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In this article, an attempt was made to present a scholarly analysis of “An Apology for poetry” written by Philip Sidney. Sidney in his work expressed critical guidelines to create understanding about the poetry among readers. According to him, poetry is a particular form of communication, particularly when addressing complex relationships that require additional rhetorical effort, such as persuasion and art. He subdivided the creative poetry to make a clear sense to his readers and made strong arguments about the creative nature of imitative poetry. Poetry is noble to all sciences and it comes from the poet’s heart and ideas of imagination. He defended the accusations against poetry and established the environment of understanding about poetry’s importance and excellence for his readers for the sake of the audience’s stronger development in understanding and deep effective learning.

[Abstract] The use of pronouns shows the author’s intention to address the reading public or the presence of the target readership in texts. This paper focuses on second-person pronouns, which are especially revealing of the author`s desire to engage the reader by endowing on them an active role in the negotiation and construction of knowledge. For the same reason, we will also analyse the use of the word reader. Science writing is thus understood as a dialogue between the two groups of participants involved in knowledge creation. Two usages of you have been detected in previous works using the Coruña Corpus of English Scientific Writing (CC): general and dialogic. The former might be interpreted as a generic “one,” “everybody;” the latter, considered as an in-group strategy that embraces both the writer and the reader. The detailed analysis of the pragmatics of the second person pronouns and reader in Corpus of English Chemistry Texts (CEChET) and Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT) will hopefully shed some light on the object-centred nature of scientific writing., [Resumen] El uso de pronombres por parte de un autor o autora muestra su intención de dirigirse a su público lector o la propia presencia de ese público destinatario en los textos. Este trabajo se centra en los pronombres de segunda persona que revelan de forma especial el deseo de los/las autores/as de implicar a la audiencia al otorgarles un papel activo en la negociación y la construcción del conocimiento. Por la misma razón, analizaremos también el uso de la palabra reader (lector). La escritura científica se entiende, por tanto, como un diálogo entre dos grupos de participantes en la creación del conocimiento. En trabajos previos usando el Coruña Corpus of English Scientific Writing (CC) se detectaron dos posibles usos de you: general y dialógico. El primero puede interpretarse como un “one,” “everybody” genérico; el segundo puede considerarse una estrategia de pertenencia a un grupo que se refiere tanto a las escritoras y escritores como al público lector. El análisis detallado de los aspectos pragmáticos de estos pronombres y de la forma reader en el Corpus of English Chemistry Text (CEChET) y en Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT) quizás arroje luz sobre la naturaleza objetiva de la escritura científica

O artigo analisa as condições para formação de uma comunidade de leitores organizada em torno de obras de intelectuais galeses dentro do cenário acadêmico nacional, tendo como referencial a produção dos autores Ernest Jones (1879-1958) e Raymond Williams (1921-1988) no Brasil. Após a introdução das trajetórias pessoais que localizam Jones e Williams para além de seus respectivos centros europeus de criação, o texto partirá para a identificação das personalidades brasileiras responsáveis pela recepção desses dois autores no país, culminando na organização de acervos para suas obras. Será apresentado também um mapeamento da presença dos livros de Jones e Williams em acervos de universidades brasileiras como indicativo da presença do público leitor supracitado no interior desses espaços, The article analyzes the conditions for the formation of a community of readers organized around the works of Welsh intellectuals within the national academic scene, having as a reference the production of the authors Ernest Jones (1879-1958) and Raymond Williams (1921-1988) in Brazil. After introducing the personal trajectories that place Jones and Williams beyond their respective European centers of creation, the text will proceed to identify the Brazilian personalities responsible for the reception of these two authors in the country, culminating in the organization of collections for their works. A mapping of the presence of Jones and Williams books in collections of Brazilian universities will be presented as an indication of the presence of the aforementioned reading public within these spaces

Purpose: The study investigated information: Knowledge on perception of resource access and intellectual freedom. It is to display the state of the art at such a time when the political prowess had been used as a militating factor against the innovations that would have salvaged the cry for the quest for a developed economy through readership and intellectual freedom. Methodology: Descriptive research survey was adopted to sample three academic libraries in Cross River South province; with 700 copies of questionnaires. Availability sampling was used giving a return rate of 676(96.57%).Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and percentages. Findings: From objective 1, study showed that respondents had awareness that librarians’ job performances enhanced intellectual freedom (IF) with the highest item level of 668 (98.82%) and a lowest item level of 636(94.08%). Objective 2 result showed that resource access from libraries enhances IF with the highest item score of 673 (99.56%) and lowest item score of 662 (97.93%). Respondents ascertained twenty- two (22) challenges related to the 21st century and highlighted five (5) steps as the way forward for IF. As a result, resource access in libraries should be encouraged by stakeholders as gaining knowledge would enable citizens to have IF which in turn, would empower them to contribute meaningfully to positive changes in human developments. Originality: This paper offers valuable information on the perception of RA as it concerns intellectual freedom in three University Libraries in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria.

When joining a new service, in order to access its features, users are often required to accept the terms of service and privacy policy. However, the readership of these documents is mostly non-existent, leaving an information asymmetry, the imbalance of knowledge between two parties. Due to this, users are sacrificing their online data privacy without being aware of the consequences. The purpose of this work is to investigate the readership of terms of service and privacy policies among users of social media services. We implemented a prototype called ‘ShareIt’, which resembles a photo-sharing platform to gain insight about readership, behavior and effectiveness of our adjusted presentations of terms of service and privacy policies in regard to readership and comprehension. We conducted a survey experiment using the prototype with 31 participants and concluded, that 80,6% of our participants did not spend more than ten seconds in our terms of serviceand privacy policy. The observed behavior suggests, that social media users are used to sharing information on the internet which in addition to their trust towards online services leads to the aforementioned low readership. We presented adjustments to the presentation of terms of service and privacy policies which showed a slight tendency of higher engagement in comparison to the current way of accessing these documents. This result however, due to the lack of readership examined for our participants, has to remain debatable and needs further investigation.

