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In May 1501, Mario Equicola finished his Perigynaecon. Among other reasons, this short treatise in Latin stands out because, although it is dedicated to Margherita Cantelmo, it is the first literary testimony of Equicola’s interest in be-coming part of the courtly entourage of the Marchioness of Mantua. In fact, an important passage of the work is dedicated to the celebration of Isabella d’Este as an exemplary woman. This article analyses this description of the Marchioness of Mantua and the procedures used by Equicola to produce it. These will be compared with those used in other sources in order to determine to what extent, at a time as early as 1501, the portrait of the lady follows the canons that will be consolidated in the public images of her that will be disseminated in the following decades, En mayo de 1501, Mario Equicola terminó el Perigynaecon. Entre otras razones, este breve tratado en latín destaca porque, a pesar de estar dedicado a Margherita Cantelmo, se erige como el primer testimonio literario del interés de su autor por pasar a formar parte del séquito cortesano de la marquesa de Mantua. De hecho, un relevante pasaje de la obra está dedicado a la celebración de Isabella d’Este como mujer ejemplar. Este artículo analiza esta descripción de la marquesa de Mantua y los procedimientos empleados por Equicola para llevarla a cabo. Estos se compararán con los utilizados en otras fuentes para determinar hasta qué punto, en un momento tan temprano como 1501, el retrato de la dama sigue los cánones que se consolidarán en las imágenes públicas que de ella se difundirán en las décadas siguientes.

[Resumen] La fragmentación del sistema de partidos español ha propiciado una creciente polarización con particular relevancia en la Red. Las estrategias discursivas digitales de los agentes políticos, sumadas a particularidades de la comunicación en las plataformas sociales como el efecto desinhibición, las cámaras de eco o los filtros burbuja, favorecen un estado de crispación en la ciudadanía. Dicho fenómeno adquiere especial proyección en las cuestiones de género, ejes posicionales de los partidos, que convergen con una cultura misógina online altamente reactiva a las manifestaciones de las mujeres y convierten a las representantes políticas en víctimas propicias. A partir del hashtag #IreneMonteroDimision, que vehicula un movimiento de crítica paradigmático contra la ministra de Igualdad española, se desarrolla un análisis de la conversación social en Twitter para determinar su intencionalidad, tono y orientación, así como las temáticas y usuarios que generaron más crispación. En este sentido, se aplica un análisis de contenido y del discurso multimodal sobre los 418 tweets con mayor interacción y dirigidos explícitamente a la ministra. Se parte de la hipótesis de que las críticas a Irene Montero trascienden la gestión de su Ministerio para situarla en el centro de una lucha de poder en la que convergen ideología política, discursos de odio y antifeminismo. El estudio ha permitido constatar que los ataques a Montero se extienden al Ejecutivo y al movimiento feminista y son promovidos por una masa de perfiles politizados y polarizados, muchos artificiales, con un activismo constante y tendente a la réplica contagiosa de mensajes. Estas prácticas revelan indicios de astroturfing; tras la crítica aparentemente natural existen movimientos orquestados de perfiles antifeministas y de extrema derecha (troleo de género), pero también de feministas transexcluyentes contrarias a la legislación impulsada por Montero., [Abstract] The fragmentation of the Spanish party system has led to a growing political polarization, particularly evident on the Internet. The discursive strategies of political actors online, combined with the particularities of communication on social media platforms such as the disinhibition effect, echo chambers, and filter bubbles, are likely to promote a state of tension among digital citizens. This tension is particularly pronounced in gender issues, which have become key positions of political parties, with convergence of sexism in the community and a highly reactive misogynistic online culture that turns female politicians into easy targets. Starting from the hashtag #IreneMonteroDimision, which conveys a paradigmatic criticism movement against the Spanish Minister of Equality, an analysis of the social conversation on Twitter is developed to determine its intentionality, tone, and orientation, as well as the themes and users that generated the most tension. In this way, multimodal content and discourse analysis is applied to the 418 tweets with the greatest interaction and explicitly directed at the minister. The hypothesis is that the criticism of Irene Montero goes beyond the management of her Ministry to place her at the center of a power struggle in which political ideology, hate speech, and antifeminism converge. The study has shown that attacks on Montero extend to the Executive and the feminist movement; they are promoted by a mass of politicized and polarized profiles, with constant activism and a tendency towards contagious replication of messages. These practices, as well as the participation of artificial profiles, allow us to appreciate signs of astroturfing; behind this seemingly natural critical reaction, there are orchestrated movements of antifeminist and far-right profiles (gender trolling), but also of trans-exclusionary feminists opposed to legislation promoted by Montero.

