Search

BACKGROUND: Indigenous youth worldwide continue to experience disproportional rates of poorer mental health and well-being compared to non-Indigenous youth. Mentoring has been known to establish favorable outcomes in many areas of health but is still in its early phases of research within Indigenous contexts. This paper explores the barriers and facilitators of Indigenous youth mentoring programs to improve mental health outcomes and provides evidence for governments' response to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. METHODS: A systematic search for published studies was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and grey literature through Trove, OpenGrey, Indigenous HealthInfoNet, and Informit Indigenous Collection. All papers included in the search were peer-reviewed and published from 2007 to 2021. The Joanna Briggs Institute approaches to critical appraisal, data extraction, data synthesis, and confidence of findings were used. RESULTS: A total of eight papers describing six mentoring programs were included in this review; six papers were from Canada, and two originated from Australia. Studies included mentor perspectives (n = 4) (incorporating views of parents, carers, Aboriginal assistant teachers, Indigenous program facilitators, young adult health leaders, and community Elders), mentee perspectives (n = 1), and both mentor and mentee perspectives (n = 3). Programs were conducted nationally (n = 3) or within specific local Indigenous communities (n = 3) with varying mentor styles and program focus. Five synthesized findings were identified from the data extraction process, each consisting of four categories. These synthesized findings were: establishing cultural relevancy, facilitating environments, building relationships, facilitating community engagement, and leadership responsibilities, which were discussed in the context of extant mentoring theoretical frameworks. CONCLUSION: Mentoring is an appropriate strategy for improv

A variety of monolayer crystals have been proposed to be two-dimensional topological insulators exhibiting the quantum spin Hall effect (QSHE), possibly even at high temperatures. Here we report the observation of the QSHE in monolayer tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) at temperatures up to 100 kelvin. In the short-edge limit, the monolayer exhibits the hallmark transport conductance, ∼e2/h per edge, where e is the electron charge and h is Planck's constant. Moreover, a magnetic field suppresses the conductance, and the observed Zeeman-type gap indicates the existence of a Kramers degenerate point and the importance of time-reversal symmetry for protection from elastic backscattering. Our results establish the QSHE at temperatures much higher than in semiconductor heterostructures and allow for exploring topological phases in atomically thin crystals.

OBJECTIVE: This qualitative systematic review aims to identify the barriers and enablers to delivering and sustaining Indigenous youth mentoring programs for improving mental health and reducing suicide rates. INTRODUCTION: The United Nations has called for global action to address Indigenous youth suicide and suicidal behavior. Indigenous youth mentoring programs aimed at improving mental health and reducing suicide rates have been conducted at smaller scales at other sites. Mentoring is culturally appropriate as it empowers communities and aligns with the principles of community, teaching and learning, kinship, and holistic health. There is a gap in the understanding of what the barriers and enablers of mentoring are in addressing Indigenous youth mental health and, ultimately, Indigenous youth suicide. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will consider studies that include mentoring programs specifically targeted at Indigenous youth mental health and well-being that are based within a community or organization setting. METHODS: Databases to be searched include CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Embase, as well as grey literature within Trove, OpenGrey, Indigenous HealthInfoNet, and Informit Indigenous Collection. The search will be limited to articles written in English and published from 2007 to the present. Titles and abstracts will be screened by two independent reviewers; full-text studies will be retrieved and assessed against the inclusion criteria. Results will be recorded in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) diagram. Where possible, qualitative research findings will be pooled. Where textual pooling is not possible, the findings will be presented in narrative form.

A variety of monolayer crystals have been proposed to be two-dimensional topological insulators exhibiting the quantum spin Hall effect (QSHE), possibly even at high temperatures. Here we report the observation of the QSHE in monolayer tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) at temperatures up to 100 kelvin. In the short-edge limit, the monolayer exhibits the hallmark transport conductance, ∼e2/h per edge, where e is the electron charge and h is Planck's constant. Moreover, a magnetic field suppresses the conductance, and the observed Zeeman-type gap indicates the existence of a Kramers degenerate point and the importance of time-reversal symmetry for protection from elastic backscattering. Our results establish the QSHE at temperatures much higher than in semiconductor heterostructures and allow for exploring topological phases in atomically thin crystals.