In the research framework of a major scope related to the intervention of the left wings in the spread of sexual knowledge in periodic publications, during the Argentine 20th century, this paper focuses on the letters from the readers of the magazines: Cultura Sexual y Física (1937-1941) and Hombre de América. Fuerte y libre (1940-1945). In both spaces, the anarchist medical doctor Manuel Martín Fernández answered questions about sexuality. The objective of this study is to investigate the contact point between medical knowledge and experiential discourse. The hypothesis of this article states that the libertarian imprint, expressed in that exchange area, allows us to analyze magazines as spaces of collaborative and constructive knowledge and production of subjectivity, instead of simple vehicles of sexual information., En el marco de una investigación de mayor alcance relacionada con la intervención de las izquierdas en la difusión de saberes sexuales durante el siglo XX argentino a través de sus publicaciones periódicas, este artículo se detiene en el correo de lectores de las revistas Cultura Sexual y Física (1937-1941) y Hombre de América. Fuerte y libre (1940-1945). En ambos espacios, el médico anarquista Manuel Martín Fernández respondía consultas sobre sexualidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar el punto de contacto entre el saber médico y el discurso de la experiencia de quienes consultan. La hipótesis que atraviesa el artículo afirma que en esa zona de intercambio se expresa una impronta libertaria que permite concebir a las revistas como espacios de construcción colaborativa de saberes y de producción de subjetividad más que como simples vehículos de información.

Reading newspaper informs readers’ as well as enhance the readers’ literacy skills. Therefore, the newspaper serves as a tool for learning, especially among communication students. However, newspaper readership among students in Nigeria has been an issue of concern. This study investigated newspaper readership among Mass Communication students in the Taraba State University, Jalingo. The research design adopted was a descriptive survey, population frame was 630 Mass Communication Students of Taraba State University, Jalingo registered in 2018/2019 session while the sample size was 242 selected via a stratified random method. It was discovered that there is low newspaper readership among the students. The student preferred general interest newspapers particularly Daily Trust and the Sun Newspapers. The manners in which the students access newspapers were majorly through borrowing and vendor stand-free-reading. The study also revealed that politics and sport are the major subjects of interest which the students often seek from newspaper while the problems militating against the newspaper readership among the students include lack of money, prevalence of online newspaper and poor supply of newspaper in the University library and the Department. Nigerian Universities should provide newspapers in the University library daily and create a newspaper hub or stand within the department of mass communication to enable students to access newspapers.

Throughout Gabriele d’Annunzio’s vast and multiform productions, Ovid’s presence shines through with the strength of a model both ancient and modern. Since his years at the “Cicognini”, he feels bound to Ovid by a similarity “in lyrical ways” and by a relationship of “consanguinity” based on their common origins. The assiduity in Ovid’s readings, testified to by the large number of volumes of the Augustan poet in the library of the Vittoriale, is reflected in a dense network of echoes – some perspicuous, others subtle – that can be found in the Vate’s most famous works. During his twilight years, d’Annunzio’s nocturnal exploration finds singular affinities with the Ovidian elegies of exile to which he feels attracted the most. Even in the nascent silent film industry, d’Annunzio, creator and forerunner of fashions, sees a prodigious form of visual art that has in Ovid a millenary antecedent. Beyond the unavoidable differences separating the two temporally distant authors, the paper attempts to outline an overall profile of the correspondences and possible equations between d’Annunzio and Ovid without pretense of exhaustiveness. In the wake of perspectives inaugurated by distinguished masters, it is an attempt to offer cues for interpreting, from the vestiges of classicism, d’Annunzio’s art within the Ovidian framework., Throughout Gabriele d’Annunzio’s vast and multiform productions, Ovid’s presence shines through with the strength of a model both ancient and modern. Since his years at the “Cicognini”, he feels bound to Ovid by a similarity “in lyrical ways” and by a relationship of “consanguinity” based on their common origins. The assiduity in Ovid’s readings, testified to by the large number of volumes of the Augustan poet in the library of the Vittoriale, is reflected in a dense network of echoes – some perspicuous, others subtle – that can be found in the Vate’s most famous works. During his twilight years, d’Annunzio’s nocturnal exploration finds singular affinities with the Ovidian elegies of exile to which he feels attracted the most. Even in the nascent silent film industry, d’Annunzio, creator and forerunner of fashions, sees a prodigious form of visual art that has in Ovid a millenary antecedent. Beyond the unavoidable differences separating the two temporally distant authors, the paper attempts to outline an overall profile of the correspondences and possible equations between d’Annunzio and Ovid without pretense of exhaustiveness. In the wake of perspectives inaugurated by distinguished masters, it is an attempt to offer cues for interpreting, from the vestiges of classicism, d’Annunzio’s art within the Ovidian framework., Throughout Gabriele d’Annunzio’s vast and multiform productions, Ovid’s presence shines through with the strength of a model both ancient and modern. Since his years at the “Cicognini”, he feels bound to Ovid by a similarity “in lyrical ways” and by a relationship of “consanguinity” based on their common origins. The assiduity in Ovid’s readings, testified to by the large number of volumes of the Augustan poet in the library of the Vittoriale, is reflected in a dense network of echoes – some perspicuous, others subtle – that can be found in the Vate’s most famous works. During his twilight years, d’Annunzio’s nocturnal exploration finds singular affinities with the Ovidian elegies of exile to which he feels attracted the most. Even in the nascent silent film industry, d’Annunzio, creator and forerunner of fashions, sees a prodigious form of visual art that has in Ovid a millenary antecedent. Beyond the unavoidable differences separating the two temporally distant authors, the paper attempts to outline an overall profile of the correspondences and possible equations between d’Annunzio and Ovid without pretense of exhaustiveness. In the wake of perspectives inaugurated by distinguished masters, it is an attempt to offer cues for interpreting, from the vestiges of classicism, d’Annunzio’s art within the Ovidian framework.

