shared variation might underlie morphological similarity in the Atlantic species complex.

In dairy farms, new rearing practices of calves with nurse cows have been developed by farmers but still remain poorly documented. The objective was to assess the impact of rearing suckling calves with nurse cows on the same pastures on the risk of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in calves. The grazing management has been recorded for each group. Serum pepsinogen level and GIN egg excretion per gram of faeces (epg) were determined in 438 calves belonging to 38 groups from 30 farms in the western part of France at housing (October 2018 to January 2019). The maximum number of infective larval generations met by the animals (LG) in each pasture plot was modelled by Parasit’Sim expert system. The data were analyzed using logistic regression (univariate and multivariate). Mean parasiticological parameters per group were low. On average, the serum pepsinogen level was 1.1 units of tyrosine (U Tyr) and the GIN egg output was 130 epg. Pasture infectivity was above LG4 for 2/3 of the groups. These results suggest that rearing suckling dairy calves with nurse cows decreases the level of GIN infection in calves at the end of the 1st grazing season compared with putting out to pasture weaned heifers alone. This can be explained by i) the fact that cows were immune and have a cleansing effect on the pastures when eating a lot of larvae while excreting few eggs and ii) Because not weaned calves had a slow larval intake when drinking milk from nurse cows.

Adaptive radiations have proven important for understanding the mechanisms and processes underlying biological diversity. The convergence of form and function, as well as admixture and adaptive introgression, are common in adaptive radiations. However, distinguishing between these two scenarios remains a challenge for evo-lutionary research. The Midas cichlid species complex (Amphilophus spp.) is a prime example of adaptive radiation, with phenotypic diversification occurring at various stages of genetic differentiation. One species, A. labiatus, has large fleshy lips, is as-sociated with rocky lake substrates, and occurs patchily within Lakes Nicaragua and Managua. By contrast, the similar, but thin- lipped, congener, A. citrinellus, is more com-mon and widespread. We investigated the evolutionary history of the large- lipped form, specifically regarding whether the trait has evolved independently in both lakes from ancestral thin- lipped populations, or via dispersal and/or admixture events. We collected samples from distinct locations in both lakes, and assessed differences in morphology and ecology. Using RAD-seq, we genotyped thousands of SNPs to measure population structure and divergence, demographic history, and admixture. We found significant between-species differences in ecology and morphology, local intraspecific differences in body shape and trophic traits, but only limited intraspe-cific variation in lip shape. Despite clear ecological differences, our genomic approach uncovered pervasive admixture between the species and low genomic differentiation, with species within lakes being genetically more similar than species between lakes. Taken together, our results suggest a single origin of large-lips, followed by pervasive admixture and adaptive introgression, with morphology being driven by local ecologi-cal opportunities, despite ongoing gene-flow.

The quantity and quality of data within astronomical archives are growing. With large-scale surveys of the night sky, new tools must be developed in order to process an unprecedented amount of information, in a standardized way. Additionally, recent tools, called Integral Field Spectrographs, gather spectra from an entire field of the sky. Searching for astronomical sources in the 3-dimensional (Right Ascension, Declination, and wavelength) images they produce can be difficult. Using \textbf{IFS}, 3D pictures of specific objects can be taken, without analyzing other sources in the image, such as in the background or on the edges. In this Master of Sciences thesis report, we propose to create a tool, AutoMUSE, standing for Autonomous MUSE Source Extractor. AutoMUSE is dedicated to the analysis of MUSE instrument products, but should in principle work on other IFS datacubes. The tool is compliant with (most of) the FITS guidelines, and produces spectra, catalogs and images in a standardized way. After a description of the source images we are interested in, we will describe the functioning of our software, and of the mechanisms behind it. We apply it to three different fields, and show results form that analysis. Additionally, we worked on attempts of automatic classification of spectra, and describe our reasoning.

