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En el contexto actual de la educación, la convivencia escolar emerge como un elemento crucial para el desarrollo integral de los estudiantes y el funcionamiento efectivo de las instituciones educativas. En este sentido, el presente trabajo de intervención social se enfoca en abordar y mejorar la convivencia escolar en una Institución educativa Ambientalista de Cartagena , a través de la implementación de una estrategia diseñada para promover un ambiente escolar más inclusivo, respetuoso y colaborativo. Esta iniciativa surge en respuesta a la creciente preocupación por los desafíos que enfrentan los estudiantes y el personal educativo en su día a día, así como el reconocimiento de la importancia de generar espacios seguros y saludables para el aprendizaje y el desarrollo socioemocional de todos los miembros de la comunidad educativa. En este documento, se presenta el proceso de diseño, implementación y evaluación de la estrategia de cambio social a través de la radio escolar, destacando con sus objetivos, metodología, resultados y lecciones aprendidas, contribuir al conocimiento y la práctica en el ámbito de la convivencia escolar y promover la construcción de entornos educativos más equitativos y enriquecedores para todos.

265 p., La artrosis es una enfermedad con una prevalencia alta que va en aumento, con un alto coste sanitario en nuestro medio, asocia morbimortalidad y es moderadamente incapacitante para quien la padece. En contraposición, es una enfermedad con una patogenia poco conocida y sin un tratamiento que altere su progresión. Para esto es necesario conocer los actores y los mecanismos implicados en la fisiología y en la patogenia de la artrosis. Pero ésta y la articulación como elemento central de la artrosis, son objeto de relativamente pocos estudios si lo comparamos con otros órganos o patologías del organismo, como el cerebro o el corazón. En el presente trabajo, prospectivo observacional, analizamos 11 aminopeptidasas en líquido sinovial de pacientes con artrosis de rodilla antes y durante el tratamiento con Plasma Rico en Factores de Crecimiento. Identificamos actividad de todas ellas, algunas de las cuales describimos también actividad en fracción soluble y en fracción unida a membrana, siendo la mayor descripción realizada hasta la fecha. Se trata de un estudio novedoso ya que, a pesar de la importancia que está adquiriendo la proteomica, en su mayoría apenas si han sido descritas. Con ello planteamos que el sistema renina-angiotensina, el opioide-encefalinergico y el oxiocinergico están implicados en la fisiopatología articular. Tras la revisión bibliográfica realizada de todos los estudios previos encontrados de estas aminopeptidasas a nivel articular y de las funciones descritas en otros tejidos, proponemos que el papel de estas aminopeptidasas en la artrosis, incluirían al menos, la regulación de las vías-inmunoinflamatorias, el estrés oxidativo, las vías de la osificación endocondral, la senescencia articular y el dolor. Las diferencias obtenidas en la actividad de algunas aminopeptidasas por grado de artrosis, muestran un aumento significativo de la actividad en el grupo de pacientes con mayor artrosis, excepto para la Dipeptidil Peptidasa IV, que muestra una relaci

The binding activity of various trastuzumab biosimilars versus the branded trastuzumab towards the glycosylated extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) target in the presence of pertuzumab was investigated. We employed size exclusion chromatography with tetra-detection methodology to simultaneously determine absolute molecular weight, concentration, molecular size, and intrinsic viscosity. All trastuzumab molecules in solution exhibit analogous behavior in their binary action towards HER2 regardless of the order of addition of trastuzumab/pertuzumab. This analogous behavior of all trastuzumab molecules, including biosimilars, highlights the robustness and consistency of their binding activity towards HER2. Furthermore, the addition of HER2 to a mixture of trastuzumab and pertuzumab leads to increased formation of high-order HER2 complexes, up to concentrations of one order of magnitude higher than in the case of sequential addition. The observed increase suggests a potential synergistic effect between these antibodies, which could enhance their therapeutic efficacy in HER2-positive cancers. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the complex interplay between therapeutic antibodies and their target antigens, providing valuable insights for the development of more effective treatment strategies.

The replacement of fossil-derived plastics with those obtained from bio-based resources, which present suitable performance to be employed as commodity plastics is currently an important field of research, given the urgent need to transition from a fossil-based to a more sustainable economy. In this context, this work is focused on the application of a catalytic system based on silsesquioxane-cyclopentadienyl titanium complexes for the preparation of bio-based polymers, which can be used as additives to improve the poor material properties of a biodegradable polymer such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). These titanium complexes, when activated with methylaluminoxane or with triflate salts, are shown to be capable of the polymerization of two bio-based monomers: myrcene and anethole. It is notable that polymerizations with these two distinct monomers take place through different mechanisms. The resulting polymyrcene (PMy) and polyanethol (PAN) have been applied as modifiers for PLA. Binary blends of PMy and PLA exhibited a considerable decrease in T and the promotion of PLA crystallization for a PMy content below 15 wt%. The mechanical properties of the PLA/PMy blends also displayed plasticization, with a decrease in the elastic modulus and enhanced plasticity, which resulted in less fragile systems compared to pure PLA. Morphological analysis has indicated a partially miscible, phase-separated system with micron-sized domains. In contrast, PAN completely inhibited PLA crystallization and the PLA/PAN blends were immiscible, but well-dispersed, a phase-separated system was obtained in solvent-casting film preparation with very small PAN domains. The blends showed higher tensile modulus than pure PLA and an absence of plastic behaviour, resulting in more fragile systems upon the addition of PAN to PLA.

Prior research measures immigration by only accounting for where immigrants live. We argue that this approach misses the activity spaces of immigrants, which also impact crime but are not always located in their residential communities. The present study uses an alternative definition of immigration—immigrant-ethnic activity space (IEAS)—that accounts for both the residential location and routine activities of immigrants. Additionally, given the crime-reducing effects associated with immigration, including for high-risk populations, we consider whether IEAS protects against reoffending for ex-inmates. Using Cox hazards models, we examine the relationship between IEAS and recidivism across the communities of five ethnic groups. Results show that the IEAS of all groups are inversely associated with recidivism. However, ex-prisoner concentration amplifies the risk for recidivism in the IEAS of some groups.