The article is devoted to understanding the phenomenon of fanfiction from the point of view of publishing. For the most part, fanfiction uses characters, elements of the plot and the world of the original work, which is a direct violation of copyright, however, there are ways to publish such a work. The author of the article considers these methods and focuses on the issue of the need for interaction between the publisher and the world of fanfiction. It is emphasized that such interaction can be beneficial to both parties., Статья посвящена осмыслению феномена фанфикшн с точки зрения издательского дела. По большей части произведения фанфикшн используют персонажей, элементы сюжета и мира оригинального произведения, что является прямым нарушением норм авторского права, однако, способы опубликовать такое произведение есть. Автор статьи рассматривает эти способы и останавливает свое внимание на вопросе онеобходимости взаимодействия издателя с миром фанфикшн, опираясь на результаты проведенного им анкетирования. Подчеркивается, что такое взаимодействие может быть выгодно обеим сторонам.

The article analyses commercial, sociological and cultural aspects of the sale by subscription of Clara Harlowe, the Spanish translation of the novel Clarissaby Samuel Richardson. The detailed study of press advertisements reveals the nature of the readership at which this novel was aimed, and assesses the publicity and sales techniques used to attract buyers. The list of 770 readers is subsequently examined as a way to create a sociological and cultural picture of the novel’s readership at a high-point in Spain’s enthusiasm for the novel. The resulting two sources of information, allied to their analysis, combine to provide a definition of the particular significance of Clarissa, and, in general, of translated long novels, enabling one to establish the public for novel readership in the prevailing social and cultural renewal of the genre and determine its sales in Spain at the end of the 18th century, El artículo analiza los aspectos comercial, sociológico y cultural de la venta por suscripción de Clara Harlowe, traducción de la novela Clarissa de Samuel Richardson. El análisis de los anuncios en la prensa perfila el tipo de público al que se dirigía esta novela, y valora las técnicas de publicidad y venta para captar compradores. Se aborda después el estudio de la lista de los 770 suscriptores a la obra, para presentar una aproximación sociológica y cultural al público de la novela en el momento de auge del género. Las dos fuentes de datos de este trabajo y su análisis complementario confluyen en una valoración del significado de esta novela, y en general de las novelas extranjeras extensas, en el afianzamiento de una base de lectores del género, en la renovación sociocultural del público lector y en el desarrollo del mercado editorial en España a finales del siglo XVIII

This essay deals with the circulation and readership of Renaissance European Literature in the Peruvian Viceroyalty during the XVIth and XVIIth centuries. It proposes the historical framework and context in which a cultivated readership developed. It argues that this cultural phenomenon began in the second half of the sixteenth century, evident in the reception of such literary works by the members of the so called "Academia Antártica" in Lima., La circulación y consumo de la literatura del Renacimiento europeo en el virreinato peruano en los siglos XVI y XVII es el tema de mi ensayo. Propone el contexto histórico que hizo posible la constitución de un público lector en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI y la recepción de la literatura renacentista entre los miembros de la Academia Antártica.

Audience analytics are an increasingly essential part of the modern newsroom as publishers seek to maximize the reach and commercial potential of their content. On top of a wealth of audience data collected, algorithmic approaches can then be applied with an eye towards predicting and optimizing the performance of content based on historical patterns. This work focuses specifically on content optimization practices surrounding the use of A/B headline testing in newsrooms. Using such approaches, digital newsrooms might audience-test as many as a dozen headlines per article, collecting data that allows an optimization algorithm to converge on the headline that is best with respect to some metric, such as the click-through rate. This article presents the results of an interview study which illuminate the ways in which A/B testing algorithms are changing workflow and headline writing practices, as well as the social dynamics shaping this process and its implementation within US newsrooms.

The competitive market of the newspaper industry has undergone considerable changes driven by new technology, the internet and changing audience behavior. The industry is facing two current crises, the decline in print and advertising revenues, and at the same time, the growth of free online content. One of the major challenges for traditional newspapers is to find new ways to increase digital revenues to make-up for these losses. This study uses qualitative interviews and readership data collected from a large traditional publisher to explore how the newspaper can reshape the customer value proposition and increase digital subscriptions. Additionally, the study uses case examples from the industry to combine theoretical reflections with practical development. The newspapers need to continue to explore new opportunities in media, and balance focus between traditional and newer, more radical activities. In the future, success will be dependent on the integration of value-added elements. The findings suggest that traditional newspapers should enhance the value proposition by investing even more in high-quality and multimedia journalism. The audience is willing to pay if the product has a high relative value and is differentiated from the free online news. This can be done by an extensive integration of technology into the journalistic processes and a more defined product. Further, the publisher needs to abandon mass media models and offerings that provide something for everyone, instead offering niches and limited-edition news products to add new revenue streams., Tidningsindustrin genomgår dramatiska förändringar driven av ny teknik, förändrade konsumentvanor och nya aktörer. Industrin står inför två stora utmaningar, nedåtgående försäljnings- och annonsintäkter och tilltagande gratis innehåll online. En av de stora utmaningarna för tidningar är att hitta nya sätt att öka intäkterna på för att kompensera för dessa förluster. Denna studie använder kvalitativa intervjuer i kombination med kunddata från en Sveriges största morgontidning för att undersöka hur tidningarna kan transformera kunderbjudandet och öka antalet digitala prenumerationer. Studien använder dessutom case från medieindustrin för att kombinera vetenskaplig teori med praktisk utveckling. Tidningarna behöver fortsätta att utforska nya affärsmodeller och balansera fokus mellan inkrementella och mer radikala aktiviteter. Resultatet från denna studie indikerar att tidningarna kan öka kundvärdet genom att investera ännu mer i högkvalitativ- och digital journalistik. För att öka intäkterna borde tidningarna även fokusera mindre på att erbjuda ”lite av allt till alla” och istället erbjuda mer nischade nyhetsprodukter.