BACKGROUND: In patients with coeliac disease, FODMAPs in gluten-containing foods, and participant anticipation of a harmful ('nocebo') effect, may contribute to acute symptoms after gluten challenge. AIM: To establish acute gluten-specific symptoms linked to immune activation in coeliac disease METHODS: We included 36 coeliac disease patients on a gluten-free diet receiving placebo in the RESET CeD trial. Double-blind, bolus vital wheat gluten (~6-g gluten protein) and sham challenges low in FODMAPs were consumed 2 weeks apart. Assessments included daily Coeliac Disease Patient Reported Outcome (CeD PRO) symptom scores (0-10), adverse events and serum interleukin-2 (baseline and 4 hours). RESULTS: Median CeD PRO score for nausea increased most (sham: 0 vs gluten: 5.5; P < .001). Apart from tiredness (1 vs 4, P = .005) and headache (0 vs 2, P = .002), changes in other symptoms were small or absent. Only nausea increased significantly in occurrence with gluten (11% vs 69%, P < .001). Without nausea, only tiredness and flatulence were common after gluten. Nausea (6% vs 61%, P < .001; median onset: 1:34 hours) and vomiting (0% vs 44%, P < .001; 1:51 hours) were the only adverse events more common with gluten than sham. Interleukin-2 was always below the level of quantitation (0.5 pg/mL) at baseline, and after sham. Interleukin-2 was elevated after gluten in 97% of patients (median fold-change: 20), and correlated with severity of nausea (rs = .49, P = .0025) and occurrence of vomiting (P = .0005). CONCLUSIONS: Nausea and vomiting are relatively specific indicators of acute gluten ingestion, and correlate with immune activation. IBS-like symptoms without nausea are unlikely to indicate recent gluten exposure.

Indigenous peoples are resilient peoples with deep traditional knowledge and scientific thought spanning millennia. Global discourse on climate change however has identified Indigenous populations as being a highly vulnerable group due to the habitation in regions undergoing rapid change, and the disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality already faced by this population. Therefore, the need for Indigenous self-determination and the formal recognition of Indigenous knowledges, including micro-level molecular and microbial knowledges, as a critical foundation for planetary health is in urgent need. Through the process of Indigenous decolonization, even at the smallest molecular scale, we define a method back to our original selves and therefore to our planetary origin story. Our health and well-being is directly reflected at the planetary scale, and we suggest, can be rooted through the concept of molecular decolonization, which through the English language emerged from the 'First 1000 Days Australia' and otherwise collectively synthesized globally. It is through our evolving understanding of decolonization at a molecular level, which many of our Indigenous cultural and healing practices subtly embody, that we are better able to translate the intricacies within the current Indigenous scientific worldview through Western forms of discourse.

Turning on superconductivity in a topologically nontrivial insulator may provide a route to search for non-Abelian topological states. However, existing demonstrations of superconductor-insulator switches have involved only topologically trivial systems. Here we report reversible, in situ electrostatic on-off switching of superconductivity in the recently established quantum spin Hall insulator monolayer tungsten ditelluride (WTe2). Fabricated into a van der Waals field-effect transistor, the monolayer's ground state can be continuously gate-tuned from the topological insulating to the superconducting state, with critical temperatures Tc up to ∼1 kelvin. Our results establish monolayer WTe2 as a material platform for engineering nanodevices that combine superconducting and topological phases of matter., AFOSR Grant No. FA9550-16-1-0382, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s EPiQS Initiative through Grant No. GBMF4541, DOE, Basic Energy Sciences Office, under Award No. DE-SC0001088

The electrical Hall effect is the production, upon the application of an electric field, of a transverse voltage under an out-of-plane magnetic field. Studies of the Hall effect have led to important breakthroughs, including the discoveries of Berry curvature and topological Chern invariants. The internal magnetization of magnets means that the electrical Hall effect can occur in the absence of an external magnetic field; this ‘anomalous’ Hall effect is important for the study of quantum magnets. The electrical Hall effect has rarely been studied in non-magnetic materials without external magnetic fields, owing to the constraint of time-reversal symmetry. However, only in the linear response regime—when the Hall voltage is linearly proportional to the external electric field—does the Hall effect identically vanish as a result of time-reversal symmetry; the Hall effect in the nonlinear response regime is not subject to such symmetry constraints. Here we report observations of the nonlinear Hall effect in electrical transport in bilayers of the non-magnetic quantum material WTe 2 under time-reversal-symmetric conditions. We show that an electric current in bilayer WTe 2 leads to a nonlinear Hall voltage in the absence of a magnetic field. The properties of this nonlinear Hall effect are distinct from those of the anomalous Hall effect in metals: the nonlinear Hall effect results in a quadratic, rather than linear, current–voltage characteristic and, in contrast to the anomalous Hall effect, the nonlinear Hall effect results in a much larger transverse than longitudinal voltage response, leading to a nonlinear Hall angle (the angle between the total voltage response and the applied electric field) of nearly 90 degrees. We further show that the nonlinear Hall effect provides a direct measure of the dipole moment of the Berry curvature, which arises from layer-polarized Dirac fermions in bilayer WTe 2 . Our results demonstrate a new type of Hall effect and provide a way, Center for Excitonics (Award DESC0001088), AFOSR (grant FA9550-16-1-0382), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s EPiQS Initiative (Grant GBMF4541), National Science Foundation (NSF) (Grant DMR-0819762), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation's EPiQS Initiative (Grant GBMF4540), NSF MRSEC (grant DMR-1420541), Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program 2016ZT06D348, National Key R & D Program (2016YFA0301700), National Natural Science Foundation of China (11574127), e Science, Technology, and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality (ZDSYS20170303165926217), MEXT, Japan, JSPS KAKENHI Grant JP18K19136, CREST (JPMJCR15F3), NSF Science and Technology Center for Integrated Quantum Materials grant DMR-1231319, MOST Grant for the Columbus Program 107-2636-M-006-004, ARO MURI Award W911NF-14-0247