In this work, the polymerization of limonene oxide (LO) has been optimized at room temperature with two different aluminium-based catalysts [AlMeX{2,6-(CHPh2)2-4-tBu-C6H2O}] (X = Me (1), Cl (2)). A fully bio-based ether, polylimonene oxide (PLO), has been synthesized with low molecular weight and good thermal stability, being a potential sustainable polymeric additive for other bio-based and biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA). Hence, we have explored its ability to influence the thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of PLA by preparing their blends by melt processing. The addition of a low amount of PLO led to a nearly 10 °C decrease in the PLA glass transition temperature. Moreover, a decrease in the PLA melting temperature and the degree of crystallinity was observed. Interestingly, a remarkable increase in the flexibility of PLA-based films was noticed. All the results point to the existence of strong interactions between the components, suggesting their partial miscibility.

Repositioning of remdesivir and tenofovir against COVID-19 has shown only partial evidence of improving clinical outcomes, in clinical trials and observational studies respectively. The rationale behind this inconsistent efficacy remains unknown. Here, we developed an ensemble docking approach for the active triphosphate forms of both antivirals with the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase and the RNA chain complex, under the hypothesis that clinical observation could rely on the specificities of the drug-target interaction. Our model framework allowed accurate reconstruction of the remdesivir ensemble, which presented the strongest binding affinity and pose stability close to the natural counterpart dATP. We further observed a set of features of the tenofovir complex that suggests functional yet suboptimal interaction, likely resulting in limited viral inhibition in the absence of high intracellular concentration at target tissues. Our findings provide rationale for the mixed effectiveness of tenofovir-based compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and underscore the relevance of the intracellular availability of the nucleotide analogues relative to viral tropism.

Modern agriculture has incorporated the use of microorganisms as biofertilizers to reduce nega-tive impacts on the environment and promote crop growth and yield. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of the application of rhizobacteria and conventional ferti-lization on Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Asteraceae) growth and the yield. Rooted cuttings (variety Morita II) were established, inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense, and with chemical fertiliza-tion applied at 100% (T2), 80% (T3), and 60% (T4). Control (T1) was 100% uninoculated. The crop was evaluated for 100 days measuring height, stem diameter, number of shoots, biomass (fresh and dry), and mineral content in leaves. The results show higher plant height (p < 0.05) in the control (T1), with no difference in number of shoots, stem diameter, and biomass with T4. Plants with rhizobacteria had higher P content in leaves than control TI without statistical differences in N, K, Ca, and Mg. The inoculation of rhizobacteria can help reduce the use of fertilizers without affecting the yield of Stevia., La agricultura moderna ha incorporado el uso de microorganismos como biofertilizantes para disminuir los impactos negativos al ambiente y promover el crecimiento y rendimiento de los cultivos. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de rizo-bacterias y fertilización convencional sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Asteraceae). Se establecieron esquejes enraizados (variedad Morita II), se inocularon con Azospirillum brasilense y se aplicó fertilización química a 100 por ciento (T2), 80 por ciento (T3) y 60 por ciento (T4),y 100 por ciento sin inocular como control (T1).El cultivo se evaluó por 100 días: se midió altura, diámetro de tallo, número de brotes, biomasa (fresca y seca) y contenido mineral en hojas. Los resultados indican mayor altura de planta (p < 0.05) en el control (T1), sin diferencias en número de brotes, diámetro de tallo y biomasa con T4. Las plantas con rizobacterias tuvieron mayor contenido de P en hojas que T1, sin diferencias estadísticas en N, K, Ca y Mg. La aplicación de rizobacterias puede contribuir a reducir el uso de fertilizantes sin afectar el rendimiento de estevia.

Binge drinking is a pattern of intermittent excessive alcohol consumption that is highly prevalent in young people. Neurocognitive dual-process models have described substance abuse and adolescence risk behaviours as the result of an imbalance between an overactivated affective-automatic system (related to motivational processing) and damaged and/or immature reflective system (related to cognitive control abilities). Previous studies have evaluated the reflective system of binge drinkers (BDs) through neutral response inhibition tasks and have reported anomalies in theta (4–8 Hz) and beta (12–30 Hz) bands. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of the motivational value of alcohol-related stimuli on brain functional networks devoted to response inhibition in young BDs. Sixty eight BDs and 78 control participants performed a beverage Go/NoGo task while undergoing electrophysiological recording. Whole cortical brain functional connectivity (FC) was evaluated during successful response inhibition trials (NoGo). BDs exhibited fast-beta and theta hyperconnectivity in regions related to cognitive control. These responses were modulated differently depending on the motivational content of the stimuli. The increased salience of alcohol-related stimuli may lead to overactivation of the affective-automatic system in BDs, and compensatory neural resources of the reflective system will thus be required during response inhibition. In BDs, inhibition of the response to alcohol stimuli may require higher theta FC to facilitate integration of information related to the task goal (withholding a response), while during inhibition of the response to no-alcoholic stimuli, higher fast-beta FC would allow to apply top-down inhibitory control of the information related to the prepotent response

Previous cross-sectional research has largely associated binge drinking (BD) with changes in volume and thickness during adolescence and early adulthood. Nevertheless, the long-term alcohol-related effects on gray matter features in youths who had maintained a BD pattern over time have not yet been sufficiently explored. The present study aimed to assess group differences both cross-sectionally and longitudinally [using symmetric percent change (SPC)] on several structural measures (i.e., thickness, surface area, volume). For this purpose, magnetic resonance imaging was recorded twice within a 2-year interval; at baseline (18–19 years) and a follow-up (20–21 years). The sample included 44 university students who were classified as 16 stable binge drinkers (8 females) and 28 stable controls (13 females). Whole-brain analysis showed larger insular surface area in binge drinkers relative to controls at follow-up (cluster-wise p = 0.045). On the other hand, region of interest (ROI) analyses on thickness also revealed a group by sex interaction at follow-up (p = 0.005), indicating that BD males had smaller right rostral middle frontal gyrus thickness than both control males (p = 0.011) and BD females (p = 0.029). Similarly, ROI-based analysis on longitudinal data showed a group by sex interaction in the right nucleus accumbens (p = 0.009) which revealed a decreased volume across time in BD males than in control males (p = 0.007). Overall, continued BD pattern during emerging adulthood appears to lead to gray matter abnormalities in regions intimately involved in reward processing, emotional regulation and executive functions. Notably, some anomalies varied significantly depending on sex, suggesting a sex-specific impact of BD on typical neurodevelopment processes

The melting temperature depression of linear polyethylene lozenge single crystals is thoroughly examined in mixtures with a series of homogeneous high molecular weight branched polyethylene models, with special emphasis on the effect of short chain branching on the compatibility. The results indicate that the melting temperature of the lamellar single crystals is influenced both by the branching content of the surrounding matrix and by the relative volume concentration of the two polymers in the mixture. The discussion of the results is conducted around the compatibility of polymeric species as a function of the short chain branching content, invoking experimental and computational work performed by other authors. The observed depression indicates that the homogeneous mixing of the two polymers at the melting point may occur whenever the branching content is lower than 6–7 every 100 carbon atoms, a result that is reconciled with computer simulations and other experimental approaches.