It is essential that the judicial function be public, discreet, and professional. Its legitimacy as a public authority is obtained through the recognition of judgments, in which there is an identification between decisions and society. But what type of communication must be made by the judiciary, and especially by judges to provide information about their activities, and that their interaction strengthens the republic, generating proximity between the sovereign and the public power, El uso de las redes sociales por los jueces es un tema que complica sus derechos políticos y civiles comunes no porque se discuta o niegue su libertad para poder usarlas con un fin cuyos efectos sean privados o instrumentarlas para un fin público; sino por el surgimiento de una censura (propia o externa) para el uso de sus redes. Se analizan y examinan los temas conexos en cuanto al uso de estas plataformas por parte de los jueces y los efectos de sus publicaciones

La utilización de la imagen de Rafael del Riego se configuró como un importante eje de tensión política entre la concepción moderada y exaltada de la revolución de 1820. Frente al consenso inicial en torno a su figura, los sucesos de septiembre de 1820 arrastraron la figura de Riego al campo exaltado. Sin embargo, el imparable proceso de construcción mítica de su figura entre los exaltados llevó a una reacción del propio Riego, consciente de su notable papel simbólico. Así, su imagen quedó envuelta en el proceso de división del liberalismo tras negarse a la intervención en el sistema constitucional., The use of Rafael del Riego’s image became an important point of political tension between moderate and exalted conceptions of the Revolution of 1820. Despite the fact that the figure of Riego was initially a source of consensus, the events of September 1820 led him to be associated with the exalted side. Nevertheless, Riego was aware of his symbolic role, and reacted against the inexorable process of mythical construction of his image. As his image became embroiled in the divisions of liberalism, he refused to intervene in the constitutional system.

A lo largo de 1820 y 1821 Rafael del Riego se había convertido en un referente indiscutible para el liberalismo exaltado, que no dudó en utilizar su imagen pública en el debate político contra el liberalismo moderado. ¿Por qué a partir de 1822 la actuación personal y política de Riego dejó de contentar a ciertos sectores exaltados? El fallido golpe de estado del 7 de julio de 1822 llevó al poder al liberalismo exaltado con el ministro San Miguel y evidenció aún más la fractura existente entre los exaltados pertenecientes a la masonería y los vinculados a la comunería. Riego, por su actuación y por su condición de símbolo del régimen constitucional, quedó envuelto en el debate político entre ambos grupos del liberalismo exaltado. Estos compitieron por su figura y su ascendencia, a través de la prensa y de los debates públicos en las sociedades patrióticas, hasta que se produjo la invasión francesa de 1823., Throughout 1820 and 1821 Rafael del Riego had become an indisputable model for radical liberalism, whose members did not hesitate to use his public image in the political debate against moderate liberalism. From 1822 on wards, why did Riego’s personal and political action no longer please certain radical sectors? The failed coup d’etat of July 7, 1822 brought to power radical liberalism with San Miguel’s Ministry. It evinced even more the already existing fracture between the radicals linked to masonry and the «comuneros». On account of his image as a constitutional regime symbol, he was involved in the political debate between both radical liberalism groups. Both vindicated his figure and his influence, through the press and in public debates of the patriotic societies, until the 1823 French invasion.