Recent experimental evidence for the quantum spin Hall (QSH) state in monolayer WTe₂ has linked the fields of two-dimensional materials and topological physics. This two-dimensional topological crystal also displays unconventional spin–torque 8 and gate-tunable superconductivity. Whereas the realization of the QSH has demonstrated the nontrivial topology of the electron wavefunctions of monolayer WTe₂, the geometrical properties of the wavefunction, such as the Berry curvature, remain unstudied. Here we utilize mid-infrared optoelectronic microscopy to investigate the Berry curvature in monolayer WTe₂. By optically exciting electrons across the inverted QSH gap, we observe an in-plane circular photogalvanic current even under normal incidence. The application of an out-of-plane displacement field allows further control of the direction and magnitude of the photocurrent. The observed photocurrent reveals a Berry curvature dipole that arises from the nontrivial wavefunctions near the inverted gap edge. The Berry curvature dipole and strong electric field effect are enabled by the inverted band structure and tilted crystal lattice of monolayer WTe₂. Such an electrically switchable Berry curvature dipole may facilitate the observation of a wide range of quantum geometrical phenomena such as the quantum nonlinear Hall orbital-Edelstein and chiral polaritonic effects., United States. Department of Energy (Award DESC0001088), United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Grant FA9550-16-1-0382), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Grant GBMF4541)

Methods of planning and administering mail surveys, developing questionnaires, and analyzing data are reviewed. Each review section is followed by an annotated list of selected readings. Topics discussed in planning a survey include decision making; survey designs; sampling plans; and ethical considerations. Developments of instruments and tupes of attitude measures are discussed in the section on survey instruments. Survey management is concerned with the mechanics of distributing and collecting the questionnaires, coding, and checking for errors. Data analysis focuses on nonresponse analysis, computer usage, and the choice of statistical methods. A 365-item bibliography and a subject index geared to the bibliography are appended. (MH)

In the last 30 years, several organizations, such as the US Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), the British Hypertension Society, the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Working Group on Blood Pressure (BP) Monitoring and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have developed protocols for clinical validation of BP measuring devices. However, it is recognized that science, as well as patients, consumers and manufacturers would be best served if all BP measuring devices were assessed for accuracy according to an agreed single validation protocol that had global acceptance. Therefore, an international initiative was taken by AAMI, ESH and ISO experts who agreed to develop a universal standard for device validation. This statement presents the key aspects of a validation procedure, which were agreed by the AAMI, ESH and ISO representatives as the basis for a single universal validation protocol. As soon as the AAMI/ESH/ISO standard is fully developed, this will be regarded as the single universal standard and will replace all other previous standards/protocols. Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., and American Heart Association, Inc. This article has been copublished in Hypertension.

In the last 30 years, several organizations, such as the US Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), the British Hypertension Society, the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Working Group on Blood Pressure (BP) Monitoring and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have developed protocols for clinical validation of BP measuring devices. However, it is recognized that science, as well as patients, consumers and manufacturers would be best served if all BP measuring devices were assessed for accuracy according to an agreed single validation protocol that had global acceptance. Therefore, an international initiative was taken by AAMI, ESH and ISO experts who agreed to develop a universal standard for device validation. This statement presents the key aspects of a validation procedure, which were agreed by the AAMI, ESH and ISO representatives as the basis for a single universal validation protocol. As soon as the AAMI/ESH/ISO standard is fully developed, this will be regarded as the single universal standard and will replace all other previous standards/protocols.