In this paper, we describe a method for determining polymer compatibility, which will aid in establishing the requirements of polyolefinic materials for the eco-design of multilayer films for mechanical recycling while avoiding the use of reactive tie layers. Our ultimate goal is to define the molecular characteristics of the polyolefinic structural layer that improve compatibility with the tie layer during mechanical recycling. We have investigated the melting temperature depression of single crystals of various polyethylenes embedded in commercial polymeric matrices with various functionalities (ester, acrylate, acetate and methacrylic acid sodium ionomer), which can be potentially used as tie layers. We demonstrate how the concentration and molecular architecture of the matrices affect the melting temperature of the embedded single crystals differently depending on the latter’s molecular architecture. The main finding indicates that the tie layers are more compatible with linear polyethylene than with branched polyethylenes. Indeed, our results show that the heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta linear low-density polyethylene is incompatible with all of the tie layers tested. The depression of melting temperatures observed are in excellent agreement with the results obtained by investigating the rheological behaviour and morphological features of solution-mixed blends in which segmental interactions between polymeric chains have been, in theory, maximized. Because Ziegler– Natta linear density polyethylene is one of the most commonly used polymers as a structural layer in multi-layer applications, the findings of this study are useful as they clearly show the unsuitability of this type of polyethylene for recycling from an eco-design standpoint. The specific molecular requirements for polyethylene layers (branching content less than 0.5/100 carbon atoms) can be specified for use in packaging, guiding the eco-design and valorisation of recycled multi-layered films containi

The natural process of ripening for fresh fruits and vegetables (FF&V) releases ethylene gas and as the concentration of ethylene increases in an enclosed environment, the ripening and spoilage process accelerates. Annually, the deterioration of produce arriving to our different Main Operating Bases (MOB) increases the burden on waste, cost, and logistics to the Army's budget. This study focuses on the viability of integrating ethylene control devices (ECD) in the Multi-Temperature Refrigerated Container System (MTRCS) to prolong the shelf life of FF&V. MTRCS are currently used by Army units in the field to store the food products they receive from the transportation pipeline. Although already in production, the Product Manager Force Sustainment Systems (PM FSS) office is considering an equipment modification that would install an ECD to the MTRCS, removing excess ethylene from containers storing FF&V. Prolonging the shelf life of these items has huge cost and morale (possibly even health) implications for our troops downrange. Through a cost benefit analysis methodology and return on investment calculations, we demonstrate that the ECD modification to be affordable and cost effective, which avoids FFV arriving in the field at the tail end of the pipeline, already somewhat degraded., Civilian, Department of the Army, Civilian, Department of the Army, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Introduction: The energy dissipation capacity coefficient (R) is a determining parameter in the earthquake-resistant design. This parameter represents the amount of energy that can dissipate a structure through its inelastic deformations, that allows to reduce the seismic forces for the design of a structure. In the design codes, values ​​for said R coefficient are presented according to the structural system and the structural elements material, but in none of the cases is the dynamic behavior of a structure considered to select its value. Objective: Calculate and verify the value of the R coefficient for reinforced concrete porticos systems of low, medium and high height. Method: a quantitative method was used to obtain the results of this investigation. Systems contributed in the non-linear and inelastic field were analyzed, knowing the plastic properties of the sections through the moment vs. diagrams. curvature. These diagrams were obtained by analytical methods and using the XTRAC program. Then, with a non-linear static analysis the capacity curve was obtained, and using the capacity spectrum method, the NEHRP method and the Newmark and Veletsos method, the R coefficient was calculated. Results: The coefficient R was obtained for frames with different dynamic characteristics, finding dependence between the value of R and the period of vibration of each modeled portal. Conclusions: The results obtained allow questioning the selection of the value of the R coefficient with the values ​​suggested in the design codes. It is concluded that for systems provided in reinforced concrete of low height (low vibration periods) the value of R may be less than that suggested for this type of structures. And in the structures with high vibration periods, higher R coefficients can be obtained., Introducción: El coeficiente de capacidad de disipación de energía (R) es un parámetro determinante en el diseño sismo-resistente. Este parámetro representa la cantidad de energía que puede disipar una estructura mediante sus deformaciones inelásticas, de modo que permite reducir las fuerzas sísmicas para el diseño de una estructura. En los códigos de diseño se presentan valores para dicho coeficiente R según el sistema estructural y el material de los elementos estructurales, pero en ninguno de los casos se considera el comportamiento dinámico de una estructura para seleccionar su valor. Objetivo: Calcular y verificar el valor del coeficiente R para sistemas aporticados de concreto reforzado de baja, mediana y gran altura. Metodología: Para obtener los resultados de esta investigación se utilizó un método cuantitativo. Se analizaron sistemas aporticados en el campo no-lineal e inelástico, conociendo las propiedades plásticas de las secciones a través de los diagramas momento vs. curvatura. Estos diagramas fueron obtenidos por métodos analíticos y usando el programa XTRAC. Luego, con un análisis estático no-lineal se obtuvo la curva de capacidad, y usando del método del espectro de capacidad, el método NEHRP y el método de Newmark y Veletsos, se calculó el coeficiente R. Resultados: Se obtuvo el coeficiente R para pórticos con características dinámicas diferentes, encontrando dependencia entre el valor de R con el periodo de vibración de cada pórtico modelado. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos permiten cuestionar la selección del valor del coeficiente R con los valores sugeridos en los códigos de diseño. Se concluye que para sistemas aporticados en concreto reforzado de baja altura (periodos de vibración bajos) el valor de R puede ser menor que el sugerido para este tipo de estructuras. Y en las estructuras con altos periodos de vibración pueden obtenerse mayores coeficientes R.

