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Whatever their geographical or political point of view, Sea and coastal strategies highlight an “abyssal need” for knowledge and frequently call for a reinforcement and a better valorization of research in Marine Sciences and Technologies (MST). But, when a French public research resources inventory is needed, in the perspective of constructing a consistent action plan, we lack a framework to define thematic and disciplinary perimeter to be taken into account, to identify available data, to choose practical evaluation or estimation methods. The following study is a proposal to answer these questions. The methodology is mainly based on data collected by French High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres) and completed by an inquiry. It gives access to all categories of human resources figures working in MST field (Researchers, Engineers, Technicians, PhD, … ) and these figures are validated by the signature of the relevant authorities on each evaluation report. The study also gives the exhaustive list of Research units fulfilling selected MST criteria, and thus a qualitative information on these units, such as their research themes, how and where this research is performed. Based on data published by Hcéres or issued from inquiries, it can be assessed that MST headcount is worth 7000 full time equivalent public scientific staff of which: - About 5000 located in the hundred or so research units fully dedicated to MST, i.e. well above the actual evaluations coming from a top down main organism headcount consolidation - About 2000 located in more than a hundred other units, not fully dedicated but having through a part of their activities a significant contribution to MST, thus carrying an asset too often ignored but ready to be acknowledged and developed. Data are available through Sextant, a data visualization and export portal from SISMER. SISMER is an Ifremer service in charge of holding and managing all kind of marine data for Ifremer inter, Les Stratégies concernant la Mer et les Littoraux, quelle que soit l’échelle géographique ou le niveau de gouvernance à laquelle elles se placent, pointent un « besoin abyssal » de connaissances1, et appellent régulièrement à un renforcement et à une meilleure valorisation de la recherche dans les domaines des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer (STM). Quand, dans la perspective d’un plan d’action étayé, il s’agit de connaître le socle sur lequel bâtir, ne serait-ce que pour la recherche publique, se pose immédiatement la question du cadre sur lequel s’appuyer pour définir le périmètre thématique et disciplinaire à prendre en compte, identifier les données disponibles et choisir les méthodes d’évaluation ou d’estimation à mettre en œuvre. Cette étude est une proposition de réponse à ces questions. La méthodologie, basée principalement sur les données des évaluations menées par le Haut-Conseil de l’Évaluation de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur (Hcéres), complétée par enquête, permet d’accéder aux effectifs des acteurs publics répartis par catégorie de qualification (chercheurs, ingénieurs, techniciens, administratifs,…). Elle permet de disposer de la liste exhaustive des « unités de recherche » répondant aux critères des STM choisis et donnant accès à une information qualitative, d’identifier les thèmes de recherche de chacune, de connaître où et dans quel cadre organisationnel cette recherche est effectuée. Sur la base de ces données, on peut affirmer que les STM mobilisent dans 222 entités un effectif de l’ordre de 7000 équivalents temps plein de personnels scientifiques travaillant dans des établissements publics dont : - Environ 5000 dans la centaine d’unités de recherche entièrement dédiées aux STM soit un effectif très au-dessus des évaluations réalisées jusqu’ici de façon macroscopique en utilisant les données issues des principaux organismes. - Environ 2000 dans plus d’une centaine d’autres qui ont, par une partie de leurs travaux, une contribution s