© Melissa Brunner, Deborah McGregor, Melanie Keep, Anna Janssen, Heiko Spallek, Deleana Quinn, Aaron Jones, Emma Tseris, Wilson Yeung, Leanne Togher, Annette Solman, Tim Shaw. Background: The demand for an eHealth-ready and adaptable workforce is placing increasing pressure on universities to deliver eHealth education. At present, eHealth education is largely focused on components of eHealth rather than considering a curriculum-wide approach. Objective: This study aimed to develop a framework that could be used to guide health curriculum design based on current evidence, and stakeholder perceptions of eHealth capabilities expected of tertiary health graduates. Methods: A 3-phase, mixed-methods approach incorporated the results of a literature review, focus groups, and a Delphi process to develop a framework of eHealth capability statements. Results: Participants (N=39) with expertise or experience in eHealth education, practice, or policy provided feedback on the proposed framework, and following the fourth iteration of this process, consensus was achieved. The final framework consisted of 4 higher-level capability statements that describe the learning outcomes expected of university graduates across the domains of (1) digital health technologies, systems, and policies; (2) clinical practice; (3) data analysis and knowledge creation; and (4) technology implementation and codesign. Across the capability statements are 40 performance cues that provide examples of how these capabilities might be demonstrated. Conclusions: The results of this study inform a cross-faculty eHealth curriculum that aligns with workforce expectations. There is a need for educational curriculum to reinforce existing eHealth capabilities, adapt existing capabilities to make them transferable to novel eHealth contexts, and introduce new learning opportunities for interactions with technologies within education and practice encounters. As such, the capability framework developed may assist in th

© 2017 The authors and IOS Press. Background: Well documented demand for an e-health ready workforce is placing increasing pressure on universities to deliver essential e-health education. Aim: We aimed to explore stakeholders' perceptions of e-health knowledge and skills anticipated of workforce-ready tertiary graduates from clinical health degree programs. Method: A qualitative research study of a purposively selected sample of 23 key informants with expertise and/or experience in e-health education, practice and/or policy was conducted. Data collection involved focus group interviews that were recorded, transcribed verbatim and underwent thematic analysis. Findings: Three primary themes about e-health education and preparation of health graduates emerged from the analyses: 1) Reinforce fundamental competencies, 2) Acknowledge and adapt existing competencies, and 3) Introduce and provide opportunities for new learning. Conclusions and Implications: This study will inform the articulation of a consensus driven set of core competencies for a cross-faculty e-health curriculum that aligns with workforce expectations. There is also potential for vertical integration of findings into workforce development programs.

We report on electronic transport measurements of electrostatically gated nanodevices of the semimetal WTe[subscript 2]. High mobility metallic behavior is achieved in the 2D limit by encapsulating thin flakes in an inert atmosphere. At low temperatures, we find that a large magnetoresistance can be turned on and off by electrostatically doping the system between a semimetallic state and an electron-only metallic state, respectively. We confirm the nature of the two regimes by analyzing the magnetoresistance and Hall effect with a two-carrier model, as well as by analysis of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations, both of which indicate depletion of hole carriers via the electrostatic gate. This confirms that semiclassical transport of two oppositely charged carriers accurately describes the exceptional magnetoresistance observed in this material. Finally, we also find that the magnetoresistance power law is subquadratic and density independent, suggesting new physics specifically in the semimetallic regime., United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Basic Energy Science. Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering (Award DE-SC0006418), United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Grant FA9550-16-1-0382), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (EPiQS Initiative Grant GBMF4541)

Item does not contain fulltext, BACKGROUND: In clinical trials, the use of intermediate time-to-event end points (TEEs) is increasingly common, yet their choice and definitions are not standardized. This limits the usefulness for comparing treatment effects between studies. The aim of the DATECAN Kidney project is to clarify and recommend definitions of TEE in renal cell cancer (RCC) through a formal consensus method for end point definitions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A formal modified Delphi method was used for establishing consensus. From a 2006-2009 literature review, the Steering Committee (SC) selected 9 TEE and 15 events in the nonmetastatic (NM) and metastatic/advanced (MA) RCC disease settings. Events were scored on the range of 1 (totally disagree to include) to 9 (totally agree to include) in the definition of each end point. Rating Committee (RC) experts were contacted for the scoring rounds. From these results, final recommendations were established for selecting pertinent end points and the associated events. RESULTS: Thirty-four experts scored 121 events for 9 end points. Consensus was reached for 31%, 43% and 85% events during the first, second and third rounds, respectively. The expert recommend the use of three and two endpoints in NM and MA setting, respectively. In the NM setting: disease-free survival (contralateral RCC, appearance of metastases, local or regional recurrence, death from RCC or protocol treatment), metastasis-free survival (appearance of metastases, regional recurrence, death from RCC); and local-regional-free survival (local or regional recurrence, death from RCC). In the MA setting: kidney cancer-specific survival (death from RCC or protocol treatment) and progression-free survival (death from RCC, local, regional, or metastatic progression). CONCLUSIONS: The consensus method revealed that intermediate end points have not been well defined, because all of the selected end points had at least one event definition for which no consensus was obtained. These clarifi