Fears about the imminent death of the print newspaper in the face of the ongoing digital revolution have been widespread for some time. But with miniaturized media tools and hand-held, internet-ready communication technologies offering unlimited on-the-go access to the news via multiple online platforms, prognostications to the effect that the hard copy newspaper may go extinct in the nearest future seem no more an idle speculation. Indeed, print media financiers, publishers, editors, and practitioners have not hidden their concern about the drastic effects of technology. This study comes on the heels of the widespread speculations that the emergence of digital media gadgets that enable online news access would deplete the economic viability of print newspaper houses by pushing news readers online. The situation became increasingly worrisome when some emerging scholarship reported that younger newspaper readers were abandoning the print copy newspaper for electronic and online news sources, which they believed offered greater ease and convenience. A survey (n=431) of respondents drawn from mass communication educators, practicing journalists and civil servants in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Results showed that though the industry faces a significant economic decline, predictions that convergent, digital technology will compel readers to completely abandon print newspapers for digital news sources are not yet a reality, even though print’s business model is seriously strained. Survival strategies already adopted include cover price increase, headlines-online-details-in -print, collapse and merger of beats, downward review in wage bill/pay cuts and print run cuts. The study recommends that publishers and editors invent creative and engaging print contents and other strategies such as inserting interactive DVDs in some of their print issues, as had been experimented at some point. Results could be tremendous where such newspaper contents also focus primarily on their imm

W artykule zaprezentowano literaturę hipertekstową w kontekście preferencji czytelniczych młodych ludzi i pogłębiającego się kryzysu czytelnictwa. Autorka uzasadnia wartość e-utworów w rozwijaniu zainteresowań czytelniczych współczesnej młodzieży, wykazując, że dzieła cyfrowe dzięki przełamanej linearności, wielopiętrowej architekturze, multimedialności, zespoleniu typografii statycznej z kinetyczną gwarantują swoistą literacko-rozrywkową ucztę, a przy tym intelektualno-twórczą inspirację. Odbiorca z jednej strony obcuje z atrakcyjną hybrydalną strukturą i otrzymuje możliwość lektury opartej na dokonywaniu samodzielnych wyborów, a z drugiej – wciąż może rozwijać zdolność czytania ze zrozumieniem, wrażliwość estetyczną, inteligencję emocjonalną i racjonalną, wyobraźnię, a także inne różnorakie umiejętności: interpretacyjne, argumentacyjne, analityczne itd., In the article hypertext literature is presented in the context of the reading preference of young people and the deepening crisis of readership. The author justifies the value of e-literature in developing the reading interests of contemporary young people, demonstrating that digital works thanks to broken linearity, multilevel architecture, multimediality, and the combination of static and kinetic typography, digital works, guarantees a special kind of literary and entertainment feast combined with intellectual and creative inspiration. On the one hand, the recipient assorts with the attractive hybrid structure and has the possibility of reading based on making one’s own choices; on the other – the reader could still continue to develop reading comprehension skills, aesthetic sensitivity, emotional and rational intelligence, imagination, as well as a variety of other skills: interpretative, argumentative, analytic etc.

In the article hypertext literature is presented in the context of the reading preference of young people and the deepening crisis of readership. The author justifies the value of e-literature in developing the reading interests of contemporary young people, demonstrating that digital works thanks to broken linearity, multilevel architecture, multimediality, and the combination of static and kinetic typography, digital works, guarantees a special kind of literary and entertainment feast combined with intellectual and creative inspiration. On the one hand, the recipient assorts with the attractive hybrid structure and has the possibility of reading based on making one’s own choices; on the other – the reader could still continue to develop reading comprehension skills, aesthetic sensitivity, emotional and rational intelligence, imagination, as well as a variety of other skills: interpretative, argumentative, analytic etc., W artykule zaprezentowano literaturę hipertekstową w kontekście preferencji czytelniczych młodych ludzi i pogłębiającego się kryzysu czytelnictwa. Autorka uzasadnia wartość e-utworów w rozwijaniu zainteresowań czytelniczych współczesnej młodzieży, wykazując, że dzieła cyfrowe dzięki przełamanej linearności, wielopiętrowej architekturze, multimedialności, zespoleniu typografii statycznej z kinetyczną gwarantują swoistą literacko-rozrywkową ucztę, a przy tym intelektualno-twórczą inspirację. Odbiorca z jednej strony obcuje z atrakcyjną hybrydalną strukturą i otrzymuje możliwość lektury opartej na dokonywaniu samodzielnych wyborów, a z drugiej – wciąż może rozwijać zdolność czytania ze zrozumieniem, wrażliwość estetyczną, inteligencję emocjonalną i racjonalną, wyobraźnię, a także inne różnorakie umiejętności: interpretacyjne, argumentacyjne, analityczne itd.