Whatever their geographical or political point of view, Sea and coastal strategies highlight an “abyssal need” for knowledge and frequently call for a reinforcement and a better valorization of research in Marine Sciences and Technologies (MST). But, when a French public research resources inventory is needed, in the perspective of constructing a consistent action plan, we lack a framework to define thematic and disciplinary perimeter to be taken into account, to identify available data, to choose practical evaluation or estimation methods. The following study is a proposal to answer these questions. The methodology is mainly based on data collected by French High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres) and completed by an inquiry. It gives access to all categories of human resources figures working in MST field (Researchers, Engineers, Technicians, PhD, … ) and these figures are validated by the signature of the relevant authorities on each evaluation report. The study also gives the exhaustive list of Research units fulfilling selected MST criteria, and thus a qualitative information on these units, such as their research themes, how and where this research is performed. Based on data published by Hcéres or issued from inquiries, it can be assessed that MST headcount is worth 7000 full time equivalent public scientific staff of which: - About 5000 located in the hundred or so research units fully dedicated to MST, i.e. well above the actual evaluations coming from a top down main organism headcount consolidation - About 2000 located in more than a hundred other units, not fully dedicated but having through a part of their activities a significant contribution to MST, thus carrying an asset too often ignored but ready to be acknowledged and developed. Data are available through Sextant, a data visualization and export portal from SISMER. SISMER is an Ifremer service in charge of holding and managing all kind of marine data for Ifremer inter, Les Stratégies concernant la Mer et les Littoraux, quelle que soit l’échelle géographique ou le niveau de gouvernance à laquelle elles se placent, pointent un « besoin abyssal » de connaissances1, et appellent régulièrement à un renforcement et à une meilleure valorisation de la recherche dans les domaines des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer (STM). Quand, dans la perspective d’un plan d’action étayé, il s’agit de connaître le socle sur lequel bâtir, ne serait-ce que pour la recherche publique, se pose immédiatement la question du cadre sur lequel s’appuyer pour définir le périmètre thématique et disciplinaire à prendre en compte, identifier les données disponibles et choisir les méthodes d’évaluation ou d’estimation à mettre en œuvre. Cette étude est une proposition de réponse à ces questions. La méthodologie, basée principalement sur les données des évaluations menées par le Haut-Conseil de l’Évaluation de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur (Hcéres), complétée par enquête, permet d’accéder aux effectifs des acteurs publics répartis par catégorie de qualification (chercheurs, ingénieurs, techniciens, administratifs,…). Elle permet de disposer de la liste exhaustive des « unités de recherche » répondant aux critères des STM choisis et donnant accès à une information qualitative, d’identifier les thèmes de recherche de chacune, de connaître où et dans quel cadre organisationnel cette recherche est effectuée. Sur la base de ces données, on peut affirmer que les STM mobilisent dans 222 entités un effectif de l’ordre de 7000 équivalents temps plein de personnels scientifiques travaillant dans des établissements publics dont : - Environ 5000 dans la centaine d’unités de recherche entièrement dédiées aux STM soit un effectif très au-dessus des évaluations réalisées jusqu’ici de façon macroscopique en utilisant les données issues des principaux organismes. - Environ 2000 dans plus d’une centaine d’autres qui ont, par une partie de leurs travaux, une contribution s