Ecological specialisation is hypothesised to play a major role in the evolution of phenotypic diversity, especially following the colonisation of novel habitats. For example, cichlid fishes provide some of the most remarkable evidence for rapid ecological diversification. Here, we capitalised on a recently (<= 40 years ago) introduced population of red devils (Amphilophus labiatus) in Australia to investigate adaptive phenotypic responses to a novel environment. We used stomach content analyses, morphometrics and laboratory experiments to test for covariation between diet and size of an important trophic trait, lip size. We found that, while maximum lip size in the study population was smaller than in the species' natural range, the proportions of algae, insects and fish remains in the diet covaried with lip size. However, contrary to predictions, we found no evidence for lip development to be plastic under laboratory conditions in relation to substrate complexity or food manipulation, nor did we find any relationship between lip morphology and feeding performance in adults. Single nucleotide polymorphism data, in turn, suggested that the introduced population has reduced standing genetic variation, which potentially influences both phenotypic plasticity and diversity, in comparison to native populations. Together, the results suggest that morphological variation in a key trophic trait can respond rapidly to diet in a novel environment, despite reduced genetic diversity in the population.

Seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) mediate an array of postmating reproductive processes that influence fertilization and fertility. As such, it is widely held that SFPs may contribute to postmating, prezygotic reproductive barriers between closely related taxa. We investigated seminal fluid (SF) diversification in a recently diverged passerine species pair (Passer domesticus and Passer hispaniolensis) using a combination of proteomic and comparative evolutionary genomic approaches. First, we characterized and compared the SF proteome of the two species, revealing consistencies with known aspects of SFP biology and function in other taxa, including the presence and diversification of proteins involved in immunity and sperm maturation. Second, using whole-genome resequencing data, we assessed patterns of genomic differentiation between house and Spanish sparrows. These analyses detected divergent selection on immunity-related SF genes and positive selective sweeps in regions containing a number of SF genes that also exhibited protein abundance diversification between species. Finally, we analyzed the molecular evolution of SFPs across 11 passerine species and found a significantly higher rate of positive selection in SFPs compared with the rest of the genome, as well as significant enrichments for functional pathways related to immunity in the set of positively selected SF genes. Our results suggest that selection on immunity pathways is an important determinant of passerine SF composition and evolution. Assessing the role of immunity genes in speciation in other recently diverged taxa should be prioritized given the potential role for immunity-related proteins in reproductive incompatibilities in Passer sparrows.

Une étude réalisée dans 18 élevages bovins laitiers en agriculture biologique a permis d'évaluer la fréquence d'infection par les cryptosporidies chez les veaux élevés par des vaches nourrices et d'identifier les facteurs de risque de cette infection associés à cette conduite innovante

Dans les exploitations laitières, de nouvelles pratiques d'élevage des veaux avec des vaches nourrices ont été développées par les agriculteurs mais restent encore mal documentées, notamment sur le plan sanitaire. Ces pratiques impliquent un pâturage commun des veaux avec des vaches nourrices adultes. L'objectif de notre étude était d'évaluer l'impact de cette conduite sur l'infestation des veaux par les strongles gastro-intestinaux (SGI). La gestion des pâturages a été enregistrée pour chaque lot. Le taux de pepsinogène sérique et l'excrétion d'œufs de SGi par gramme de fèces (opg) ont été déterminés chez 438 veaux appartenant à 38 lots de 30 exploitations de l'ouest de la France lors de la rentrée en bâtiment (octobre 2018 à janvier 2019). Le nombre maximum de générations larvaires(GL) rencontrées par les animaux a été modélisé par le système expert Parasit'Sim. Les indicateurs parasitaires moyens par lot montraient un faible niveau d’infestation par les SGI. En moyenne, le niveau de pepsinogène sérique était de 1,1 unité de tyrosine (U Tyr) et l’excrétion d'œufs de SGI était de 130 opg. Le nombre de générations larvaires sur les parcelles était supérieure ou égal à 4 pour 2/3 des lots. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’en dépit d’une saison de pâturage longue, l'élevage de veaux laitiers avec des vaches nourrices permet un faible niveau d'infestation par les SGI chez les veaux à la fin de la première saison de pâturage par rapport à l'élevage de génisses conduites seules au pâturage. Cela peut s'expliquer par le fait que les vaches sont immunisées et ont un effet assainissant sur les pâturages en ingérant beaucoup de larves tout en excrétant peu d'œufs et par le fait que les veaux non sevrés ont une ingestion larvaire faible en raison de l’allaitement par les vaches nourrices.