У дисертацији је приказана рецепција велике француске књижевности у српским књижевним новинама и часописима до почетка Другог светског рата, у Летопису Матице српске, Српском књижевном гласнику, Мисли, Страном прегледу, Бранковом колу, Босанској вили, Зори, Звезди, Зениту, Данасу и др. Рад се бави културно - књижевним везама између Србије и Француске преко српске књижевне периодике, па је примењен компаративни и књижевно - историјски приступ. Уредници часописа, као и преводиоци и критичари окупљени око часописа, дали су вредан допринос осветљавању појединих француских писаца и њихових дела, као и књижевних праваца у француској књижевности. То су углавном били људи из културног и јавног живота Србије: Јован Јовановић Змај, Ђорђе Поповић Даничар, Богдан Поповић, Јован Скерлић, Миодраг Ибровац, Светислав Петровић. Они су упућивали на поједине француске писце или дела из француске књижевности процењујући потребу и могућности наше средине да та дела прихвати и могућности тих дела да позитивно утичу на нашу књижевност или чак на развој наше друштвене средине. Рад разматра како је наша читалачка публика 5 прихватала француску књижевност и како је француска књижевност утицала на формирање укуса читалаца. Дошло се до закључка да су у овом периоду у нашим новинама и часописима најзаступљенији били француски писци XIX века: Виктор Иго, Ги де Мопасан и Алфонс Доде. Најмања пажња је посвећивана француској књижевности средњег века и ренесансе. Очигледно је да су се многа значајна француска књижевна дела у Србији појављивала најпре у часописима. Заступљеност француске књижевности зависила је од периода излажења часописа, од програма самих часописа, као и од уредника часописа. Досадашња истраживања на ову тему фокусирала су се углавном на поједине часописе, а овај рад доводи до првих систематизација у овом домену, тј. приказује присуство француске књижевности у великом броју српских новина и часописа. Резултати истраживања дају јасну слику заступљености француске књижевности у нашо, U disertaciji je prikazana recepcija velike francuske književnosti u srpskim književnim novinama i časopisima do početka Drugog svetskog rata, u Letopisu Matice srpske, Srpskom književnom glasniku, Misli, Stranom pregledu, Brankovom kolu, Bosanskoj vili, Zori, Zvezdi, Zenitu, Danasu i dr. Rad se bavi kulturno - književnim vezama između Srbije i Francuske preko srpske književne periodike, pa je primenjen komparativni i književno - istorijski pristup. Urednici časopisa, kao i prevodioci i kritičari okupljeni oko časopisa, dali su vredan doprinos osvetljavanju pojedinih francuskih pisaca i njihovih dela, kao i književnih pravaca u francuskoj književnosti. To su uglavnom bili ljudi iz kulturnog i javnog života Srbije: Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, Đorđe Popović Daničar, Bogdan Popović, Jovan Skerlić, Miodrag Ibrovac, Svetislav Petrović. Oni su upućivali na pojedine francuske pisce ili dela iz francuske književnosti procenjujući potrebu i mogućnosti naše sredine da ta dela prihvati i mogućnosti tih dela da pozitivno utiču na našu književnost ili čak na razvoj naše društvene sredine. Rad razmatra kako je naša čitalačka publika 5 prihvatala francusku književnost i kako je francuska književnost uticala na formiranje ukusa čitalaca. Došlo se do zaključka da su u ovom periodu u našim novinama i časopisima najzastupljeniji bili francuski pisci XIX veka: Viktor Igo, Gi de Mopasan i Alfons Dode. Najmanja pažnja je posvećivana francuskoj književnosti srednjeg veka i renesanse. Očigledno je da su se mnoga značajna francuska književna dela u Srbiji pojavljivala najpre u časopisima. Zastupljenost francuske književnosti zavisila je od perioda izlaženja časopisa, od programa samih časopisa, kao i od urednika časopisa. Dosadašnja istraživanja na ovu temu fokusirala su se uglavnom na pojedine časopise, a ovaj rad dovodi do prvih sistematizacija u ovom domenu, tj. prikazuje prisustvo francuske književnosti u velikom broju srpskih novina i časopisa. Rezultati istraživanja daju jasnu sliku zastupl, In this PhD thesis it is shown the reception of the great French literature in Serbian literary newspapers and magazines until the beginning of the Worl War II, in the “Letopis Matice srpske“, “Srpski književni glasnik“, “Misli“, “Strani pregled“, “Brankovo kolo“, “Bosanksa vila“, “Zora“,“Zvezda“, “Zenit“, “Danas“ etc. The work deals with cultural-literary connections between Serbia and France across Serbian literary periodicals, so that the comparative and literary-historical approaches are applied. The editors of magazines, as well as translators and critics gathered around the magazines, contributed greatly to the illuminating of some French writers and their works, as well as the literary trends in the French literature. They were mostly people from the cultural and public life of Serbia: Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, Đorđe Popović Daničar, Bogdan Popović, Jovan Skerlić, Miodrag Ibrovac, Svetislav Petrović. They pointed to certain French writers or works from the French literature estimating the needs and possibilities of our environment to accept those works and the possibilities of those works to influence our literature positively or even the development of our social environment. The work examines how our readership accepted the French literature and how the French literature influenced the forming of readers’ taste. It was concluded that in our newspapers and magazines of that period the most common were the French writers of the nineteenth century: Victor Hugo, Guy de Maupassant and Alphonse Daudet. The least attention was paid to the French literature of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. It is obvious that numerous significant French literary works in Serbia appeared in magazines first. Presence of the French literature depended on the periods of issuing magazines, on the programmes of the magazines themselves, as well as on the editors of magazines. All previous researches on this topic focused mostly on certain magazines, and this work brings to the first sistem

This essay discusses the differences in depiction of vampires between Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight (2005) and Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897). By using examples from the novels, the essay exemplifies how genre, narration, and readership affect the description of vampires within the two novels. The essay bases its discussion on genre on the premise that the vampire genre is in fact a genre to itself, but one with a broad variation. Furthermore, the essay briefly discusses the shift within the vampire genre, where vampires during the last centuries have gone from dangerous and scary to appealing and romantic. A connection is made between the shift within the vampire genre and Anne Rice’s vampire fiction. The discussion on genre shows how the romance, fantasy, and horror genres affect the depiction of vampires., Denna uppsats diskuterar hur vampyrer i verken Twilight (Meyer, 2005) och Dracula (Stoker, 1897) skildras på olika sätt. Skillnader i beskrivningarna illustreras med hjälp av exempel från de båda böckerna och berör genre, berättarperspektiv och läsarkrets. Diskussionen i uppsatsen baseras på att vampyrgenren är en egen genre med många olika beskrivningar av vampyren. Uppsatsen berör även förändringen i genren och lyfter kort hur vampyren från början tolkas som farlig och skrämmande för att sedan framstå som attraktiv och romantisk. En koppling görs också mellan förändringen i vampyrgenren och Anne Rices vampyrnoveller. Vidare i diskussionen kring genre berörs även hur genrerna romantik, fantasy och skräck påverkar skildringen av vampyrerna i de nämnda verken.

The present research deals with the variety of lexical items used in newspaper headlines in British press. The report discusses teaching strategies how to develop readers’ vocabulary competence and its influence on the overall comprehension of the meaning implied in the headline. The study touches upon the strategy of direct explanation of new vocabulary, morphemic analysis of words, and stylistic analysis of the phraseological units used in newspaper headlines. The research emphasizes the role of emotively coloured vocabulary in the formation of attractive headlines.