Whatever their geographical or political point of view, Sea and coastal strategies highlight an “abyssal need” for knowledge and frequently call for a reinforcement and a better valorization of research in Marine Sciences and Technologies (MST). But, when a French public research resources inventory is needed, in the perspective of constructing a consistent action plan, we lack a framework to define thematic and disciplinary perimeter to be taken into account, to identify available data, to choose practical evaluation or estimation methods. The following study is a proposal to answer these questions. The methodology is mainly based on data collected by French High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres) and completed by an inquiry. It gives access to all categories of human resources figures working in MST field (Researchers, Engineers, Technicians, PhD, … ) and these figures are validated by the signature of the relevant authorities on each evaluation report. The study also gives the exhaustive list of Research units fulfilling selected MST criteria, and thus a qualitative information on these units, such as their research themes, how and where this research is performed. Based on data published by Hcéres or issued from inquiries, it can be assessed that MST headcount is worth 7000 full time equivalent public scientific staff of which: - About 5000 located in the hundred or so research units fully dedicated to MST, i.e. well above the actual evaluations coming from a top down main organism headcount consolidation - About 2000 located in more than a hundred other units, not fully dedicated but having through a part of their activities a significant contribution to MST, thus carrying an asset too often ignored but ready to be acknowledged and developed. Data are available through Sextant, a data visualization and export portal from SISMER. SISMER is an Ifremer service in charge of holding and managing all kind of marine data for Ifremer inter, Les Stratégies concernant la Mer et les Littoraux, quelle que soit l’échelle géographique ou le niveau de gouvernance à laquelle elles se placent, pointent un « besoin abyssal » de connaissances1, et appellent régulièrement à un renforcement et à une meilleure valorisation de la recherche dans les domaines des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer (STM). Quand, dans la perspective d’un plan d’action étayé, il s’agit de connaître le socle sur lequel bâtir, ne serait-ce que pour la recherche publique, se pose immédiatement la question du cadre sur lequel s’appuyer pour définir le périmètre thématique et disciplinaire à prendre en compte, identifier les données disponibles et choisir les méthodes d’évaluation ou d’estimation à mettre en œuvre. Cette étude est une proposition de réponse à ces questions. La méthodologie, basée principalement sur les données des évaluations menées par le Haut-Conseil de l’Évaluation de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur (Hcéres), complétée par enquête, permet d’accéder aux effectifs des acteurs publics répartis par catégorie de qualification (chercheurs, ingénieurs, techniciens, administratifs,…). Elle permet de disposer de la liste exhaustive des « unités de recherche » répondant aux critères des STM choisis et donnant accès à une information qualitative, d’identifier les thèmes de recherche de chacune, de connaître où et dans quel cadre organisationnel cette recherche est effectuée. Sur la base de ces données, on peut affirmer que les STM mobilisent dans 222 entités un effectif de l’ordre de 7000 équivalents temps plein de personnels scientifiques travaillant dans des établissements publics dont : - Environ 5000 dans la centaine d’unités de recherche entièrement dédiées aux STM soit un effectif très au-dessus des évaluations réalisées jusqu’ici de façon macroscopique en utilisant les données issues des principaux organismes. - Environ 2000 dans plus d’une centaine d’autres qui ont, par une partie de leurs travaux, une contribution s

This paper, by analysing technology attributes, examines the degree to which companies build on environmental technologies generated by public research organisations (PROs) to develop the related technological solutions. Three main technology attributes have been considered: (i) the level of establishment, (ii) the scope of application, and (iii) the technological breadth. We have then developed three hypotheses about the influence exerted by these characteristics and have chosen the green energy as the field of investigation. The analysis is based on a sample of 4363 green energy patents registered by PROs at the United States Patent and Trademark Office in the 1976–2011 period. The results of a set of Tobit regression have revealed that the level of establishment, the scope of application and the technological breadth of public environmental technologies are positively related to the technological development of an industry. Hence, these findings can help advance the current debate on whether the green outputs of public research can stimulate firms to generate environmental technologies.

This paper, by analysing technology attributes, examines the degree to which companies build on environmental technologies generated by public research organisations (PROs) to develop the related technological solutions. Three main technology attributes have been considered: (i) the level of establishment, (ii) the scope of application, and (iii) the technological breadth. We have then developed three hypotheses about the influence exerted by these characteristics and have chosen the green energy as the field of investigation. The analysis is based on a sample of 4363 green energy patents registered by PROs at the United States Patent and Trademark Office in the 1976–2011 period. The results of a set of Tobit regression have revealed that the level of establishment, the scope of application and the technological breadth of public environmental technologies are positively related to the technological development of an industry. Hence, these findings can help advance the current debate on whether the green outputs of public research can stimulate firms to generate environmental technologies.