Background: Nursing is a discipline on which stereotypes have persisted throughout its history, considering itself a feminine profession and subordinated to the medical figure, without its own field of competence. All this leads to an image of the Nursing Profession that moves away from reality, constituting a real, relevant and high-impact problem that prevents professional expansion, and that has a direct impact on social trust, the allocation of resources and quality of care, as well as wages and professional satisfaction. The aim of this review was to identify and publicize the published material on the social image of Nursing, providing updated information about the different approaches to the subject. Methods: An integrative review of the literature has been made from primary sources of information published from 2010 to 2020. For this, the databases CINAHL, Scopus, SciELO, Dialnet and Cuiden have been consulted. Results: In total, 17 articles have been included in the review, with qualitative, quantitative, and even bibliographic reviews performed in countries such as Spain, Egypt, Argentina, Iran, Venezuela, Turkey, United Kingdom, and Australia. The results of those papers mostly showed that society has misinformation about the functions performed by nursing professionals, which is based on myths and stereotypes. Conclusions: Nursing is a profoundly unknown and invisible profession, as society continues without recognizing its competence, autonomy and independence.

Self-presentation allows people to display the desired image to belong to different groups and feel good; for this reason, it is important to count with proper tools for its measurement. The present study aimed to adapt the Self-Presentation Tactics Scale (SPTS) in adults from Mexico City and the metropolitan area with 626 volunteers from 18 to 60 years old. Results showed a 7-factor scale (52 % of the explained variance), with a Cronbach's Alpha of .90 and with convergent evidence of validity as it was correlated with the Bolino and Turnley Impression Management Scale and the Social Approval Need Scale. In conclusion, there are validity and reliability evidence in support of the use of the STPS. Additionally, our psychometric findings support the premise that some tactics can be configured differently depending on the cultural context, while others are presented similarly in multiple cultures., La autopresentación permite a las personas mostrar una imagen deseada en un afán de pertenecer a diferentes grupos y sentirse bien; por ello, es relevante contar con instrumentos que permitan medir dicho constructo apropiadamente. Este estudio tuvo por propósito adaptar la escala de tácticas de autopresentación (ETA) en una muestra de adultos de la Ciudad de México y área metropolitana. Participaron 626 voluntarios de entre 18 y 60 años. Se obtuvo un instrumento conformado por siete factores que explican el 52 % de la varianza, con un alfa de Cronbach de .90 y con evidencias convergentes de validez al estar correlacionada con la escala de manejo de impresiones de Bolino y Turnley y la escala de necesidad de aprobación social. En conclusión, existen evidencias de validez y confiabilidad que sustentan el uso de la ETA. Además, se apoyó la premisa de que algunas tácticas pueden configurarse de manera diferente dependiendo del contexto cultural, mientras que otras se presentan análogamente en múltiples culturas.

Through an exploratory, qualitative and descriptive investigation, the influence that political marketing has on the public image of the political partiesor movementsin the province of Tungurahua was established through the different web networks. All the political parties of the mentioned province were the object of study, being a total of 26 political parties, 19 National, 4 Provincial and 3 Cantonal, in this way to include all the political parties participating in the electoral processes in Ecuador for the year. 2019 was obtained accurate, main and truthful information about the influence of political marketing on the public image of its candidates through the different web networks. Once the corresponding methods and techniques were applied, the results revealed that political marketing has a high influence on the public image of the different political parties of the Province of Tungurahua., Mediante una investigación exploratoria, cualitativa y descriptiva se estableció la influencia que tiene el marketing político en la imagen pública de los partidos o movimientos políticos de la provincia de Tungurahua a través de las diferentes redes web. Todos los partidos políticos de la provincia mencionada fueron objeto de estudio, siendo un total de 26 partidos políticos, 19 Nacionales, 4 Provinciales y 3 Cantonales, de esta manera al abarcar a todos los partidos políticos partícipes de los procesos electorales en Ecuador para el año 2019 se obtuvo información precisa, principal y verídica sobre la influencia del marketing político en la imagen pública de sus candidatos a través de las diferentes redes web. Una vez que se aplicó los métodos y técnicas correspondientes los resultados dieron a conocer que el marketing político tiene una alta influencia en la imagen pública de los diferentes partidos políticos de la Provincia de Tungurahua.