Artykuł jest poświęcony uczniowskim postawom wobec literatury pięknej obecnej na lekcjach języka polskiego. Skupiono się na tych elementach budujących owe postawy, które wynikają z rozbieżności między doświadczeniami czytelniczymi zdobywanymi poza szkolnymi obowiązkami a czytaniem w ich ramach. Wykorzystano wyniki badania czytelnictwa dzieci i młodzieży, szczególnie posłużono się analizami wyników jakościowego etapu – 48 wywiadów indywidualnych przeprowadzonych wśród uczniów kończących naukę w szkole podstawowej i gimnazjum. W artykule są sformułowane zalecenia dla dydaktyki polonistycznej sugerujące strategie dydaktyczne sprzyjające rozbudzaniu u uczniów motywacji czytelniczych, szczególnie motywacji wewnętrznych., The paper reviews the students’ attitudes towards literature present on polish language lessons. It focused on the components forming these attitudes, which come from antinomies between reading experiences in leisure time and compulsory school reading. The paper is based on the results of the study on children and young people readership, particularly the results of qualitative stage of that research: 48 IDI (Individual In-depth Interviews) with students at the end of education in primary school and lower secondary school. There are put some tips for teachers of Polish language and literature supporting them in evoking students reading motivations, specially intrinsic ones.

The paper reviews the students’ attitudes towards literature present on polish language lessons. It focused on the components forming these attitudes, which come from antinomies between reading experiences in leisure time and compulsory school reading. The paper is based on the results of the study on children and young people readership, particularly the results of qualitative stage of that research: 48 IDI (Individual In-depth Interviews) with students at the end of education in primary school and lower secondary school. There are put some tips for teachers of Polish language and literature supporting them in evoking students reading motivations, specially intrinsic ones., Artykuł jest poświęcony uczniowskim postawom wobec literatury pięknej obecnej na lekcjach języka polskiego. Skupiono się na tych elementach budujących owe postawy, które wynikają z rozbieżności między doświadczeniami czytelniczymi zdobywanymi poza szkolnymi obowiązkami a czytaniem w ich ramach. Wykorzystano wyniki badania czytelnictwa dzieci i młodzieży, szczególnie posłużono się analizami wyników jakościowego etapu – 48 wywiadów indywidualnych przeprowadzonych wśród uczniów kończących naukę w szkole podstawowej i gimnazjum. W artykule są sformułowane zalecenia dla dydaktyki polonistycznej sugerujące strategie dydaktyczne sprzyjające rozbudzaniu u uczniów motywacji czytelniczych, szczególnie motywacji wewnętrznych.

The utilization of "Don Quixote" as obligatory reading during the Francoist regime contributed to its association with the dictatorship by the political opposition. Don Quixote and Sancho have been appropriated by different ideologies in Spain over the decades. Nowadays, Spain’s Ministry of Culture uses the book’s character as universal myth for political propaganda purposes. Nonetheless, this does not mean that the readership of Cervantes’ work has increased. Rather most people have some knowledge of the most famous adventures as disseminated through mass media and oral transmission., En este artículo, partimos del discurso de las armas y las letras durante el franquismo, en el que nunca acabaron de casar bien los ideales de los militares con los de los intelectuales en el Nuevo Orden político. Tal vez, entre otras razones, porque el mito de la “Cruzada de Liberación” que resultó tan eficaz para que los nacionales ganaran la Guerra Civil, devino en anacrónico a medida que la sociedad española evolucionó hacia la modernidad de la que gozaban los países occidentales de su entorno. Por todo ello, el recurso al "Quijote" en la escuela, a pesar de que su obligatoriedad no nació con el Régimen, sino que se venía dando desde la celebración del centenario de 1905, contribuyó a que la oposición política asociara la obra cervantina a la Dictadura. Sin embargo, las figuras de Don Quijote y Sancho, más en España que en el resto del mundo, han sido objeto de apropiación ideológica en las sucesivas conmemoraciones y secuestros de la memoria histórica por gobiernos de diferentes ideologías. En la actualidad, cuando "El Quijote" se ha convertido en un mito universal, sirve a nuestros ministerios de cultura de propaganda política. Esto no significa que haya aumentado el número de lectores españoles de la obra maestra de nuestra literatura. No obstante, la gente tiene alguna idea de sus aventuras más conocidas. Pero esto se debe a la transmisión oral y a la iconografía de los medios de masas, en lugar de a una lectura personal y comprensión escrita, las cuales siguen siendo una asignatura pendiente en la formación cultural de los españoles.

Hundreds of scholarly studies have investigated various aspects of Wikipedia. Although a number of literature reviews have provided overviews of this vast body of research, none has specifically focused on the readers of Wikipedia and issues concerning its readership. In this systematic literature review, we review 99 studies to synthesize current knowledge regarding the readership of Wikipedia and provide an analysis of research methods employed. The scholarly research has found that Wikipedia is popular not only for lighter topics such as entertainment but also for more serious topics such as health and legal information. Scholars, librarians, and students are common users, and Wikipedia provides a unique opportunity for educating students in digital literacy. We conclude with a summary of key findings, implications for researchers, and implications for the Wikipedia community.

Authorizing the Reader: Dante and the Ends of the Decameronby Natalie Ann Cleaver Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature and Medieval Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Albert Ascoli, ChairWe now speak easily of Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch as the tre corone of Italian literature, the three great foundational authors of the tradition, but there is no question who stands first among them. Not just for his historical primacy of place, or his commanding self–presentation, but also for his truly daunting range of influence, Dante Alighieri is the Italian poet with whom all others must reckon. He influenced the development of virtually every aspect of Italian culture, from literature and the Italian language itself, to theology, political philosophy, historical memory, and even constructions of national identity. Though this influence has been long–lasting, it was every bit as pervasive in his own age.Few felt Dante’s shadow more than Giovanni Boccaccio, one of the first in subsequent generations of writers in the vernacular who had to negotiate his relationship to his illustrious predecessor. Boccaccio was a great Dantista in his own right; in addition to giving the first set of public lectures on the Commedia, he also composed the Trattatello in laude di Dante, in which he is the first to apply the epithet divina to the Commedia. Boccaccio obviously respected and admired Dante as a poet deeply. His minor works in particular demonstrate a profound engagement with the Commedia, and this relationship has been the subject of much recent scholarship.The most puzzling case of Boccaccio’s debts to Dante is his own great vernacular masterpiece: the Decameron. On the one hand, the Decameron signals its relationship to the Commedia in some very obvious ways: the structure of the 100 stories, its title, and the appearance of many of the same characters who populate the Commedia. On the other, past these obvious signs, the relationship begins t