La conduite des veaux laitiers avec des vaches nourrices est de plus en plus répandue, notamment en Agriculture Biologique, mais reste peu documentée : les descriptions zootechniques et l’impact de ce système sur la croissance et la santé des veaux sont peu connus. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient donc de décrire cette conduite et d’évaluer chez les veaux élevés sous nourrice les performances zootechniques ainsi que les risques parasitaires liés à la cryptosporidiose et aux strongyloses digestives, deux maladies majeures des jeunes ruminants. Cette étude a été réalisée dans 20 fermes biologiques pratiquant cette conduite. Les veaux restaient sous la mère durant 4,5 jours en moyenne, puis passaient, pour 57% d’entre eux, par une phase d’allaitement artificiel. L’adoption par une nourrice était réalisée en moyenne à 8 jours. Les fèces de 611 veaux âgés de 5 à 21 jours ont été prélevés de janvier à septembre 2019 pour détecter les oocystes de Cryptosporidium. La prévalence d’excrétion de 40,2% était similaire à celle trouvée chez des veaux élevés classiquement mais l’intensité d’excrétion et la prévalence de diarrhée semblaient inférieures. Les facteurs de risque d’excrétion identifiés étaient soit non spécifiques de cette conduite sous nourrices (ex : naissance en milieu ou fin de saison de vêlage vs début de saison), soit en lien avec cette conduite (ex : phase d’allaitement ou d’adoption vs phase uniquement avec sa mère). Concernant la croissance et les strongyloses digestives, des pesées et des prélèvements de fèces et de sang ont été réalisés à 4 reprises sur les 416 veaux gardés pour le renouvellement et leurs 197 nourrices au cours de la saison de pâturage. Les veaux avaient un GMQ élevé (en moyenne 783 grammes par jour) durant cette première saison de pâturage. L’ensemble des indicateurs concernant les strongles gastro-intestinaux (excrétion fécale, pepsinogène sanguin, sérologie Ostertagia, Parasit’Sim) ont montré une faible exposition parasitaire malgré u

Ecological specialisation is hypothesised to play a major role in the evolution of phenotypic diversity, especially following the colonisation of novel habitats. For example, cichlid fishes provide some of the most remarkable evidence for rapid ecological diversification. Here, we capitalised on a recently (≤ 40 years ago) introduced population of red devils (Amphilophus labiatus) in Australia to investigate adaptive phenotypic responses to a novel environment. We used stomach content analyses, morphometrics and laboratory experiments to test for covariation between diet and size of an important trophic trait, lip size. We found that, while maximum lip size in the study population was smaller than in the species’ natural range, the proportions of algae, insects and fish remains in the diet covaried with lip size. However, contrary to predictions, we found no evidence for lip development to be plastic under laboratory conditions in relation to substrate complexity or food manipulation, nor did we find any relationship between lip morphology and feeding performance in adults. Single nucleotide polymorphism data, in turn, suggested that the introduced population has reduced standing genetic variation, which potentially influences both phenotypic plasticity and diversity, in comparison to native populations. Together, the results suggest that morphological variation in a key trophic trait can respond rapidly to diet in a novel environment, despite reduced genetic diversity in the population.

Ecological specialisation is hypothesised to play a major role in the evolution of phenotypic diversity, especially following the colonisation of novel habitats. For example, cichlid fishes provide some of the most remarkable evidence for rapid ecological diversification. Here, we capitalised on a recently (≤ 40 years ago) introduced population of red devils (Amphilophus labiatus) in Australia to investigate adaptive phenotypic responses to a novel environment. We used stomach content analyses, morphometrics and laboratory experiments to test for covariation between diet and size of an important trophic trait, lip size. We found that, while maximum lip size in the study population was smaller than in the species’ natural range, the proportions of algae, insects and fish remains in the diet covaried with lip size. However, contrary to predictions, we found no evidence for lip development to be plastic under laboratory conditions in relation to substrate complexity or food manipulation, nor did we find any relationship between lip morphology and feeding performance in adults. Single nucleotide polymorphism data, in turn, suggested that the introduced population has reduced standing genetic variation, which potentially influences both phenotypic plasticity and diversity, in comparison to native populations. Together, the results suggest that morphological variation in a key trophic trait can respond rapidly to diet in a novel environment, despite reduced genetic diversity in the population.