[EN] Since several decades, it is widely acknowledged that the socio economic development of modern societies has been built upon their capabilities to generate new knowledge and to innovate, and the learning processes associated to them. Thus, this article seeks to clarify the inluence of Spanish public research outputs on its socio economic environment. For doing that, we must understand not only the type of public research performed but also the way in which Spanish irms have innovated. On the irst point, current incentives for the career development of Spanish researchers propitiate the creation of new knowledge but this knowledge creation is not oriented for its use. With regard the second aspect, the structural shortcomings in the production sector, leads Spanish irms to adopt speciic forms of innovation in which external sources of R & D, including public R & D, have little inluence. The above indings lead us to conclude that by fostering public research of excellence, Spain has improved its position in international rankings of publications. However, the article also warns that public R&D activities have weak impact on business innovation, thereby limiting national and regional economic development. In this sense, the Spanish universities rather than as direct sources of knowledge would be important for their indirect contributions. Some examples of indirect contributions are training and the insertion of highly qualiied personnel in irms and other organizations as means to increase their absorption capacity. © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U. This is an open access item distributed under the Creative Commons CC License BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)., [ES] Desde hace ya varias décadas se ha venido señalando profusamente que el desarrollo de las sociedades modernas descansa en las capacidades que estas tengan para generar nuevos conocimientos e innovar, así como en los procesos de aprendizaje social asociados a estas. Por ello, en este artículo se busca comprender la inluencia de la investigación pública española en su entorno socioeconómico, lo cual implica conocer el tipo de investigación pública que se realiza en España y la manera de innovar de las empresas españolas. Respecto al primer aspecto, los incentivos que rigen la carrera de los investigadores españoles propicia que la investigación que desarrollan esté sesgada hacia la creación de nuevo conocimiento y poco para la utilización de sus resultados. Respecto al segundo, las deiciencias estructurales del sector productivo hacen que las empresas españolas presenten formas de innovación especíicas en las que las fuentes externas de I+D, entre ellas la I+D pública, tienen poca inluencia. Los resultados expuestos nos llevan a concluir que el fomento de la investigación pública de excelencia ha servido para mejorar la posición española en las bases de datos internacionales de publicaciones, pero está teniendo un impacto débil en la innovación empresarial y, por lo tanto, en el desarrollo económico nacional y regional. En este sentido, las universidades españolas, más que como fuentes directas de conocimiento, serían importantes por sus contribuciones indirectas; por ejemplo, por la formación e inserción en el tejido socioeconómico de personal cualiicado, con el in de aumentar la capacidad de absorción del conocimiento de las empresas y entidades en general. © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

[EN] Since several decades, it is widely acknowledged that the socio economic development of modern societies has been built upon their capabilities to generate new knowledge and to innovate, and the learning processes associated to them. Thus, this article seeks to clarify the inluence of Spanish public research outputs on its socio economic environment. For doing that, we must understand not only the type of public research performed but also the way in which Spanish irms have innovated. On the irst point, current incentives for the career development of Spanish researchers propitiate the creation of new knowledge but this knowledge creation is not oriented for its use. With regard the second aspect, the structural shortcomings in the production sector, leads Spanish irms to adopt speciic forms of innovation in which external sources of R & D, including public R & D, have little inluence. The above indings lead us to conclude that by fostering public research of excellence, Spain has improved its position in international rankings of publications. However, the article also warns that public R&D activities have weak impact on business innovation, thereby limiting national and regional economic development. In this sense, the Spanish universities rather than as direct sources of knowledge would be important for their indirect contributions. Some examples of indirect contributions are training and the insertion of highly qualiied personnel in irms and other organizations as means to increase their absorption capacity. © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U. This is an open access item distributed under the Creative Commons CC License BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)., [ES] Desde hace ya varias décadas se ha venido señalando profusamente que el desarrollo de las sociedades modernas descansa en las capacidades que estas tengan para generar nuevos conocimientos e innovar, así como en los procesos de aprendizaje social asociados a estas. Por ello, en este artículo se busca comprender la inluencia de la investigación pública española en su entorno socioeconómico, lo cual implica conocer el tipo de investigación pública que se realiza en España y la manera de innovar de las empresas españolas. Respecto al primer aspecto, los incentivos que rigen la carrera de los investigadores españoles propicia que la investigación que desarrollan esté sesgada hacia la creación de nuevo conocimiento y poco para la utilización de sus resultados. Respecto al segundo, las deiciencias estructurales del sector productivo hacen que las empresas españolas presenten formas de innovación especíicas en las que las fuentes externas de I+D, entre ellas la I+D pública, tienen poca inluencia. Los resultados expuestos nos llevan a concluir que el fomento de la investigación pública de excelencia ha servido para mejorar la posición española en las bases de datos internacionales de publicaciones, pero está teniendo un impacto débil en la innovación empresarial y, por lo tanto, en el desarrollo económico nacional y regional. En este sentido, las universidades españolas, más que como fuentes directas de conocimiento, serían importantes por sus contribuciones indirectas; por ejemplo, por la formación e inserción en el tejido socioeconómico de personal cualiicado, con el in de aumentar la capacidad de absorción del conocimiento de las empresas y entidades en general. © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