This report describes the impulsive dynamics of a system of two coupled oscillators with essential (nonlinearizable) stiffness nonlinearity. The system considered consists of a grounded weakly damped linear oscillator coupled to a lightweight weakly damped oscillating attachment with essential cubic stiffness nonlinearity arising purely from geometry and kinematics. It has been found that under specific impulse excitations the transient damped dynamics of this system tracks a high-frequency impulsive orbit manifold (IOM) in the frequency-energy plane. The IOM extends over finite frequency and energy ranges, consisting of a countable infinity of periodic orbits and an uncountable infinity of quasi-periodic orbits of the underlying Hamiltonian system and being initially at rest and subjected to an impulsive force on the linear oscillator. The damped nonresonant dynamics tracking the IOM then resembles continuous resonance scattering; in effect, quickly transitioning between multiple resonance captures over finite frequency and energy ranges. Dynamic instability arises at bifurcation points along this damped transition, causing bursts in the response of the nonlinear light oscillator, which resemble self-excited resonances. It is shown that for an appropriate parameter design the system remains in a state of sustained high-frequency dynamic instability under the action of repeated impulses. In turn, this sustained instability results in strong energy transfers from the directly excited oscillator to the lightweight nonlinear attachment; a feature that can be employed in energy harvesting applications. The theoretical predictions are confirmed by experimental results., National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant CMMI-1100722)

We report on a recent re-examination of dark matter constraints from halo wide stellar binaries, motivated by observations we made of four of the very wide binary candidates on which earlier constraints were based. Our new data suggest that the current stellar binary data place only weak constraints on the properties of dark matter in the halo of the Milky Way.

We report on a search for new wide halo binary stars in SDSS Stripe 82. A list of new halo wide binary candidates which satisfy common proper motion and photometric constraints is provided. The projected separations of the sample lie between 0.007-0.25pc. Although the sample is not large enough to improve constraints on dark matter in the halo, we find the wide binary angular separation function is broadly consistent with past work. We discuss the significance of the new sample for a number of astrophysical applications, including as a testbed for ideas about wide binary formation. For the subset of candidates which have radial velocity information we make use of integrals of motion to investigate one such scheme in which the origin of Galactic wide binaries is associated with the accretion/disruption of stellar systems in the Galaxy. Additional spectroscopic observations of these candidate binaries will strengthen their usefulness in many of these respects. Based on our search experience in Stripe 82 we estimate that the upcoming Pan-STARRS survey will increase the sample size of wide halo binaries by over an order of magnitude., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure, 2 tables, to appear in MNRAS

The alignment of curricula with desired generic higher education learning outcomes, widely referred to as graduate attributes, has been on the agenda for some time. To be implemented widely, graduate initiatives must accommodate variations in curricular landscape between and within institutions, disciplines and programs. QUT Faculty of Business is a partner (along with University of Sydney, University of Techology, Sydney, and University of Queensland) in the ongoing Australian Learning and Teaching Council funded project Facilitating Staff and Student Engagement Graduate Attribute Development, Assessment and Standards in Business Faculties. Each project partner is implementing and evaluating strategies and tools and the extent to which students and staff can be engaged with a focus on higher level attributes, into the assessmnet procedures of units in their faculties. The paper describes the progress of this project and the use of the ReView software tool within the QUT Faculty of Business, where three distinctly different units have participated. These units include 1) a higher enrolment undergraduate first year core unit, 2) a capstone unit for students in a particular major, and 3) a graduate unit with a high percentage of international students.The adaptation of high level strategies to accommodate institutional, student and operational diversities is elaborated and discussed. A significant reflection of project staff participants has been their increased appreication of the differences between the ways curricula is structured, documented and administered in Business faculties of partner institutions, and how that impacts upon applying graduate attribute engagement strategies and tools. Also, technological tools, such as the ReView sofware application, which is being utilised across the project, must cope with varying local requirements. The differences between the three QUT units include such characteristics as numbers and profiles of students, curricular purp