Smallpox, caused by the variola virus (VARV), was a highly virulent disease with high mortality rates causing a major threat for global human health until its successful eradication in 1980. Despite previously published historic and modern VARV genomes, its past dissemination and diversity remain debated. To understand the evolutionary history of VARV with respect to historic and modern VARV genetic variation in Europe, we sequenced a VARV genome from a well-described eighteenth-century case from England (specimen P328). In our phylogenetic analysis, the new genome falls between the modern strains and another historic strain from Lithuania, supporting previous claims of larger diversity in early modern Europe compared to the twentieth century. Our analyses also resolve a previous controversy regarding the common ancestor between modern and historic strains by confirming a later date around the seventeenth century. Overall, our results point to the benefit of historic genomes for better resolution of past VARV diversity and highlight the value of such historic genomes from around the world to further understand the evolutionary history of smallpox as well as related diseases.

Les politiques publiques interviennent dans tous les domaines de la vie quotidienne des citoyen·ne·s et agissent sur l'ensemble de la société. Ce dictionnaire ne se contente pas de définir des notions telles que « fenêtre d'opportunité », « gouvernance », « dépendance au chemin emprunté » ou encore « policy feedback ». Il montre comment les grands concepts de ce champ d’étude se sont forgés, puis modifiés et enrichis pour prendre en compte les nouveaux acteurs et instruments à l’œuvre. En faisant dialoguer les courants, en s’ouvrant aux autres disciplines et en accordant une large place aux recherches francophones et internationales les plus actuelles, il offre les outils intellectuels indispensables pour comprendre les transformations contemporaines de l’action publique.

Mettre à disposition des lecteurs un savoir clair et directement mobilisable, telle est l'ambition de ce dictionnaire. Des concepts fondamentaux abordés avec pédagogie : chaque notice propose une définition détaillée, des exemples concrets, et des références bibliographiques, un index thématique et une bibliographie générale complétant l'ensemble. Un parti pris d’ouverture intellectuelle et internationale : véritable état des lieux de l’analyse des politiques publiques, le dictionnaire tire sa richesse du choix des contributeurs et de la place accordée aux travaux de recherche français et internationaux les plus récents. Saisissant l’évolution d’une discipline en plein essor, il propose également un dialogue entre courants d’analyse et entre disciplines.

La conduite des veaux laitiers sous nourrices développée sur le terrain par les éleveurs est de plus en plus répandue dans le Grand Ouest de la France notamment en Agriculture Biologique. Toutefois, elle reste peu documentée pour de nombreux aspects, et notamment la santé des veaux. Cette conduite étant associée à une phase d’allaitement de plusieurs mois et une forte utilisation du pâturage, les veaux sont amenés à pâturer avec les vaches nourrices et à être mis en contact avec les parasites présents sur les parcelles, notamment les strongles gastro-intestinaux (SGI). Ces vers du tube digestif se retrouvent dans tous les élevages et peuvent être responsables de retards de croissance voire de diarrhées lorsque les niveaux d’infestation sont élevés. Le risque parasitaire lié aux SGI peut être fortement influencé par la conduite d’élevage et du pâturage. L’objectif de cette étude menée par l’unité de recherche BIOEPAR de Nantes était donc d’évaluer le risque lié aux SGI chez des veaux laitiers élevés sous nourrices au pâturage.