[ES]: Desde hace ya varias décadas se ha venido señalando profusamente que el desarrollo de las sociedades modernas descansa en las capacidades que estas tengan para generar nuevos conocimientos e innovar, así como en los procesos de aprendizaje social asociados a estas. Por ello, en este artículo se busca comprender la influencia de la investigación pública española en su entorno socioeconómico, lo cual implica conocer el tipo de investigación pública que se realiza en España y la manera de innovar de las empresas españolas. Respecto al primer aspecto, los incentivos que rigen la carrera de los investigadores españoles propicia que la investigación que desarrollan esté sesgada hacia la creación de nuevo conocimiento y poco para la utilización de sus resultados. Respecto al segundo, las deficiencias estructurales del sector productivo hacen que las empresas españolas presenten formas de innovación específicas en las que las fuentes externas de I+D, entre ellas la I+D pública, tienen poca influencia. Los resultados expuestos nos llevan a concluir que el fomento de la investigación pública de excelencia ha servido para mejorar la posición española en las bases de datos internacionales de publicaciones, pero está teniendo un impacto débil en la innovación empresarial y, por lo tanto, en el desarrollo económico nacional y regional. En este sentido, las universidades españolas, más que como fuentes directas de conocimiento, serían importantes por sus contribuciones indirectas; por ejemplo, por la formación e inserción en el tejido socioeconómico de personal cualificado, con el fin de aumentar la capacidad de absorción del conocimiento de las empresas y entidades en general., [EN]: Since several decades, it is widely acknowledged that the socio economic development of modern societies has been built upon their capabilities to generate new knowledge and to innovate, and the learning processes associated to them. Thus, this article seeks to clarify the influence of Spanish public research outputs on its socio economic environment. For doing that, we must understand not only the type of public research performed but also the way in which Spanish firms have innovated. On the first point, current incentives for the career development of Spanish researchers propitiate the creation of new knowledge but this knowledge creation is not oriented for its use. With regard the second aspect, the structural shortcomings in the production sector, leads Spanish firms to adopt specific forms of innovation in which external sources of R & D, including public R & D, have little influence. The above findings lead us to conclude that by fostering public research of excellence, Spain has improved its position in international rankings of publications. However, the article also warns that public R&D activities have weak impact on business innovation, thereby limiting national and regional economic development. In this sense, the Spanish universities rather than as direct sources of knowledge would be important for their indirect contributions. Some examples of indirect contributions are training and the insertion of highly qualified personnel in firms and other organizations as means to increase their absorption capacity.

Las decisiones de inversión en investigación y desarrollo (I+D) son importantes para el éxito de las organizaciones, sobre todo para los centros públicos de investigación. Este trabajo evalúa un proyecto de I+D (mejora genética de semillas) utilizando un método tradicional, el Valor Actual Neto, así como el uso de las opciones reales. Asimismo, se utiliza la Teoría del Excedente Económico y simulaciones de Monte Carlo para estimar los beneficios sociales. Los resultados indican que el enfoque de las opciones reales es muy adecuado para el análisis de proyectos en centros públicos de I+D., Investment decisions in research and development (R & D) are important to the success of organizations, especially for public research. This paper evaluates an R & D project (seed breeding) using the traditional method, the Net Present Value, and the more contemporaneous technique of real options. Economic Surplus Theory and Monte Carlo simulations are used to estimate social benefits. The results indicate that the real-options approach is a useful tool for assessing R & D public projects.

