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Control of dog-mediated rabies relies on raising awareness, access to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and mass dog vaccination. To assess rabies awareness in Moramanga district, Madagascar, where rabies is endemic, two complementary quantitative and qualitative approaches were carried out in 2018. In the quantitative approach, a standardized questionnaire was administered to 334 randomized participants living in 170 households located less than 5 km from the anti-rabies treatment center (ARTC) located in Moramanga city (thereafter called the central area), and in 164 households located more than 15 km away from the ARTC in two rural communes (thereafter called the remote area). Logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors influencing knowledge and practice scores. The qualitative approach consisted in semi-structured interviews conducted with 28 bite victims who had consulted the ARTC, three owners of biting dogs, three ARTC staff and two local authorities. Overall, 15.6% (52/334) of households owned at least one dog. The dog-to-human ratio was 1:17.6. The central area had a significantly higher dog bite incidence (0.53 per 100 person-years, 95% CI: 0.31–0.85) compared to the remote area (0.22 per 100 person-years, 95% CI: 0.09–0.43) (p = 0.03). The care pathway following a bite depended on wound severity, how the dog was perceived and its owner's willingness to cover costs. Rabies vaccination coverage in dogs in the remote area was extremely low (2.4%). Respondents knew that vaccination prevented animal rabies but owners considered that their own dogs were harmless and cited access and cost of vaccine as main barriers. Most respondents were not aware of the existence of the ARTC (85.3%), did not know the importance of timely access to PEP (92.2%) or that biting dogs should be isolated (89.5%) and monitored. Good knowledge scores were significantly associated with having a higher socio-economic status (OR = 2.08, CI = 1.33–3.26) and living in central a

La mondialisation de l’économie oblige les PME à adopter des stratégies leurs permettant de se développer et de s’imposer dans un monde concurrentiel agressif. Ainsi, une forte capacité d’innovation constitue un moyen de se protéger sur ce marché incertain et aussi une nouvelle méthode de mieux s’approcher des clients visés. Mais la problématique qui se pose est de savoir comment l’innovation pourrait-elle assurer la performance commerciale des PME malgache ?En supposant que l’innovation des stratégies commerciales assure la performance des PME malgaches, ce travail apporte des analyses caractérisant l’innovation apportée par les dirigeants de ces PME dans leurs politiques commerciales. Les tests statistiques des résultats d’enquête auprès d’un échantillon de 121 PME ont permis d’affirmer que l’innovation des stratégies commerciales apportent des améliorations en matière de nombre de client, de relation et fidélisation.

L'évolution rapide du contexte mondial a donné naissance à de nouveaux défis humanitaires et a incité les acteurs de l'aide humanitaire à repenser leurs approches traditionnelles. Dans ce contexte en constante mutation, l'innovation s'impose comme un vecteur essentiel pour améliorer l'efficacité, l'efficience et l'impact des actions humanitaires. Ainsi se pose la problématique de savoir de quelle manière l’innovation pourrait-elle améliorer l’efficacité des actions humanitaires ?Cet article se penche sur le rôle de l'innovation au sein de ces actions cruciales, en examinant comment elle redéfinit les méthodes de fonctionnement des programmes d’aides humanitaires aux défis complexes auxquels les populations vulnérables sont confrontées. Ce travail apporte des analyses caractérisant l’innovation des différentes dimensions des actions humanitaires. Les tests statistiques des résultats d’enquête auprès d’un échantillon de 112 malgaches bénéficiaires d’aide sur leur perception de l’innovation et de l’efficacité des programmes ont permis d’affirmer que l’innovation des modes de fonctionnement améliore l’efficacité de ces programmes d’aides.