El consumo intensivo de alcohol (CIA) se define como un patrón de consumo intermitente y en atracones, por el que, en un intervalo de pocas horas, se alcanzan concentraciones de alcohol en sangre superiores a 0.08g/dl. El CIA tiene una alta prevalencia entre jóvenes y adolescentes, una población en pleno neurodesarrollo vulnerable a los efectos neurotóxicos del alcohol. Los modelos neurocognitivos del procesamiento dual proponen que los comportamientos de riesgo durante la adolescencia podrían deberse al desequilibrio entre dos grandes sistemas interrelacionados: el sistema automático-afectivo (involucrado en el procesamiento motivacional y afectivo) y el sistema reflexivo (encargado del control inhibitorio). El objetivo de la presente tesis fue el de valorar los correlatos electrofisiológicos de la inhibición de respuesta y su interacción con el procesamiento de estímulos asociados al alcohol en jóvenes universitarios consumidores intensivos de esta sustancia. Para ello, se registró la actividad electrofisiológica durante la ejecución de una tarea Go/NoGo de imágenes de bebidas. En ausencia de diferencias entre grupos en la ejecución de la tarea, los análisis de voltaje de los componentes de potenciales evocados (PEs) y los análisis de conectividad funcional (CF) permitieron detectar diversas anomalías que sugieren que, en el grupo CIA, el sistema reflexivo podría estar recurriendo a recursos neurales compensatorios de control inhibitorio para poder contrarrestar la sobreactivación del sistema automático-afectivo.

The AS-48 bacteriocin is a potent antimicrobial polypeptide with enhanced stability due to its circular sequence of peptidic bonds. The mechanism of biological action is still not well understood in spite of both the elucidation of the molecular structure some years ago and several experiments performed that yielded valuable information about the AS-48 bacterial membrane poration activity. In this work, we present a computational study at an atomistic scale to analyze the membrane disruption mechanism. The process is based on the two-stage model: (1) peptide binding to the bilayer surface and (2) membrane poration due to the surface tension exerted by the peptide. Indeed, the induced membrane tension mechanism is able to explain stable formation of pores leading to membrane disruption. The atomistic detail obtained from the simulations allows one to envisage the contribution of the different amino acids during the poration process. Clustering of cationic residues and hydrophobic interactions between peptide and lipids seem to be essential ingredients in the process. GLU amino acids have shown to enhance the membrane disrupting ability of the bacteriocin. TRP24-TRP24 interactions make also an important contribution in the initial stages of the poration mechanism. The detailed atomistic information obtained from the simulations can serve to better understand bacteriocin structural characteristics to design more potent antimicrobial therapies.

We have measured the electrophoretic mobility and diffusion coefficient of carboxylate-modified and sulfate-modified polystyrene latex particles in poly(ethylene oxide) aqueous solutions. Carboxylate-modified polystyrene particles have shown a bound polymeric layer as the surface net charge vanishes even at very low poly(ethylene oxide) concentration. The polymeric layer causes a lower electrophoretic mobility and slower Brownian diffusion than that corresponding to the bare particles. We show that the diffusion is the result of a significantly increased effective particle size 2rheff = 30 nm. This bound layer is not present in sulfate-modified polystyrene latex particles. The interaction between the carboxylate-modified particle surface and the macromolecules has been confirmed by means of atomistic computer simulations. The grafted acrylate copolymers, which come from the preparation procedure of the latex particles, confer more hydrophobic surface ready to interact with the polymer. The simulations suggest that the interaction is modulated not only by the nature of the acrylic acid monomer but also by the length of the grafted copolymer. Our results have important implications for particle selection in microrheology experiments.

The current article presents a bibliometric anaylisis about the contribution made by the Internet of Things (IoT), from its appearance, viewed since social, academic and techonological levels. This analysis was carried out collecting information to a global standard, also it was reviewed more than 60.000 files, which are in the bibliogaphic database Scopus, by means of the techonological tool RStudio. This resource supports the processing of obtained data and whose main idea is to highlight the importance of different scientific and academic cooperations that are developed to national and international standard, which are focused on to research about this topic. It was used the method of information analysis, which consists in study design, data summary, proecessing and display, also the obtained results interpretation since the reckonings made through Rstudio. These results show that the IoT is a very important reference frame to its applicability in many production and services fields to a global level. It is also evident that the United States and China are nations that develop scientific production to a large-scale about the IoT, allocating a big quantity of human, physic and techological resources to such aim., El presente artículo presenta un análisis bibliométrico acerca de la contribución hecha por el Internet de las Cosas (IoT), desde su aparición, vista teniendo en cuenta, los niveles social, académico y tecnológico, este análisis fue desarrollado, recolectando información a nivel global, también se hizo una revisión de más de 60.000 documentos, las cuales están en la base de datos bibliográfica denominada Scopus, por medio de la herramienta tecnológica Rstudio. Este recurso apoya el procesamiento de datos obtenidos y cuya idea principal es resaltar la importancia de las diferentes contribuciones científicas y académicas que son realizadas a nivel nacional e internacional, que están dedicadas a la investigación sobre este tema. Se utilizó el método de análisis de información, que consiste en un estudio de diseño, recopilación, procesamiento y visualización de datos, también, la interpretación de resultados obtenidos, a partir de cálculos realizados a través de Rstudio. Estos resultados muestran que el IoT es un marco de referencia muy importante para su aplicabilidad en muchos campos de producción y servicios a un nivel global. También es evidente que naciones como los Estados Unidos y China desarrollan producción científica a gran escala, sobre el IoT, destinando una gran cantidad de recursos humanos, físicos y tecnológicos para tal fin.

En nuestra especialidad es frecuente lidiar con la presencia del dolor, el que dependiendo del origen y el tiempo de duración afecta en mayor o menor grado la calidad de vida del paciente. En el caso del dolor agudo, de origen quirúrgico, hay que tomar en consideración que, pese al intento de evitar excedernos en el uso de fármacos analgésicos, los pacientes post operados frecuentemente presentan dolor persistente, debido a una terapia inadecuada. De igual manera, el umbral del dolor de cada paciente es singular, así como la respuesta al tipo de terapia analgésica utilizada. Lo que provoca un aumento en la morbimortalidad postoperatoria. Y de no ser controlado adecuadamente puede progresar a la cronicidad, con el agregado de patologías psicológicas como ansiedad y angustia. La necesidad de lograr un adecuado control del dolor post operatorio implica no solamente una mejor respuesta a la intervención quirúrgica, sino también una menor estancia hospitalaria, menor uso de recursos farmacológicos, mejor calidad de atención, etc. Por lo que se infiere que para llegar a lo anterior es necesario optimizar la eficacia de las drogas y tratar de reducir hasta la mínima expresión la toxicidad de éstos. En la actualidad se viene utilizando diferentes modelos de terapias analgésicas, todas con el común denominador de trabajar con analgesia multimodal, debido a que se ha demostrado que la terapia con un solo fármaco es insuficiente; de esa manera se incrementa de manera logarítmica (sinergia) la potencia analgésica, así como se reduce la dosis a utilizar y la aparición de efectos adversos. El presente trabajo académico, se realiza frente a la creciente duda de, si después de que un paciente ha sido intervenido quirúrgicamente con el consecuente daño que éste implica, el tratamiento analgésico elegido sea el adecuado, para favorecer su recuperación física – emocional; y de esa manera, ultimar con la experiencia sensitiva desagradable del dolor. Actualmente se trabaja con Medicina