Las decisiones de inversión en investigación y desarrollo (I+D) son importantes para el éxito de las organizaciones, sobre todo para los centros públicos de investigación. Este trabajo evalúa un proyecto de I+D (mejora genética de semillas) utilizando un método tradicional, el Valor Actual Neto, así como el uso de las opciones reales. Asimismo, se utiliza la Teoría del Excedente Económico y simulaciones de Monte Carlo para estimar los beneficios sociales. Los resultados indican que el enfoque de las opciones reales es muy adecuado para el análisis de proyectos en centros públicos de I+D., Investment decisions in research and development (R & D) are important to the success of organizations, especially for public research. This paper evaluates an R & D project (seed breeding) using the traditional method, the Net Present Value, and the more contemporaneous technique of real options. Economic Surplus Theory and Monte Carlo simulations are used to estimate social benefits. The results indicate that the real-options approach is a useful tool for assessing R & D public projects.

The analysis of how research contributes to society typically focuses on the study of those transactions that are mediated through formal legal instruments (research contracts, patent licensing and creation of companies). Research has shown, however, that informal means of technology transfer are also important. This paper explores the importance of informal collaborations and provides evidence of the extent to which informal collaborations between researchers and non-academic partners’ take place informall y in the Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH). Data is obtained from two studies on knowledge exchange involving researchers working in the SSH area of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC). We show that informal collaborations not officially recorded by the organization, are much more common than formal agreements and that many collaborations stay informal overtime. We explore the causes of such prevalence of informality and discuss its policy implications.

This doctoral thesis consists of five self-contained essays on interaction in R&D between university researchers and private firms. Together, these essays explore the conditions under which private firms benefit from spillovers from publicly funded and organised research. From the first essay, which sets out to empirically validate the theoretical arguments about the benefits of university-industry interaction for private firms, the thesis follows a line of pursuit that goes back and forth between exploration of the different benefits that firms enjoy from university interaction and the relationships between these benefits and the conditions of interaction. In essay II, a typology of rationales for establishing cooperative relations is presented. A considerable breadth of interaction rationales is documented, but on closer examination, a “core” set of rationales related to innovation in terms of invented or improved products or processes are found to be the main drivers of interaction. Developing this view, three critical issues previously studied within innovation economics are re-considered from the point of view of firm rationales for interaction; public co-funding of university-firm interaction (essay II), the role of geographic proximity for interaction on R&D (essay III) and the organisation of public sector research (public research institutes and universities) in relation to firm level competences (essay IV). In a fifth essay, four ideal types of strategy for localised interaction between R&D subsidiaries and universities are proposed. Through the framework developed in this essay, the rationales for interaction are related to the overall R&D strategy of multinational firms. Concluding the thesis, it is discussed how the research presented herein opens up for improved theorizing around the roles of academic research for industrial innovation., QC 20100706

This doctoral thesis consists of five self-contained essays on interaction in R&D between university researchers and private firms. Together, these essays explore the conditions under which private firms benefit from spillovers from publicly funded and organised research. From the first essay, which sets out to empirically validate the theoretical arguments about the benefits of university-industry interaction for private firms, the thesis follows a line of pursuit that goes back and forth between exploration of the different benefits that firms enjoy from university interaction and the relationships between these benefits and the conditions of interaction. In essay II, a typology of rationales for establishing cooperative relations is presented. A considerable breadth of interaction rationales is documented, but on closer examination, a “core” set of rationales related to innovation in terms of invented or improved products or processes are found to be the main drivers of interaction. Developing this view, three critical issues previously studied within innovation economics are re-considered from the point of view of firm rationales for interaction; public co-funding of university-firm interaction (essay II), the role of geographic proximity for interaction on R&D (essay III) and the organisation of public sector research (public research institutes and universities) in relation to firm level competences (essay IV). In a fifth essay, four ideal types of strategy for localised interaction between R&D subsidiaries and universities are proposed. Through the framework developed in this essay, the rationales for interaction are related to the overall R&D strategy of multinational firms. Concluding the thesis, it is discussed how the research presented herein opens up for improved theorizing around the roles of academic research for industrial innovation., QC 20100706