Evidence-based practice (EBP) requires the provision of care that will deliver the best possible patient outcomes, reduce practice variation and be consistent regardless of the clinician, hospital or geographical location. Learning how to apply the complex skills of EBP is therefore considered essential, so that health professionals can base their clinical decision-making on up-to-date and best evidence. This paper explores some of the issues associated with the first iteration of an introductory core EBP subject (unit) for third year undergraduate nursing students at an Australian University in 2007. Specifically, it focuses on the provision of an innovative assessment task for a diverse student cohort. The task was ‘not another essay’, but a submission for clinical practice change to a hypothetical Director of Nursing. This allowed students to apply their EBP skills in an authentic way related to their future professional practice. Various sources of evaluation data revealed that these students needed more scaffolding than had been provided, notably more explicit teaching and practice in how to apply EBP skills.

This paper will examine how an online forum can be used in work integrated learning as a vehicle for students to demonstrate their learning in the workplace and to facilitate collaborative learning. Collaborative learning is valuable in work integrated learning subjects because it enables students to make linkages between their experiences and those of others, share positive and negative aspects of placements with their peers and gain an overall picture of work in the relevant sector. It also enables students to demonstrate to their peers what they have learned. Collaborative learning can be readily facilitated in face to face classes, for example, in teacher or student led discussions or by means of student presentations. However, where a work integrated learning subject is offered to external students or where face to face classes are minimal, the collaborative aspect of student learning needs to occur by other means, such as an online forum. The use of an online forum can also enable students to demonstrate their learning by reflecting upon their work and self evaluating their own performance. This paper will review the literature regarding the benefits of using online discussion forums to promote collaborative learning and reflection and the design and assessment of such forums. Despite the value of online discussions in work integrated learning, it has been argued that a truly objective tool to measure learning evidenced by online discussions has not yet been developed. This paper will suggest a model for assessable online discussion forums that will facilitate student collaboration in legal work placement subjects.

Reasons for wanting to engage learners more directly in assessment are plentiful. These include the ability for learners to make judgements of their own work, as this capacity will be essential for learners future lives and careers (Boud & Falchikov, 2006). Excellent guides on how and why this might be done already exist (Falchikov 2005). A puzzle exists, therefore, in why we see so little evidence of assessment practices that engage the learner more directly. To encourage the wider adoption of these practices we must understand the challenges teachers face when considering significant changes to assessment. There are good reasons for believing that the most effective way to transform assessment practices would be to take a whole-of-program approach, with decisions about what, how, and where something is assessed being made after careful consideration of the programs structure and intended learning outcomes.

We present radial velocities for a sample of 723 planetary nebulae (PNe) in the disk and bulge of M31, measured using the WYFFOS fibre spectrograph on the William Herschel telescope. Velocities are determined using the [OIII] 5007 Angstrom emission line. Rotation and velocity dispersion are measured to a radius of 50 arcminutes (11.5 kpc), the first stellar rotation curve and velocity dispersion profile for M31 to such a radius. Our kinematics are consistent with rotational support at radii well beyond the bulge effective radius of 1.4kpc, although our data beyond a radius of 5kpc are limited. We present tentative evidence for kinematic substructure in the bulge of M31 to be studied fully in a later work. This paper is part of an ongoing project to constrain the total mass, mass distribution and velocity anisotropy of the disk, bulge and halo of M31., Comment: 27 pages, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), Validation Engineering Division (SIOAC-DEV), was tasked by the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC) to conduct first article MIL-STD-1660, Design Criteria for Ammunition Unit Loads, testing on the 2.75-inch, Hydra 70, PA150, rocket pallet produced by Delfasco of Tennessee, Greeneville, TN. Results from the MIL-STD-1660 testing indicated that the pallet, adapters, and containers produced by Delfasco met MIL-STD-1660 test requirements.