Background: The health of transgender people is a little studied topic and hospital records can be an opportunity to make an approach. The aim of this study was to describe the cause for admission and the associated comorbidities of transgender people in Spain between 2001 and 2013. Methods: Retrospective observational study with population-based admi- nistrative records (Minimum Basic Data Set). The discharges generated by the transgender in Spanish public and private hospitals were selected using one of the following ICD-9-CM codes in any diagnostic field: Trans-sexualism (302.5), Disorders of psychosexual identity (302.6) and Gender identity disor- der in adolescents or adults (302.85). The causes of admission and comorbidity according were described. The qualitative variables were described in their frequency distribution according to their number (n) and proportion (%) and the quantitative variables according to their mean and standard deviation (SD) or median (MD) and interquartile range (RIQ) according to their distribution. Results: A total of 2,010 highs were recorded corresponding to 1,878 pa- tients. The mean age was 33 years (SD = 10). 51% were male, 46% female and 3% undetermined or unspecified. The discharges were motivated in 59% by the process of body modification, followed by HIV (4%) and personality disorders (3%). The most common comorbidities were those associated with body modification (49%), mental health problems (40%) and infectious di- seases (15%). Conclusions: It is necessary to address the health of transgender people in a comprehensive way that takes into account their specific health needs, in- cluding bodily modification, mental health, HIV and other infections, through strategies that include improve research, tailor health information systems and develop guidelines and training of healthcare providers in this transgender health., Fundamentos: La salud de las personas transexuales es un tema poco estudiado y los registros hospitalarios pueden suponer una oportunidad para hacer una aproximación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el motivo de ingreso hospitalario y las comorbilidades asociadas de las personas transexua- les en España entre los años 2001 y 2013. Métodos: Estudio observacional con registros administrativos de base poblacional (Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos). Se seleccionaron las altas generadas de los hospitales españoles con alguno de los siguientes códigos CIE-9-MC en cualquier campo diagnóstico: Transexualismo (302.5), Trastor- no de identidad sexual en niños (302.6) y Trastornos de identidad sexual en adolescentes o adultos (302.85). Se describieron las causas de ingreso y las comorbilidadades. Las variables cualitativas se describieron en su distribución de frecuencias según su número (n) y proporción (%) y las variables cuanti- tativas según su media y desviación estándar (DE) o mediana (MD) y rango intercuartíl (RIC) según su distribución. Resultados: Se registraron 2.010 altas correspondientes a 1.878 pacientes. La edad media fue de 33 años (DE = 10). El 51% eran varones, el 46% mujeres y el 3% indeterminado. Los motivos de ingreso más frecuentes fueron los re- lacionados con proceso de transición (59%), seguido de VIH (4%) y trastornos de la personalidad (3%). Las comorbilidades más frecuentes estuvieron rela- cionadas con el proceso de transición (49%), los problemas de salud mental (40%) y las enfermedades infecciosas (15%). Conclusiones: Es necesario abordar la salud de las personas trans tenien- do en cuenta sus necesidades específicas de salud, entre las que se encuentran la modificación corporal, la salud mental, el VIH y otras infecciones median- te estrategias que incluyan la investigación, la adecuación de los sistemas de información sanitaria, la elaboración de guías de atención y la formación de personal de salud.

La triple cualidad de la incapacidad permanente (en adelante I.P.), como legal, profesional y médica, no encuentra su exacto reflejo en los procedimientos tanto administrativos como judiciales relativos al reconocimiento de las prestaciones que de ella pueden derivarse. Partiendo de la dificultad consistente en la simplificación conceptual relativa a qué y cómo se realiza un trabajo basándose únicamente en la concepción ideal que cada persona tiene del mismo en función de sus conocimientos y experiencias, se realiza una aproximación a la elaboración y presentación de un estudio científico elaborado por experto, relativo al trabajo o profesión desempeñada por el trabajador, como prueba que ayude a los operadores jurídicos a tomar una decisión en cuanto a la viabilidad de las demandas del trabajador y al Juez o Tribunal a formarse una opinión más realista sobre la procedencia o no de la demanda del trabajador. Se analiza la elaboración de dicho estudio utilizando las técnicas propias de los estudios y análisis de puestos de trabajo junto con técnicas de la prevención de riesgos laborales y de la ergonomía y las pautas para su diseño, ratificación y defensa en el acto del juicio

Binge drinking is a common pattern of alcohol consumption in adolescence and youth. Neurocognitive dual-process models attribute substance use disorders and risk behaviours during adolescence to an imbalance between an overactivated a ective-automatic system (involved in motivational and affective processing) and a reflective system (involved in cognitive inhibitory control). The aim of the present study was to investigate at the electrophysiological level the degree to which the motivational value of alcohol-related stimuli modulates the inhibition of a prepotent response in binge drinkers. First-year university students (n = 151, 54 % females) classified as binge drinkers (n = 71, 6 or more binge drinking episodes, defined as 5/7 standard drinks per occasion in the last 180 days) and controls (n = 80, <6 binge drinking episodes in the last 180 days) performed a beverage Go/NoGo task (pictures of alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks were presented according to the condition as Go or NoGo stimuli; Go probability = 0.75) during event-related potential recording. In binge drinkers but not controls, the amplitude of the anterior N2-NoGo was larger in response to nonalcohol than in response to alcohol pictures. No behavioural difference in task performance was observed. In terms of dual-process models, binge drinkers may require increased activation to monitor conflict in order to compensate for overactivation of the affective-automatic system caused by alcohol-related bias

New halogen bonded networks containing the organometallic complexes [Ru(CNBu)(X)] (X = Cl, Br, I) have been prepared. Two different types of halogen donors have been explored, I and ICFI, to study the influence of the halogen bond donor on the parameters and the nature of the interaction. We have performed a combined experimental and theoretical study. In the results, the species with ICFI as a halogen bond donor show weaker interactions, as evidenced by the geometrical parameters and by the DFT calculations. In fact, it was not possible to isolate the HaB network containing the complex [Ru(CNBu)(I)] and ICFI. Furthermore, the studies show that the interaction for iodine has a higher covalent component than that for ICFI.