La conduite des veaux sous nourrices développée sur le terrain par les éleveurs est de plus en plus répandue en France, notamment en Agriculture Biologique. Cette conduite reste cependant peu documentée, et notamment dans le domaine de la santé des veaux. Elle implique une phase d’adoption au cours de laquelle 2 à 4 veaux, âgés de moins d’un mois, sont mis sous une nourrice qui va les allaiter. Durant le premier mois de vie, les diarrhées néonatales, et notamment la cryptosporidiose, sont des maladies fréquentes dans les élevages bovins dont les facteurs de risque ont déjà été largement étudiés pour des veaux élevés classiquement, c’est-à-dire sans contact avec des vaches adultes et nourris au seau ou au DAL. Toutefois, la conduite des veaux sous nourrices pourrait entraîner des modifications de l’épidémiologie de la cryptosporidiose. En effet, l’allaitement des veaux par des vaches nourrices modifie le mode d’alimentation, le type de logement, les contacts entre veaux et la phase d’adoption pourrait être une source de stress pour les veaux. L’objectif de cette étude menée par l’unité de recherche BIOEPAR de Nantes était donc de d’évaluer la fréquence de l’infection par les cryptosporidies chez les veaux élevés sous nourrices et d’identifier les facteurs de risque de cette infection associés à cette conduite.

El texto que nos atañe es un relato del escritor lucense Saturnino Valladares titulado “Viridiana en Shymkent”, publicado en 2018 en el Proyecto Sherezade; el PS es una plataforma digital a modo de blog llevada a cabo por la Universidad de Manitoba en Winnipeg, Canadá, que permite a escritores hispanohablantes la publicación de sus creaciones inéditas eliminando la barrera geográfica. Los datos que se tienen de la vida de Saturnino Valladares provienen mayormente de la entrevista que concedió a la revista Evohé en 2016 para su 27ª edición, revista que dirigió entre 2008 – 2009.

Every so often, legal issues stemming from health and safety regulations appear, yet these are not always fully addressed. After the widely-known accident of the 33 trapped miners in Chile, this decisive event, for a while switched the focus to the obligation for employers to provide workplace safety. Recently, a new law has come to force, which obliges independent workers to join the Social Security System. This means that more than 500.000 workers will be part of the current system. Therefore, legal health and safety issues are being debated once again. This article describes firstly a general view on how this obligation inserts in our legal system and how it is linked to constitutional rights. Secondly, an analysis as key element of the social security system and its link to the occupational accidents and work-related diseases insurance established by the law number 16.744. Finally, an analysis as duty of care due to the public interest involved in it, Cada cierto tiempo, las materias legales relativas a la seguridad y salud en el trabajo entran al debate. Después del mundialmente conocido accidente de los treinta y tres mineros atrapados en Chile, la atención se concentró por un tiempo en la obligación de seguridad laboral. Hace poco ha entrado en vigencia una ley que obliga a los trabajadores independientes a afiliarse al seguro de accidentes del trabajo y enfermedades profesionales. Esto significa, que más de quinientos mil trabajadores ingresaron al sistema de seguridad social, diseñado para estos efectos. En consecuencia, las materias de seguridad y salud en el trabajo de nuevo están en el debate público. El artículo describe, primero, de manera general, cómo esta obligación se inserta en nuestra normativa y su vinculación con normas constitucionales. Después, se analiza cómo un elemento central de la seguridad social y su especial relación con el seguro social establecido en la Ley n.° 16744. Finalmente, se considera en su dimensión, como deber de seguridad laboral debido al interés público involucrado

La rechute reste la première cause de mortalité des hémopathies malignes après allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (allo-CSH) (van den Brink et al., 2010). Le risque de récurrence de la maladie est élevé chez les patients présentant des marqueurs cytogénétiques ou moléculaires de mauvais pronostic, et/ou allogreffés en situation de maladie réfractaire ou en rémission hématologique sans réponse moléculaire ou radiologique (TEP-scan) complète. Dans le cadre des 7e ateliers d'harmonisation des pratiques de greffe de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC), le groupe de travail s'est basé sur les données de la littérature, afin d'élaborer des recommandations concernant la prévention et le traitement de la rechute post allo-CSH. Pour les LAM et les SMD à haut risque, une stratégie de maintenance post-greffe est possible par des agents hypométhylants ou des ITK anti-FLT3 si la cible est présente. En ce qui concerne les LAL Phi+, un traitement de maintenance par ITK est un consensus. Pour les lymphomes, il n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle des données formelles concernant l'utilisation d'un traitement de maintenance systématique et une stratégie préemptive basée sur l'immunomodulation, le suivi du chimérisme et l'injection des lymphocytes du donneur est recommandée. Pour le myélome multiple, même si l'indication de l'allogreffe reste discutée, notre recommandation serait l'utilisation d'un traitement de maintenance par bortézomib, vue la bonne tolérance de ce traitement, sans augmentation du risque de GVHD.