This doctoral thesis consists of five self-contained essays on interaction in R&D between university researchers and private firms. Together, these essays explore the conditions under which private firms benefit from spillovers from publicly funded and organised research. From the first essay, which sets out to empirically validate the theoretical arguments about the benefits of university-industry interaction for private firms, the thesis follows a line of pursuit that goes back and forth between exploration of the different benefits that firms enjoy from university interaction and the relationships between these benefits and the conditions of interaction. In essay II, a typology of rationales for establishing cooperative relations is presented. A considerable breadth of interaction rationales is documented, but on closer examination, a “core” set of rationales related to innovation in terms of invented or improved products or processes are found to be the main drivers of interaction. Developing this view, three critical issues previously studied within innovation economics are re-considered from the point of view of firm rationales for interaction; public co-funding of university-firm interaction (essay II), the role of geographic proximity for interaction on R&D (essay III) and the organisation of public sector research (public research institutes and universities) in relation to firm level competences (essay IV). In a fifth essay, four ideal types of strategy for localised interaction between R&D subsidiaries and universities are proposed. Through the framework developed in this essay, the rationales for interaction are related to the overall R&D strategy of multinational firms. Concluding the thesis, it is discussed how the research presented herein opens up for improved theorizing around the roles of academic research for industrial innovation., QC 20100706

This doctoral thesis consists of five self-contained essays on interaction in R&D between university researchers and private firms. Together, these essays explore the conditions under which private firms benefit from spillovers from publicly funded and organised research. From the first essay, which sets out to empirically validate the theoretical arguments about the benefits of university-industry interaction for private firms, the thesis follows a line of pursuit that goes back and forth between exploration of the different benefits that firms enjoy from university interaction and the relationships between these benefits and the conditions of interaction. In essay II, a typology of rationales for establishing cooperative relations is presented. A considerable breadth of interaction rationales is documented, but on closer examination, a “core” set of rationales related to innovation in terms of invented or improved products or processes are found to be the main drivers of interaction. Developing this view, three critical issues previously studied within innovation economics are re-considered from the point of view of firm rationales for interaction; public co-funding of university-firm interaction (essay II), the role of geographic proximity for interaction on R&D (essay III) and the organisation of public sector research (public research institutes and universities) in relation to firm level competences (essay IV). In a fifth essay, four ideal types of strategy for localised interaction between R&D subsidiaries and universities are proposed. Through the framework developed in this essay, the rationales for interaction are related to the overall R&D strategy of multinational firms. Concluding the thesis, it is discussed how the research presented herein opens up for improved theorizing around the roles of academic research for industrial innovation., QC 20100706

Supervisor:梅本勝博 教授, 知識科学研究科, 博士

This thesis investigates, describes and understands the extensive process of technology commercialization. What stages there are, important aspects and implications. It is structured as a case analysis of project CHRISGAS development. CHRISGAS is a Swedish project, based in Värnamo, developing the technique of direct gasification of biomass to fuels. The work has its origin in the debate of the imminent climate changes, where society needs to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. The automotive sector (particularly transport) is significantly reliant. However, current attempts to transition to biofuels have not completely succeeded. New, efficient technologies must be commercialized, and the technology of wood gasification is said to be particularly promising for launching the next generation of biofuels.

Although one of the goals of research at universities and public research bodies is to contribute to the advancement of knowledge, these bodies are also expected to contribute to the innovations being developed in their own respective national or regional systems. The only way to satisfy both the industrial application of scientific results and their necessary dissemination throughout the scientific community at the same time is to previously protect the research activity under the various systems of industrial and intellectual property rights. Unfortunately, this precautionary step is quite uncommon amongst research groups in many countries, and specific action is therefore required of their umbrella institutions in order to ensure that such protection is implemented in an effective way. This article describes results of the experience since 1986 to promote the industrial protection of research at Spanish universities. To achieve this goal, a range of science policy initiatives were undertaken: training in processing patents for technicians involved in universities interface structures, cooperation with the Spanish Patents Office and other related bodies, encouragement for research groups to ensure the industrial protection of their results and support for researchers and public bodies in the patent registration procedure.