The combination of hydrodynamic and electrophoretic experiments and computer simulations is a powerful approach to study the interaction between proteins. In this work, we present hydrodynamic and electrophoretic experiments in an aqueous solution along with molecular dynamics and hydrodynamic modeling to monitor and compute biophysical properties of the interactions between the extracellular domain of the HER2 protein (eHER2) and the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (TZM). The importance of this system relies on the fact that the overexpression of HER2 protein is related with the poor prognosis breast cancers (HER2++ positives), while the TZM is a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of this cancer. We have found and characterized two different complexes between the TZM and eHER2 proteins (1:1 and 1:2 TZM:eHER2 complexes). The conformational features of these complexes regulate their hydrodynamic and electrostatic properties. Thus, the results indicate a high degree of molecular flexibility in the systems that ultimately leads to higher values of the intrinsic viscosity, as well as lower values of diffusion coefficient than those expected for simple globular proteins. A highly asymmetric charge distribution is detected for the monovalent complex (1:1 complex), which has strong implications in correlations between the experimental electrophoretic mobility and the modeled net charge. In order to understand the dynamics of these systems and the role of the specific domains involved, it is essential to find biophysical correlations between dynamics, macroscopic transport and electrostatic properties. The results should be of general interest for researchers working in this area.

Los videojuegos siempre han querido incorporar personajes autónomos como parte de sus mundos de ficción. El problema de la IA en personajes de videojuego no es tanto el ser avanzada sino que requiere credibilidad, y ser suficientemente expresiva como para que el jugador “entienda” lo que hace el personaje. Un modelo interesante de IA es el que considera lo que el personaje cree saber sobre el mundo, los deseos que tiene y las intenciones que es capaz de desarrollar para satisfacerlos en forma de planes. Usar técnicas simbólicas de IA y herramientas pensadas para la depuración de sistemas multiagente con este tipo de arquitecturas puede ayudar a desarrollar y convencer a la industria de que es posible tener personajes inteligentes y capaces de “explicar” sus comportamientos. Con el fin de explorar nuevas tecnologías para crear personajes en videojuegos, se propone utilizar el modelo de Creencias-Deseos-Intenciones y una combinación de plataformas (Unity como entorno de desarrollo de videojuegos, y Jason como plataformas para desarrollar y depurar sistemas multiagente BDI) para conseguir personajes inteligentes. Se propone para ello un conector UniJason, basado en otro TFG (Sánchez-López, Romero, y Martín-Solís, 2016), con un protocolo mejor definido de mensajes que se intercambian de manera bidireccional, y un diseño genérico aplicable a cualquier tipo de videojuego. Para probar este sistema se ha desarrollado un videojuego, Miners of the Broken Planet (en homenaje a la superproducción española de Mercurysteam, Raiders of the Broken Planet). En éste, el jugador puede manejar a distintos personajes, cada uno con un rol, tareas y personalidad diferentes. Las pruebas con usuarios reales realizadas confirman que el conector funciona, y que el juego también es comprensible para las personas que lo juegan., Video games have always wanted to incorporate autonomous characters as part of their fiction worlds. The problem with AI in video game characters is not being advanced, but to be credible, and to be sufficiently expressive for the player to ’understand’ what the character does. An interesting model of AI is the one that considers what the character thinks he knows about the world, the desires he has in that world and the intentions he is able to develop to satisfy them in the form of plans. Using symbolic AI techniques and tools designed for debugging multi-agent systems with this type of architecture can help develop and convince the industry that it is possible to have intelligent characters capable of ’explaining’ their behaviour. In order to explore new technologies for creating characters in videogames, it is proposed to use the Beliefs-Wishes-Intentions model and a combination of platforms (Unity as a videogame development environment, and Jason as platforms for developing and debugging multi-agent BDI systems) to achieve intelligent characters. A UniJason connector based on another TFG is proposed for this purpose. A one with a better defined protocol of messages that are exchanged bidirectionally, and a generic design applicable to any type of videogame. To test this system, a video game has been developed, Miners of the Broken Planet (an homage to Mercurysteam’s Spanish superproduction, Raiders of the Broken Planet). In this game, the player can manage different characters, each with a different role, tasks and personality. Testing with real users confirms that the connector works, and that the game is understandable to the people who play it.

JADE is an state-of-the-art adaptive differential evolution algorithm which implements "DE/current-to-pbest" as its mutation strategy, adapts its mutation factor and crossover rate, and uses an optional external archive to keep track of potential removed individuals in previous generations. This paper proposes MPADE, which extends JADE by using a multi-populated approach to solve high dimensional real-parameter optimization problems. This mechanism helps preventing the two well-known problems affecting the differential evolution algorithm performance, which are premature convergence and stagnation. The algorithm was tested using the benchmark functions in IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2014 test suite. MPADE was compared using Wilcoxon test to JADE algorithm and with other state-of-the-art algorithms that either use a multi-population approach or adapt their parameters. The experimental results show that the proposed new algorithm improves significantly its precursor and it is also suggested that other state-of-the-art algorithms could benefit from the multi-populated based approach.

[ES] En la actualidad, la proliferación de dispositivos móviles y accesos a Internet utilizando tecnologías inalámbricas en los entornos domésticos obliga a cambiar las metodologías para la realización de medidas de red.Para que éstas representen fidedignamente las condiciones ofrecidas a los usuarios, las prestaciones del equipamiento de medida y el número de dispositivos empleados deben adaptarse a las condiciones reales de un despliegue.Para facilitar y abaratar el desarrollo de medidas en estas condiciones, este trabajo presenta una evaluación de las capacidades de varias plataformas de propósito general y bajo coste.Nuestros resultados muestran que, aunque aparecen limitaciones relacionadas con cómo son conectadas a la red y los protocolos empleados, son aptas para medir una gran variedad de situaciones.