Disease relapse remains the first cause of mortality of hematological malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT). The risk of recurrence is elevated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with high-risk cytogenetic or molecular abnormalities, as well as when allo-HCT is performed in patients with refractory hematological malignancies or with persistent molecular or radiological (PET-CT scan) residual disease. For high risk AML and myelodysplasia (MDS), a post transplant maintenance strategy is possible, using hypomethylating agents or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) anti-FLT3 when the target is present. For Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), there is a consensus for the use of TKI anti BCR-ABL as post transplant maintenance.

The rapid evolution of insecticide resistance remains one of the biggest challenges in the control of medically and economically important pests. Insects have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms to reduce the efficacy of the commonly used classes of insecticides, and finding the genetic basis of resistance is a major aid to management. In a previously unstudied population, we performed an F-2 resistance mapping cross for the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, for which insecticide resistance is increasingly widespread. Using 334 SNP markers obtained through RAD-sequencing, we constructed the first linkage map for the species, consisting of 14 putative linkage groups (LG), with a length of 407 cM and an average marker spacing of 1.3 cM. The linkage map was used to reassemble the recently published reference genome, facilitating refinement and validation of the current genome assembly. We detected a major QTL on LG12 associated with insecticide resistance, occurring in close proximity (1.2 Mb) to a carboxylesterase encoding candidate gene for pyrethroid resistance. This provides another example of this candidate gene playing a major role in determining survival in a bed bug population following pesticide resistance evolution. The recent availability of the bed bug genome, complete with a full list of potential candidate genes related to insecticide resistance, in addition to the linkage map generated here, provides an excellent resource for future research on the development and spread of insecticide resistance in this resurging pest species., Toby Fountain and Mark Ravinet contributed equally to this work.

Réunissant les réflexions de politistes et sociologues français et internationaux parmis les plus reconnus, cet ouvrage propose un état des lieux de la discipline des politiques publiques en s'appuyant sur les travaux fondateurs de Pierre Muller, qui a fortement contribué à sa reconnaissance et à son développement. À partir de thèmes fondateurs de la science politique, tels que la domination, la démocratie, la place des acteurs dans les processus politiques ou le gouvernement des sociétés complexes, les auteur(e)s posent la question d'une spécificité française dans l'analyse de l’action publique. Supposée mais rarement discutée en profondeur, cette French touch existe-t-elle et si oui, en quoi consiste-t-elle ? Cet ouvrage offre une vision panoramique des développements méthodologiques, conceptuels et pratiques de ce champ de recherche particulièrement dynamique. En conclusion, Pierre Muller livre des éléments d’analyse inédits sur la question du changement de l’action publique ainsi que de nouvelles pistes de recherche.

This article establishes an interdisciplinary dialogue between several disciplines, including journalism, philosophy and psychoanalysis. The case analysis proposes the existence in individuals of a feared unconscious phantasy in which, under certain conditions, the individual seeks to avoid deep anxieties generated by contact with dead internal objects. The authors explore how submission to an authority of tyrannical characteristics may become a way of escaping these anxieties. Hannah Arendt’s concept of the banality of evil is presented and analyzed as a means of understanding this mental process, leading to the notion that not thinking allows the avoidance of catastrophic emotions that have already been experienced in a traumatic infancy., En este artículo se establece un diálogo entre disciplinas como el periodismo, la filosofía y el psicoanálisis. En el análisis del caso, se postula que existe una fantasía inconsciente que es temida. En ciertas condiciones, tomar contacto con objetos internos muertos genera angustias que deben ser evitadas a toda costa. A partir de ello, se explora el sometimiento a una autoridad tiránica como una salida a estas profundas angustias. Para intentar comprender tal funcionamiento mental, se analiza el concepto de Hannah Arendt de la banalidad del mal. Se propone que el no pensamiento salva al individuo de estas emociones catastróficas ya vividas en la traumática infancia.