La mondialisation de l’économie oblige les PME à adopter des stratégies leurs permettant de se développer et de s’imposer dans un monde concurrentiel agressif. Ainsi, une forte capacité d’innovation constitue un moyen de se protéger sur ce marché incertain et aussi une nouvelle méthode de mieux s’approcher des clients visés. Mais la problématique qui se pose est de savoir comment l’innovation pourrait-elle assurer la performance commerciale des PME malgache ?En supposant que l’innovation des stratégies commerciales assure la performance des PME malgaches, ce travail apporte des analyses caractérisant l’innovation apportée par les dirigeants de ces PME dans leurs politiques commerciales. Les tests statistiques des résultats d’enquête auprès d’un échantillon de 121 PME ont permis d’affirmer que l’innovation des stratégies commerciales apportent des améliorations en matière de nombre de client, de relation et fidélisation.

Cette période récente a vu un intérêt croissant des chercheurs et des décideurs pour le rôle des entreprises, en particulier les PME, dans le développement économique et social d’un pays. Pourtant, en conséquence à la globalisation de l'économie, au développement technologique et à l’intensité de la concurrence, rares sont les PME qui arrivent à survivre. Ces PME qui constituent la majorité des entreprises malgaches, sont confrontées à des défis complexes en matière de marketing. Une situation qui incite à se poser comme problématique de savoir Jusqu’où les pratiques marketings des entreprises malgaches atteignent-elles les besoins des consommateurs ? A partir des résultats d’une enquête par sondage, une auprès d’un échantillon de 125 PME malgaches, cette recherche confirme l’existence d’un écart entre les pratiques marketing des PME et les attentes des consommateurs malgaches.

La mondialisation de l’économie oblige les PME à adopter des stratégies leurs permettant de se développer et de s’imposer dans un monde concurrentiel agressif. Ainsi, une forte capacité d’innovation constitue un moyen de se protéger sur ce marché incertain et aussi une nouvelle méthode de mieux s’approcher des clients visés. Mais la problématique qui se pose est de savoir comment l’innovation pourrait-elle assurer la performance commerciale des PME malgache ?En supposant que l’innovation des stratégies commerciales assure la performance des PME malgaches, ce travail apporte des analyses caractérisant l’innovation apportée par les dirigeants de ces PME dans leurs politiques commerciales. Les tests statistiques des résultats d’enquête auprès d’un échantillon de 121 PME ont permis d’affirmer que l’innovation des stratégies commerciales apportent des améliorations en matière de nombre de client, de relation et fidélisation.

Given the country's socio-economic situation, Malagasy companies are finding it very difficult to adapt to the demands of a globalised economy. To succeed in an increasingly complex market, despite the often static nature of their culture, these companies are opting to innovate their products or their operations. This raises the question of how innovation should be introduced into Madagascan business culture. By using statistical tests to analyse the results of an opinion poll conducted among a sample of 221 Malagasy companies regarding their situation in terms of corporate culture and innovation, this research verifies that the synchronisation of innovation and culture ensures the evolution of the company.

Given the country's socio-economic situation, Malagasy companies are finding it very difficult to adapt to the demands of a globalised economy. To succeed in an increasingly complex market, despite the often static nature of their culture, these companies are opting to innovate their products or their operations. This raises the question of how innovation should be introduced into Madagascan business culture. By using statistical tests to analyse the results of an opinion poll conducted among a sample of 221 Malagasy companies regarding their situation in terms of corporate culture and innovation, this research verifies that the synchronisation of innovation and culture ensures the evolution of the company.

This study provides new findings on the flexible activity of Prolemur simus in an anthropogenically modified habitat in the rural commune of Tsaratanana, eastern Madagascar. Based on camera-trap data, we compared the temporal distribution of activity of one group of lemurs between the forest edge and the forest core. We also investigated the possible influence of nocturnal luminosity on the activity cycle. The analysis was conducted using Kernel Density estimates and the R package OVERLAP. The distribution across the 24-h cycle confirmed that Prolemur simus is cathemeral in the wild. The lemurs displayed three peaks of activity: one during the night and two coinciding with morning and evening twilights. The highest proportions of nocturnal activity occurred at the forest edge and at low moon luminosity suggesting a possible anti-predator and/or human-avoidance strategy. The flexible activity of Prolemur simus may contribute to the tolerance of this Critically Endangered species to anthropogenic disturbance.