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), Validation Engineering Division (SIOAC-DEV), was tasked by U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC) to conduct MIL-STD-1660, Design Criteria for Ammunition Unit Loads, First Article Testing (FAT) on the 2.75-inch, Hydra 70, PA151, rocket pallet produced by Delfasco of Tennessee, Greeneville, TN and Lockheed Martin, Burlington, VT. The MIL-STD-1660 testing revealed several design deficiencies that had to be corrected before the pallet would pass the MIL-STD-1660 test criteria. Modifications that were made to the pallet design included a larger pallet adapter aligning pin and strengthening plates under the pallet deck above the four comer pallet posts. After these modifications were made, the pallets were able to meet MIL-STD-1660 test criteria. Prior to discovering these problems, Delfasco and Lockheed Martin had fabricated and welded several hundred pallets and adapter sets. These pallets and adapters did not meet MIL-STD-1660 test criteria so they could not be accepted without modifications. Several attempts were made before an acceptable modification was found. The modification consisted of side reinforcers that were welded to the inside and outside of the four corner posts of the pallet. The modification did not eliminate all the cracking in the deck that occurred during the testing, but did prevent the pallet post from pushing through the deck in a potentially damaging fashion as occurred during the testing of the original pallet design. The modified pallets were approved for U.S. Army (USA)-wide use, but only as a means for utilizing those pallets that were already fabricated. All future pallet production was to use the strengthening plates under the deck above the four corner pallet posts.

Two MILVANs loaded with 3OMM ammunition were monitored during transport from Savanna Army Depot Activity (SVDA) to Crane Army Ammunition Activity (CAAA). The first instrumented MILVAN was transported on a flatbed semitrailer and the second MILVAN was transported by rail. Event Data Recorders (EDRs) from Instrumented Sensor Technology, Inc. were set up to monitor shock/vibration in all three axes as well as temperature and humidity. Monitoring was conducted on 3 June and 5-30 June 1997. The EDR monitoring the MILVAN transported over-the-road experienced 1,231 shock/vibration events and 222 temperature/humidity readings. The EDR monitoring the MILVAN transported by rail experienced 9,081 shock/vibration events and 4,122 temperature/humidity readings.

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), Validation Engineering Division (SIOAC-DEV), was tasked by the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC) to conduct M(L-SIT)-l660, Design Criteria for Ammunition Unit Loads, tests on the reusable Clip-Lok pallet produced by Clip-Lok SimPak USA, Inc. initial testing allowed for redesigns to improve the strength of the pallet in order to meet the test requirements of the MIL-STI)-1660 criteria for shipment of ammunition loads.

Two MILVANs loaded with 10 pallets each of 120mm tank ammunition were instrumented with Event Data Recorders (EDRs) from Instrumented Sensor Technology, Inc. Each unit was capable of recording shock/vibration for the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical axis and temperature/humidity. The MILVANs transportation cycle included travel by truck from Iowa Army Ammunition Plant (IAAAP), Burlington, IA; to Concord, CA; ship from Concord, CA to Chinhae, South Korea; and rail from Chinhae, South Korea to Army Depot 11 (AD-11) at Chon-u/Chonan, South Korea. Environmental monitoring was conducted from 27 June - 19 July 1995. During monitoring, 566 shock/vibration events were experienced that met the triggering criteria programmed in the EDR and 1,354 temperature/humidity readings were collected.

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), Validation Engineering Division (SIOAC-DEV), was tasked by DAC, Transportation Engineering Division (SIOAC-DET), to monitor a tarpaulin-covered load of 500-pound bombs on an M872 semitrailer en route from Savanna Army Depot Activity (SVDA), Savanna, IL, to Blue Grass Army Depot (BGAD), Lexington, KY. One Event Data Recorder (EDR), from Instrumented Sensor Technology, Inc., was set up to monitor shock/vibration on all three axes as well as temperature and humidity. Monitoring was conducted from 06 - O8 June 1996. During the monitoring, 2,238 shock/vibration events were experienced that met the triggering criteria programmed in the EDR and 274 temperature/humidity readings were collected.

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), Validation Engineering Division (SIOAC-DEV), was tasked by the Defense Ammunition Logisitcs Activity (AMMOLOG) to monitor environmental conditions of ammunition items in open storage under tarpaulins at Ft. Bragg, NC. Results from monitoring indicated that the tarpaulins provided little to no protection from the effects of solar radiation with portions of the ammunition reaching temperatures of 140 degrees Fahrenheit. The tarpaulins did, however, provide sufficient protection from moisture with the humidity under the tarpaulins remaining at or below the ambient humidity.