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Repeated recolonization of freshwater environments following Pleistocene glaciations has played a major role in the evolution and adaptation of anadromous taxa. Located at the western fringe of Europe, Ireland and Britain were likely recolonized rapidly by anadromous fishes from the North Atlantic following the last glacial maximum (LGM). While the presence of unique mitochondrial haplotypes in Ireland suggests that a cryptic northern refugium may have played a role in recolonization, no explicit test of this hypothesis has been conducted. The three-spined stickleback is native and ubiquitous to aquatic ecosystems throughout Ireland, making it an excellent model species with which to examine the biogeographical history of anadromous fishes in the region. We used mitochondrial and microsatellite markers to examine the presence of divergent evolutionary lineages and to assess broad-scale patterns of geographical clustering among postglacially isolated populations. Our results confirm that Ireland is a region of secondary contact for divergent mitochondrial lineages and that endemic haplotypes occur in populations in Central and Southern Ireland. To test whether a putative Irish lineage arose from a cryptic Irish refugium, we used approximate Bayesian computation (ABC). However, we found no support for this hypothesis. Instead, the Irish lineage likely diverged from the European lineage as a result of postglacial isolation of freshwater populations by rising sea levels. These findings emphasize the need to rigorously test biogeographical hypothesis and contribute further evidence that postglacial processes may have shaped genetic diversity in temperate fauna.

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BACKGROUND: Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Recent data from trauma patients and patients with hemorrhagic shock have suggested that an increased fresh frozen plasma:red blood cell (FFP:RBC) ratio may be of benefit in massive bleeding. We addressed this issue in cases of severe postpartum hemorrhage. METHODS: We reviewed data from all patients diagnosed with severe postpartum hemorrhage during a 4-year period (2006-2009). Patients who were treated with sulprostone and required transfusion within 6 hours of delivery were included in the study and were divided into 2 groups according to their response to sulprostone: bleeding controlled with sulprostone alone (sulprostone group) and bleeding requiring an additional advanced interventional procedure including arterial angiographic embolization and/or surgical procedures (arterial ligation, B-Lynch suture, or hysterectomy; intervention group). The requirement or no requirement for advanced procedures constituted the primary end point of the study. Propensity scoring was used to assess the effect of a high FFP:RBC ratio on bleeding control. RESULTS: Among 12,226 deliveries during the study period, 142 (1.1%) were complicated by severe postpartum hemorrhage. Bleeding was controlled with sulprostone alone in 90 patients (63%). Advanced interventional procedures were required for 52 patients (37%). Forty-one patients were transfused with both RBCs and FFP. The FFP:RBC ratio increased over the study period (P < 0.001), from 1:1.8 at the start to 1:1.1 at the end of the study period. After propensity score modeling (inverse probability of treatment weighting), a high FFP:RBC ratio was associated with lower odds for advanced interventional procedures (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.25 [1.07-1.47]; P = 0.008). There were no deaths, severe organ dysfunction, or other complications as a consequence of severe postpartum hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study, a higher, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo organizó en marzo de 1997 un "Simposio de ciudades y Foro de buenas prácticas en gestión urbana" . En él se debatieron las nuevas ideas sobre el papel de los centros urbanos en el futuro de la región, los problemas que enfrentarán al asumir este papel y las soluciones que se vislumbran al final del siglo. Este evento se realizó conjuntamente con la Asamblea Anual de Gobernadores del Banco en Barcelona. La visión de conjunto de los debates y documentos presentados en el simposio, y que son el tema de este libro, muestran un panorama promisorio, por cuanto destacan el alto grado de consenso político y técnico sobre los desafíos del desarrollo urbano de América Latina y el Caribe en el próximo siglo y sobre el marco de políticas que permitirá enfrentar eficiente y equitativamente los problemas más agudos.

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