[ES] Un problema recurrente para los profesionales de la Ingeniería Telemática es la escasez de despliegues de tecnologías emergentes y las restricciones de acceso a redes operativas. Por ello, en este trabajo presentamos un método para la generación automática de carga siguiendo perfiles de actividad que facilita la replicación del comportamiento típico de una red. Este método se basa en un nodo de control que configura agentes de generación de tráfico, para aprovechar las capacidades de las plataformas de virtualización de red. Evaluamos esta propuesta en un caso de estudio que considera un despliegue de Voz sobre IP (Voice over IP, VoIP) en un único servidor de propósito general usando Mininet como entorno de virtualización ligera.Los resultados experimentales muestran que el método propuesto replica fidedignamente la dinámica de red especificada, y que los recursos físicos consumidos permiten su uso en equipamiento de coste reducido.

The purpose of the research was to determinate proximal composition and functional properties of the giant squid freeze-dried surimi (Dosidicus gigas). Surimi elaborated from giant squid and it lyophilized until obtaining surimi powder to evaluate its characteristics and functional properties. The protein content was 58.7% and carbohydrate 30.5%. Protein solubility in water and salt (3%) were 21.1% and 40.6% respectively, these values being higher than surimi powder of commercial species. The gelling capacity was 2.4% and the emulsifying capacity was 79.9% at a concentration of 1.0%. The color on the Hunter scale was L*: 91.5; a*: 0.5; b*: 7.0. Giant squid powder surimi considered as a functional protein powder due to its percentage protein content, and had good technological characteristics and great potential in the food industry., El propósito de la investigación fue determinar la composición proximal y propiedades funcionales del surimi liofilizado de calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas). Se elaboró surimi a partir de calamar gigante y fue liofilizado hasta obtener surimi en polvo para evaluar sus características y propiedades funcionales. El contenido de proteínas fue 58,7% y carbohidratos 30,5%. La solubilidad proteica en agua y sal (3%) fueron 21,1% y 40,6% respectivamente, siendo estos valores superiores a surimi en polvo de especies comerciales. La capacidad de gelificación fue 2,4% y la capacidad emulsificante fue 79,9% a una concentración del 1,0%. El color en la escala de Hunter fue L*: 91,5; a*: 0,5; b*:7,0. El surimi en polvo de calamar gigante fue considerado como un polvo proteico funcional debido a su contenido porcentual proteico, y tuvieron buenas características tecnológicas y de gran potencial en la industria alimentaria.

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), products from modern nanotechnologies, can potentially impact the marine environment to pose serious threats to marine ecosystems. However, the cellular responses of marine phytoplankton to ENPs are still not well established. Here, we investigate four different diatom species (Odontella mobiliensis, Skeletonema grethae, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira pseudonana) and one green algae (Dunaliella tertiolecta) for their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) release under model ENP treatments: 25 nm titanium dioxide (TiO2), 10-20 nm silicon dioxide (SiO2), and 15-30 nm cerium dioxide (CeO2). We found SiO2 ENPs can significantly stimulate EPS release from these algae (200-800%), while TiO2 ENP exposure induced the lowest release. Furthermore, the increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration can be triggered by ENPs, suggesting that the EPS release process is mediated through Ca2+ signal pathways. With better understanding of the cellular mechanism mediated ENP-induced EPS release, potential preventative and safety measures can be developed to mitigate negative impact on the marine ecosystem.

Este proyecto tiene como objetivo la realización de una operación de exportación viable por parte de la empresa Rones del Caribe S.A. al mercado alemán. A dicho efecto, nuestra empresa Mekir Consulting S.L. actúa únicamente como empresa intermediaria en la operación ofreciendo exclusivamente un servicio de asesoría integral para la correcta consecución de los objetivos planteados. Para ello firmamos un contrato de servicios de consultoría con el cliente. La transacción en cuestión consiste una operación de compraventa internacional entre la empresa venezolana Rones del Caribe S.A. y la empresa importadora y distribuidora alemana Schwarze & Schlichte. El primer paso consistió en el análisis pormenorizado del mercado venezolano, del producto Ron Roble y de su potencial de internacionalización. Una vez hecho esto se procedió a realizar un análisis de mercado exhaustivo de los posibles países de destino. A partir de dicha investigación se concluyó que Alemania era el mercado idóneo para la operación de exportación. Una vez determinado el mercado objetivo, se procedió a la búsqueda de posibles clientes, contactó finalmente con la empresa alemana Schwarze & Schlichte. Esta empresa (dedicada a la distribución y comercialización de bebidas alcohólicas y con un conocimiento profundo del mercado alemán) formalizó con nuestro cliente un contrato de compraventa internacional en condiciones CIP Hamburgo, por un total de 6.240 botellas de ron. Debido a las características físicas de la mercancía, se decidió que el medio de transporte ideal era el marítimo. El envío se concretó en un contenedor de 20’ cargado con 6240 botellas de ron, con salida desde la fábrica del importador, en Ocumare del Tuy, hasta la aduana del puerto de Hamburgo. El INCOTERM utilizado es CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) Hamburgo. El importador, fue consiguientemente el encargado de realizar el despacho de aduanas en la aduana de destino, así como de pagar todos los gastos que se generaron a partir de di

Although social innovation is considered to be an alternative to the models of social protection and social productivism prevailing from the 50s to our days, it is not entirely clear what social innovation is, neither what its most apparent potentialities and limitations are. I t is also not clear whether there is a single definition of social innovation or not, depending on how social innovation is seen with respect to key elements of the State-Market relationship. In this article we propose to shed light to this debate by offering a more comprehensive definition based on the concept of efficiencracy., Aunque la innovación social se plantea como una alternativa a los modelos de protección social y productivismo social imperantes desde los años 50s a nuestros días, no está del todo claro qué es la innovación social, cuáles son sus principales potencialidades y cuales sus limitaciones más aparentes. Tampoco está claro si hay una única definición de innovación social, o varias en función de cómo esta se posiciona respecto a elementos clave de la relación Estado-Mercado. En este artículo nos proponemos aportar luz a este debate ofreciendo una definición más integral de innovación social basada en el concepto de eficiencracia.

The high-mannose oligosaccharide (or its corresponding Man9 epitope) is the most abundant structure present in pathogen envelope glycoproteins. These glycans play a key role in the pathogenesis of several pathogens and also in the communication with the immune system. Understanding the mechanism of action of these glycans requires the access to pure and chemically well-defined structures in reasonable amounts. The synthesis of these complex branched oligosaccharides is not trivial and few syntheses are reported in the literature with several synthetic and purification steps and low overall yields. In this work, we described a very efficient synthetic alternative to access this relevant Man9 epitope in a very straightforward manner.