This article considers the origins and the development of the defence of experimental use in patent law - the ’freedom to tinker'. It explores the impact of such an exemption upon a number of important industries - such as agriculture, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical drugs. This article takes a comparative approach in its analysis of patent law and experimental use. It highlights the competing norms, and lack of harmonization between a number of jurisdictions - including the United States, the European Union, and Australia. Section 2 provides a critique of the development of the common law defence of experimental use in the United States. It considers a series of precedents - including Roche Products Inc v Bolar Pharmaceuticals, Madey v Duke University, Integra Lifesciences I Ltd v Merck KgaA, and Applera v MJ Research. Section 3 explores the operation of patent law and experimental use in European jurisdictions. It looks at a number of significant precedents in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Germany. Section 4 considers the policy debate in a number of forums over the defence of experimental use in Australia. It examines the controversy over Genetic Technologies Limited asking research organisations to obtain a licence in respect of its patents associated with non-coding DNA and genomic mapping. It also considers the inquiries of the Australian Law Reform Commission and the Advisory Council on Intellectual Property, as well as the impact of the TRIPS Agreement and the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement. The conclusion contends that there is a need for a broad-based defence of experimental use for all the member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

The performance of science and technology is being challenged by new socio-political environments. The changes in science policy are influenced by a more systemic view of the understanding on how science and technology evolve. The concept of risk society is mediating the links between science and society. Comparative analyses cast doubts about the possibilities of European institutions to cope with the challenges of the new environment.

Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na vypracování podnikatelského plánu pro uvedení služby údržby pozemků na trh. Konkrétně bude služba nabízet sekání trávy, sekání trávy s odvozem a ořez ovocných stromů. Práce je členěna do dvou částí. První část, teoretická, obsahuje literární rešerši a vymezení pojmů. O tyto poznatky se opírá část praktická. Druhá část, praktická, je zaměřena na tvorbu podnikatelského plánu. Plán obsahuje analýzu vnitřního a vnějšího prostředí společnosti, popis nabízených služeb a marketingový a finanční plán., The bachelor thesis is focused on business plan development for an introduction of land maintenance services to the market. More specifically, the service will offer grass cutting and pruning of trees. The work is divided into two parts. Initial part is theoretical and contains a literature search and definitions. Practical part is based on these findings. Second part is practical and is focused on business plan development. The plan contains an analysis of inner and outer environment of the company, description of offered services, marketing and financial plan.

Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na vypracování podnikatelského plánu pro uvedení služby údržby pozemků na trh. Konkrétně bude služba nabízet sekání trávy, sekání trávy s odvozem a ořez ovocných stromů. Práce je členěna do dvou částí. První část, teoretická, obsahuje literární rešerši a vymezení pojmů. O tyto poznatky se opírá část praktická. Druhá část, praktická, je zaměřena na tvorbu podnikatelského plánu. Plán obsahuje analýzu vnitřního a vnějšího prostředí společnosti, popis nabízených služeb a marketingový a finanční plán., The bachelor thesis is focused on business plan development for an introduction of land maintenance services to the market. More specifically, the service will offer grass cutting and pruning of trees. The work is divided into two parts. Initial part is theoretical and contains a literature search and definitions. Practical part is based on these findings. Second part is practical and is focused on business plan development. The plan contains an analysis of inner and outer environment of the company, description of offered services, marketing and financial plan.

Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na vypracování podnikatelského plánu pro uvedení služby údržby pozemků na trh. Konkrétně bude služba nabízet sekání trávy, sekání trávy s odvozem a ořez ovocných stromů. Práce je členěna do dvou částí. První část, teoretická, obsahuje literární rešerši a vymezení pojmů. O tyto poznatky se opírá část praktická. Druhá část, praktická, je zaměřena na tvorbu podnikatelského plánu. Plán obsahuje analýzu vnitřního a vnějšího prostředí společnosti, popis nabízených služeb a marketingový a finanční plán., The bachelor thesis is focused on business plan development for an introduction of land maintenance services to the market. More specifically, the service will offer grass cutting and pruning of trees. The work is divided into two parts. Initial part is theoretical and contains a literature search and definitions. Practical part is based on these findings. Second part is practical and is focused on business plan development. The plan contains an analysis of inner and outer environment of the company, description of offered services, marketing and financial plan.