This study provides new findings on the flexible activity of Prolemur simus in an anthropogenically modified habitat in the rural commune of Tsaratanana, eastern Madagascar. Based on camera-trap data, we compared the temporal distribution of activity of one group of lemurs between the forest edge and the forest core. We also investigated the possible influence of nocturnal luminosity on the activity cycle. The analysis was conducted using Kernel Density estimates and the R package OVERLAP. The distribution across the 24-h cycle confirmed that Prolemur simus is cathemeral in the wild. The lemurs displayed three peaks of activity: one during the night and two coinciding with morning and evening twilights. The highest proportions of nocturnal activity occurred at the forest edge and at low moon luminosity suggesting a possible anti-predator and/or human-avoidance strategy. The flexible activity of Prolemur simus may contribute to the tolerance of this Critically Endangered species to anthropogenic disturbance.

Background: Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is highly effective at preventing human rabies deaths, however access to PEP is limited in many rabies endemic countries. The 2018 decision by Gavi to add human rabies vaccine to its investment portfolio should expand PEP availability and reduce rabies deaths. We explore how geographic access to PEP impacts the rabies burden in Madagascar and the potential benefits of improved provisioning. Methodology & principal findings: We use spatially resolved data on numbers of bite patients seeking PEP across Madagascar and estimates of travel times to the closest clinic providing PEP (N = 31) in a Bayesian regression framework to estimate how geographic access predicts reported bite incidence. We find that travel times strongly predict reported bite incidence across the country. Using resulting estimates in an adapted decision tree, we extrapolate rabies deaths and reporting and find that geographic access to PEP shapes burden sub-nationally. We estimate 960 human rabies deaths annually (95% Prediction Intervals (PI): 790–1120), with PEP averting an additional 800 deaths (95% PI: 640–970) each year. Under these assumptions, we find that expanding PEP to one clinic per district (83 additional clinics) could reduce deaths by 19%, but even with all major primary clinics provisioning PEP (1733 additional clinics), we still expect substantial rabies mortality. Our quantitative estimates are most sensitive to assumptions of underlying rabies exposure incidence, but qualitative patterns of the impacts of travel times and expanded PEP access are robust. Conclusions & significance: PEP is effective at preventing rabies deaths, and in the absence of strong surveillance, targeting underserved populations may be the most equitable way to provision PEP. Given the potential for countries to use Gavi funding to expand access to PEP in the coming years, this framework could be used as a first step to guide expansion and improve targeting of inter

Background: Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is highly effective at preventing human rabies deaths, however access to PEP is limited in many rabies endemic countries. The 2018 decision by Gavi to add human rabies vaccine to its investment portfolio should expand PEP availability and reduce rabies deaths. We explore how geographic access to PEP impacts the rabies burden in Madagascar and the potential benefits of improved provisioning. Methodology & principal findings: We use spatially resolved data on numbers of bite patients seeking PEP across Madagascar and estimates of travel times to the closest clinic providing PEP (N = 31) in a Bayesian regression framework to estimate how geographic access predicts reported bite incidence. We find that travel times strongly predict reported bite incidence across the country. Using resulting estimates in an adapted decision tree, we extrapolate rabies deaths and reporting and find that geographic access to PEP shapes burden sub-nationally. We estimate 960 human rabies deaths annually (95% Prediction Intervals (PI): 790–1120), with PEP averting an additional 800 deaths (95% PI: 640–970) each year. Under these assumptions, we find that expanding PEP to one clinic per district (83 additional clinics) could reduce deaths by 19%, but even with all major primary clinics provisioning PEP (1733 additional clinics), we still expect substantial rabies mortality. Our quantitative estimates are most sensitive to assumptions of underlying rabies exposure incidence, but qualitative patterns of the impacts of travel times and expanded PEP access are robust. Conclusions & significance: PEP is effective at preventing rabies deaths, and in the absence of strong surveillance, targeting underserved populations may be the most equitable way to provision PEP. Given the potential for countries to use Gavi funding to expand access to PEP in the coming years, this framework could be used as a first step to guide expansion and improve targeting of inter