[Scope] Food‐specific immunotherapy (SIT) is a promising treatment for lipid transfer protein (LTP)‐syndrome. We propose a novel sublingual‐SIT (SLIT) that combines a Pru p 3 T‐cell peptide and an oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) with CpG motifs (ODN‐CpG) as adjuvants to induce a specific Th1/Treg response., [Methods and results] LTP‐peach allergic mice were treated sublingually with a combination of a CpG sequence and mono‐ or tetravalent systems including a Pru p 3 peptide, D1(Prup3) or D4(Prup3). Mice were challenged intraperitoneally with Pru p 3 one or three weeks after SLIT and tolerance was assessed. Mice treated with D1(Prup3)+CpG were protected from anaphylaxis after Pru p 3 challenge. They showed no change in body temperature, lower levels of Pru p 3‐specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies and higher levels of sIgG2a compared to the untreated group. They had fewer IgE and IgG1 secreting cells and more sIgG2a secreting cells. Moreover, a significantly lower number of Pru p 3‐specific CD4+T cells and a higher number of Treg cells were found, alongside a Th1 cytokine pattern. These changes were maintained for three weeks after stopping treatment., [Conclusion] D1Prup3+CpG represents a promising SIT for food allergy. It is easily synthesized and induces protection from anaphylaxis to Pru p 3 that is maintained for at least three weeks.

[ES] Péptido para el tratamiento de la alergia. La presente invención hace referencia a un péptido para el tratamiento de la alergia. Más específicamente una secuencia amonoacídica o peptídica (identificada en la presente invención como SEQ ID NO: 1) desarrollada a partir de varias regiones de la proteína Prup p 3. Adicionalmente, se refiere a un procedimiento para insertar dicha secuencia (SEQ ID NO: 1) en un sistema dendrítico. Dicho péptido de SEQ ID NO: 1 y complejo péptido-dendrímero proporcionan nuevas herramientas terapéuticas útiles, para la prevención, mejora, alivio y/o tratamiento de la alergia, concretamente de la alergia causada por el síndrome LTP., [EN] The present invention relates to a peptide for treating allergies. More specifically, the invention relates to an amino acid peptide sequence (identified in the present invention as SEQ ID NO: 1) developed from various regions of Pru p 3 protein. Additionally, the invention relates to a method for inserting this sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) into a dendritic system. The peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the peptide-dendrimer complex provide new therapeutic tools that can be used for the prevention, improvement, relief and/or treatment of allergies, specifically of the allergy caused by LTP syndrome.

Thermophysical properties of low-viscosity ionic liquids (ILs) based on the tetracyanoborate ([B(CN)]) anion carrying a homologous series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([AMIM]) cations [EMIM] (ethyl), [BMIM] (butyl), [HMIM] (hexyl), [OMIM] (octyl), and [DMIM] (decyl) were investigated by experimental methods and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at atmospheric pressure and various temperatures. Spectroscopic methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance and surface light scattering were applied to measure the ion self-diffusion coefficients and dynamic viscosity, respectively. In terms of MD simulations, a nonpolarizable molecular model for [EMIM][B(CN)] developed by optimization to experimental data was transferred to the other homologous ILs. For the appropriate description of the inter- and intramolecular interactions, precise and approximate force fields (FFs) were tested regarding their transferability within the homologous IL series, aiming at reducing the computational effort in molecular simulations. It is shown that at comparable simulated and experimental densities, the calculated and measured data for viscosity and self-diffusion coefficients of the ILs agree well mostly within combined uncertainties, but deviate stronger for longer-chained ILs using an overly coarse FF model. For the [B(CN)]-based ILs studied, a comparison with literature data, the influence of varying alkyl chain length in the cation on their structural and thermophysical properties, and a correlation between self-diffusivity and viscosity are discussed.

This feature article reviews several aspects of computational approaches to polyethylene melt and solid state properties in relation to existing experimental results. Based on 40 years of experience in the field, we offer a personal view of how computer simulations are helping to understand the physics of polyethylene as a model polymer. The first issue discussed is the molten state of polyethylene, including static and dynamic properties and entanglement features along with their impacts on rheological behaviour. We then examine the glass transition, crystallization process and solid state structure, including the interlamellar region. This is followed by brief descriptions of the latest advances in simulating mechanical properties and of the various methodologies used to simulate the physics of polyethylene. Throughout the manuscript, references are made to our own work and also to studies by many other authors that have nicely contributed to developments in simulating the physics of polyethylene in close agreement with experimental results.

Background In a broad range of human carcinomas gene amplification leads to HER2 overexpression, which has been proposed to cause spontaneous dimerization and activation in the absence of ligand. This makes HER2 attractive as a therapeutic target. However, the HER2 homodimerization mechanism remains unexplored. It has been suggested that the “back-to-back” homodimer does not form in solution. Notwithstanding, very recently the crystal structure of the HER2 extracellular domain homodimer formed with a “back-to-head” interaction has been resolved. We intend to explore the existence of such interactions. Methods A combination of experiments, molecular dynamics and hydrodynamic modeling were used to monitor the transport properties of HER2 in solution. Results & conclusions We have detected the HER2 extracellular domain homodimer in solution. The results show a high degree of molecular flexibility, which ultimately leads to quite higher values of the intrinsic viscosity and lower values of diffusion coefficient than those corresponding to globular proteins. This flexibility obeys to the open conformation of the receptor and to the large fluctuations of the different domains. We also report that for obtaining the correct hydrodynamic constants from the modeling one must consider the glycosylation of the systems. General significance Conformational features of epidermal growth factor receptors regulate their hydrodynamic properties and control their activity. It is essential to understand the dynamics of these systems and the role of the specific domains involved. To find biophysical correlations between dynamics and macroscopic transport properties is of general interest for researches working in this area. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Biochemistry of Synthetic Biology - Recent Developments” Guest Editor: Dr. Ilka Heinemann and Dr. Patrick O'Donoghue.

Se hará una introducción del manejo básico de la interfaz gráfica de MS, tales como el manejo de proyectos, pasarelas y atajos de teclado así como los formatos más importantes para importar/exportar estructuras y datos. A continuación, se revisarán las herramientas más importantes que están disponibles en MS para la construcción de sistemas, tales como polímeros, nano-estructuras, cristales y superficies. En las sesiones prácticas se resolverá alguno de los tutoriales disponibles paso a paso y se atenderán las dudas en el uso de Materials Studio”