The article discusses students interests, their readership profiles in particular, in view of available empirical studies documenting changes in readership habits. The research material consists of the results provided by studies conducted on the basis of surveys and interviews carried out among students since the beginning of the twentieth century to recent times. The article attempts to organize the existing literature. Part One provides a description of more important research studies carried out among students abroad. Part Two of the article focuses on the most important publications published in Poland., Tematem artykułu są zainteresowania studentów, głównie czytelnicze, w świetle prowadzonych badań empirycznych. Materiał badawczy stanowią wyniki badań uzyskanych na podstawie ankiet i wywiadów przeprowadzonych od początku XX wieku po lata współczesne. Celem pracy jest uporządkowanie istniejącej literatury. W pierwszej części opisano ważniejsze badania prowadzone wśród studentów za granicą. Część druga artykułu poświęcona jest najważniejszym publikacjom krajowym.

Tomasz Szumski, hitherto known in the literature as a secondary school teacher and the author of textbooks, was also the owner of a bookshop and a lending library attached to it. Both were in operation between 1809 and 1824. Their establishment was apparently effected by a deliberate wish to create an establishment that would counterbalance the influence of German bookshops in the town and would offer Polish and foreign literature (mainly French) to as wide circles of readers as possible. Additionally, it was intended to be a bookshop that would provide support to the general public with selling textbooks and assigned reading texts for youths. For Szumski himself, the bookshop was also a source of considerable extra income. Szumski’s intention was to sell as much of the current publishing output from Warsaw, Cracow, Lvov, Wrocław (then Breslau) and Vilna as possible. He also provided subscriptions to a great number of titles of newspapers and periodicals. He did not neglect the marketing issues involved in his line of business and published numerous book catalogues and kept the press well informed about his new acquisitions. In terms of its size, the bookshop was not a big place and, at the time of its forced closure effected by an administrative writ issued by the German authorities, nearly 2,500 titles were on offer. Following its closure it was repossessioned and bought by the German bookseller Ernst S. Mittler., Tomasz Szumski – znany głównie dotychczas w literaturze jako nauczyciel gimnazjalny i autor podręczników – był także właścicielem księgarni i działającej przy niej wypożyczalni książek. Istniały one w latach 1809–1824. Ich założenie należy wiązać ze świadomą chęcią utworzenia placówki stanowiącej przeciwwagę dla niemieckich księgarń, oferującą szerokim kręgom literaturę polską i głównie francuskojęzyczną oraz ze wsparciem uczącej się młodzieży podręcznikami i lekturami. Księgarnia stanowiła dla Szumskiego także dodatkowe źródło dochodu. Szumski starał się o sprzedaż aktualnej produkcji wydawców warszawskich, krakowskich, lwowskich, wrocławskich i wileńskich. Prowadził prenumeratę wielu tytułów gazet i czasopism. Dbał o reklamę, wydając liczne katalogi oraz systematycznie informując o swej działalności na łamach prasy. Księgarnia była placówką małą, w momencie zamknięcia, spowodowanego nakazem administracyjnym, oferowała niecałe 2,5 tysiąca tytułów. Zakupiona została przez niemieckiego księgarza Ernsta S. Mittlera.

Práce se věnuje průzkumu čtenářství středoškolsky vzdělávané mládeže v Jaroměři. Teoretická část shrnuje informace o tom, co je čtení, a co k této dovednosti potřebujeme. Připomene výsledky průzkumů čtenářství provedených v Československu a později v České republice vedených renomovanými vědci. Praktická část je věnována metodám použitým ve vlastním průzkumu, popisu průběhu průzkumu mezi studenty středních škol v Jaroměři a vyhodnocení a interpretaci sebraných dat., The subject of this bachelor thesis is the reading habits of secondary school students in Jaroměř. This thesis is focused on questionnaire study which was made within secondary school in Jaroměř. The theoretical part is focused on summarizing the information about what is reading and what we need for this skill. It brings back also the results of readership surveys led by renowned scientists conducted in Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic. The practical part shows which methods were used in the survey, a description of that survey among students of secondary schools in Jaroměř and the evaluation and interpretation of analyzed data., Katedra literární kultury a slavistiky

The book market in Poznań at the turn of the 1920s and the 1930s got a particular boost and encouragement. Following a temporary softening of the strict policy of the German authorities towards the Poles, Polish lending libraries and bookshops publishing in Polish and for the Poles began to crop up. The press market, publishing both local newspapers and journals, enjoyed a particular development. Karol Reyzner was a lesser known publisher and undoubtedly stayed in the shade of more eminent and prominent figures such as Walenty Stefański, Jan K. Żupański, Napoleon Kamieński, Antoni Popliński and Ludwik Merzbach. His influence upon the local book market was far less intensive than that of the above mentioned publishers as his publications were not that numerous or important. However, K. Reyzner managed to survive on the market for as long as half a century, i.e. for a much longer period than many other prominent local Polish publishers of the time. Publishing primarily books for less educated people and specializing in publications with no scientific or literary aspirations, simple and cheap judging from the editorial standards, he nevertheless carried out an important social function. The present article discusses the history of Reyzner’s printing office and its publishing output, additionally outlining the role of the lending library attached to the printing office – the first one managed by a Pole and targeted at the local Polish population. The analysis of the still existing catalogues of the library indicates that, unlike the publishing activity of the firm, the lending library addressed much more cultured and refined reader, which is manifested by the content of the collection that included many accomplished works written by prominent authors or researchers of the time.

Si un autor es un estilo o una función interpretativa que unifica una colección de textos, hay tantos José Asunción Silvas como autores de El libro de versos, Gotas amargas y De sobremesa. Esta multiplicidad de Silvas dificulta la identificación del autor de los relatos reunidos en los Cuentos negros. Para establecer dicha identificación un lector debe acudir tanto a la intuición como a los análisis estadísticos computacionales. De hecho, una lectura intuitiva no excluye y sí complementa una lectura digital., If an author is a style or a hermeneutic function that unifies a number of texts, there are as many José Asunción Silvas as there are authors of El libro de versos, Gotas amargas, and De sobremesa. The existence of these multiple Silvas hinders determining the authorship of the stories published in Cuentos negros. To identify the author, the reader must rely both on intuition and on statistical analysis. Indeed, an intuitive reading does not exclude but rather complements a digital reading, a reading supported by computational tools.