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), Validation Engineering Division (SIOAC-DEV), was tasked by the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC) to conduct United Nations (UN) Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) tests on a nonstandard plywood box for shipment of M7 armor tile. Test results indicated that the nonstandard plywood box did not meet the UN POP test requirements. After these initial findings, the project focus was changed from UN POP testing a single container to MW-STD-1660, Design Criteria for Ammunition Unit Loads, testing a palletized load of containers. MIL-STD-1660 testing was performed on three procedures for palletizing the M7 armor tile. The three palletization procedures tested satisfied MIL-STD-1660 test requirements. The plywood pallet box and unitization procedure for 12 boxes on a 40- by 48-inch pallet should be considered over the unitization procedure for 10 boxes on a 35- by 45-1/2-inch pallet due to the minor bending of the latching mechanism that occurs during unitization.

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center and School (USADACS), Validation Engineering Division (SIOAC-DEV), was tasked by U. S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center (NRDEC) to evaluate the benefits of various solar radiation protection methods for ISO shipping containers. Protection methods tested consisted of the following: ceramic coatings from Florida Institute of Technology (FIT), NRDEC container cover; NRDEC double-thickness tarpaulin; a container cover from Fit's-Right Canvas and Supply; enamel white paint; and tan paint. A SeaVent container was also tested against these protection methods to assess potential benefits of a container with vents. The objective of the environmental monitoring was to determine which methods provided the best protection against temperature elevation caused by exposure to solar radiation.

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center and School (USADACS), Validation Engineering Division (SMCAC-DEV), was tasked by USADACS, Transportation Engineering Division (SMCAC-DET), conduct a study to assess the maximum strengths of 1-1/4- and 2-inch steel strapping sealed with crimping sealers and notching sealers. The configurations tested included the following for both sizes of strapping: (a) One strapping seal per strap with one crimp per seal. (b) One strapping seal per strap with two crimps per seal. (c) Two strapping seals per strap with two crimps per seal. (d) One strapping seal per strap with one notch per seal. (e) One strapping seal per strap with two notches per seal. (f) Two strapping seals per strap with two notches per seal.

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center and School (USADACS) conducted a demonstration of the Container Load Trailer (CLT) manufactured by ESCO Datron, Aston, PA. The CLT is a self-contained system capable of lifting International Organization for Standardization (ISO)-compatible containers by the ends for towing or by the sides for loading and unloading the container from a trailer. The CLT system consists of two units each with self-contained hydraulic systems powered by small diesel engines. Load capacity for the CLT is 50,000 pounds while the weight of the CLT is only approximately 12,600 pounds. Results from the demonstration indicated a few tolerance problems that would need to be studied before possible use of the system in ammunition logistics is considered. (AN)

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center and School (USADACS), Validation Engineering Division (SMCAC-DEV), was tasked by the Office of the Project Manager, Ammunition Logistics (PM-AMMOLOG) to conduct a MIL-STD-209H, Military Standard Slinging and Tiedown Provisions for Lifting and Tying Down Military Equipment, pull test on the 2.75-inch rocket pallet as part of the helicopter External Aerial Transportation (EAT) certification process. As prescribed by MIL-STD-209H, the pallet was statically pulled to 7,700-pounds for a period of 90 seconds utilizing a 4-legged sling. At the completion of the test, the pallet was inspected and determined to have sustained no permanent deformation as a result of the static load. Having successfully passed MIL-STD- 209H, the 2.75-inch rocket pallet was then shipped to U.S. Army Combat Systems Test Activity (USACSTA) where helicopter flight tests were conducted.

The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center and School (USADACS), Validation Engineering Division (SIOAC-DEV), was tasked by the Office of the Project Manager, Ammunition Logistics (PM-AMMOLOG) to develop and evaluate overcube ammunition loads for the Apache helicopter on the M977 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMIT) and M-1075 Palletized Loading System (PLS) truck as part of the Modular Aviation Resupply/Rearm System (MARRS). The load tested consisted of a mixture of HELLFIRE, 2.75-inch rockets, and 30mm ammunition pallets stacked two high. A road hazard transportability test was conducted on the test load on each vehicle in order to assess the tiedown procedures. Results from the testing indicated that the tiedown procedures were adequate for the shipment of this Apache helicopter resupply load.

Acetylcholinesterases from Torpedo californica (TC-AChE) and Electrophorus electricus (EE-AChE) are inhibited by aryl trifluoroketones, m-XPhCOCF3. Trifluoroacetophenone (TFA; X = H) is a rapid competitive inhibitor; K(i) values are 210 nM and 520 nm for respective inhibitions of EE-AChE and TC-AChE. m-Dimethylamino trifluoroacetophenone (DMTFA, X = Me2N) and m-trimethylamino trifluoroacetophenone (TMTFA, X = Me3N+) are slow, tight binding inhibitors. The kinetics of inhibition by DMTFA are described.