The present dissertation investigates literary translation from a cultural perspective by comparing the translation of culture-specific words and concepts in five different translations of the novel Ein weites Feld by Günter Grass. The translations were chosen to represent three ‘small’ (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) and two ‘large’ (American English, French) languages and cultures, in order to find out whether these categories are characterized by different ‘foreignizing’ or ‘domesticating’ translation methods. The main purpose of the study is to present an empirical and descriptive analysis of the concrete difficulties and possibilities connected with the process of transferring culturespecific words and concepts taken from the geographical, historical, literary and everyday context of the original work. A further aim of the study is to undertake a comparison of theory and practice of translation with regard to culture and culturespecific words. The methodological framework is taken from the historically oriented ‘Transfer’ method of the Göttingen literary translation school, where deviations from original literary texts are not seen as ‘mistakes’ in the traditional linguistic sense but as differences caused by various historical and individual factors. Above all, this study aims to focus on the translations themselves, to investigate what different solutions to cultural translation problems can tell us about the meeting between the ‘Foreign’ and the world of the translators and their prospective readership. The study’s analyses demonstrate that culture-specific words and concepts in this material are translated in a broad variety of ways, which often differ from translation to translation and therefore cannot be classified into predictable categories of translation 'strategies’. A certain pattern could be detected as far as the translation of geographical place-names and similar concepts were concerned, where the Scandinavian translators tend to preserve the origin

Este trabajo toma como objeto de análisis el semanario La Nota (Buenos Aires, 1915-1920) al que considera como espacio discursivo fundamental para focaiizar y estudiar las reconfiguradones del campo literario argentino de esos años. Estas reconfiguradones se ligan con cambios politicos (la efectivización de la ley Sáenz Peña en 1916) y con procesos de modemización social (políticas exitosas de alfabetización). La conformación de un nuevo público lector, que consume preferentemente diarios, periódicos y folletines, convierte al mercado y al público en preocupadones centraies dei mundo literario y deeste semanario en particular. El trabajo reconoce en la publicacidn una serie de rasgos de la prensa periódica más modema y popular junto con otros que remiten a la prensa poiitica y de eiite y este hecho le otorga un cardder singular. Como semanario modemo, la revista pone su acento en el mercado de Iectura y escritura: como semanario politico, intenta ejercer sobre ese público una forma fundamentalmente ideológica de pedagogía,puesto que ia revista lleva adeiante una campaña antigermana durante la Gran Guerra, la cual aparece como tema insoslayable del campo literario.

This study investigated the feasibility of graphic design analysis as an alternative method to frequency analysis of content by topic categories as an index of editorial emphasis. The proportionate usage of graphic design elements was analyzed to determine the influence of subject category on editorial choice in the use of design elements. Ten content categories were derived from periodic readership surveys and annual subject indices used by the editors of 'soldiers' magazine to describe content. The content categories expressed three principal subject classifications: management information, employee interest and general entertainment. The use of seven design elements was analyzed: four-color process color photographs, color photographs, text, display, white space, colored space and illustrations. Overall results indicated the graphic design treatment was indicative of the graphical freedom afforded by article content. Emphasis in editorial treatment was indexed by the relative amounts of space used for article content and the relative design treatment of article content in each of the ten topical categories. The findings indicated substantial editorial emphasis was committed to general entertainment articles such as hobbies and recreation., Master's thesis.

This paper provides the results of a study of the company commander's role as a gatekeeper for information to his or her troops. The study revealed that the First Sergeant plays an equal or greater role as a gatekeeper than does the company commander. It also revealed valuable leadership data about other DA-produced command information materials. (Author)

Contents list., Contents list.

Cette contribution pose la question de savoir quelle est la parole des lecteurs dans les pages des hebdomadaires qui lui est consacrée. L’analyse repose sur une analyse des positions s’exprimant dans les pages « Courrier des lecteurs » de trois hebdomadaires (Télérama, Marianne et Le Nouvel Observateur) au moment du débat référendaire de 2005. Elle s’interroge sur la forme du discours diffusé et le lien de celui-ci avec le discours propre de l’hebdomadaire. La parole ainsi publiée demande des compétences politiques nécessaires à l’expression d’un avis politique socialement situé et demande aussi un professionnalisme de la forme : l’injonction du discours à respecter le contrat de lecture du journal. Cet article cherche aussi à revenir sur l’articulation entre agenda médiatique, agenda politique et préoccupations citoyennes, montrant un certain décalage entre eux et elles., This paper raises the issue of the readers’ column in weekly magazines and attempts to bring to light the sort of discourse it conceals. The analysis relies on the study of views expressed in the column “letters to the Editors” belonging to three weekly magazines (Télérama, Marianne, Le Nouvel Observateur). The author ponders over the form of such a discourse and its link to the magazine’s own discourse. The published letter requires political skills inherent in expressing a socially defined political view as well as a professionalism in terms of form: the injunction to meet all requirements specified in the magazine’s reading agreement. The article also aims at going back over the links between the media agenda, the political agenda and the citizens’ concerns so as to point out some discrepancy between both agendas and those concerns., Ésta contribución plantea la cuestión de saber como se constituye la palabra de los lectores en las páginas de los semanarios que le son reservadas. El análisis se interesa a las páginas « Correo de los lectores » de tres semanarios (Télérama, Marianne, Le Nouvel Observateur) durante el debate referendario del 2005. Interroga la forma del discurso difundido y su relación con el discurso específico del semanario. La palabra publicada implica competencias políticas necesarias a la expresión de una opinión política socialmente situada y exige un profesionalismo de la forma : la intimación hecha al discurso de respetar el contrato de lectura del periódico. Éste artículo trata también de volver sobre la articulación entre agenda mediática, agenda política y preocupaciones ciudadanas y señalar un cierto descalce entre ellas.