The «yellow vest» crisis in France has caused an important damage in the political image of the President of the Republic, Emmanuel Macron, who, three weeks after the popular mobilization started, makes a televised address in order to present a series of measures destined to re-establish social peace and to improve the country’s situation. Starting from the hypothesis that one of the main goals of the speech is repairing the Head of State’s damaged ethos, as well as creating a favourable ethos that portrays him as the ideal leader, we mean, in this article, to analyse the different images of himself that the orator offers along the speech and the different strategies used to create those favourable ethè., La crise des « gilets jaunes » en France a provoqué une détérioration importante de l’image politique du président de la République, Emmanuel Macron, qui, trois semaines après le début du mouvement de contestation, prononce une allocution télévisée destinée à présenter des mesures visant le rétablissement de la paix sociale et l’amélioration de la situation du pays. Partant de l’hypothèse que l’un des buts fondamentaux de ce discours est de réparer l’ethos endommagé du chef de l’État et de créer un éthos favorable de leader idéal, cet article se propose d’analyser les différentes images que l’orateur offre de lui-même tout au long de son allocution et les différentes stratégies utilisées pour la création de ces ethè favorables à sa personne., La crisis de los «chalecos amarillos» en Francia ha causado un importante deterioro de la imagen política de un presidente de la República, Emmanuel Macron, que, tres semanas después del inicio de la movilización popular, pronuncia un discurso televisado con el fin de presentar una serie de medidas destinadas a restablecer la paz social y a mejorar la situación del país. Tomando como punto de partida la hipótesis de que uno de los objetivos fundamentales de dicho discurso es la reparación del ethos dañado del jefe del Estado y la creación de un ethos favorable de líder ideal, nos proponemos en este artículo analizar las distintas imágenes de sí mismo que el orador va ofreciendo a lo largo de su discurso y las diferentes estrategias utilizadas para la creación de esos ethè favorables.

Public image analysis involves the process of managing a country’s image internationally. Such examination is particularly important to gain an understanding of a policy’s effectiveness in the target country and to reflect S-F / Shutterstock.com 39 MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO | Vol. 9, No. 17 upon its undesired signals to design positioning strategies in a partner country’s society. Therefore, public opinion surveys are the key to achieving specific desired aims in other societies. This research paper provides hard data to inquire about popular Korean perceptions of Mexico as the main pillar of the latter’s positioning in Asian society. Analysis of the responses reveals several enriching elements that are not highlighted by media images., El análisis de la imagen pública forma parte del proceso de gestión de la imagen de nación en el exterior. Su importancia se torna esencial para que pueda entenderse la eficiencia de la política hacia la nación de destino, reflexionar en torno a las señales no deseadas para desarrollar, a partir de estas, las estrategias del posicionamiento en la sociedad del país-socio. Por este motivo, los sondeos de la opinión pública constituyen elementos clave para lograr fines específicos deseados en otras sociedades. La presente investigación brinda datos valiosos para indagar en las per-cepciones populares sobre México en Corea como uno de los ejes centrales del posicionamiento del país latinoamericano en la sociedad asiática. El análi-sis de las respuestas permite revelar elementos enriquecedores que no salen a la luz en las imágenes de los medios de comunicación.

The use of time is the advantage that the challenger has over the incumbent. The time spends in government management is not neccesary for those that develop strategies for getting engagement with the citizen and position themselves as people`s defenders. However for doing that they have to follow some steps that could aid to create their public image, reposition themselves and be accepted as political leaders., La oposición tiene una ventaja estratégica sobre los gobernantes: el uso del tiempo. No necesitan dedicar tanto tiempo a la gestión de gobierno y pueden desarrollar estrategias para acercarse al ciudadano y posicionarse como los defensores del pueblo. Pero para hacerlo deben seguir una serie de pasos para construir su imagen, reposicionarse y ser aceptados como líderes políticos.

This thesis is, on the one hand, an investigation into Matthew Arnold’s (1822–1888) literary communications and, on the other hand, an attempt to mediate between his writings and a twenty-first century readership. Arnold’s oeuvre is substantial and varied, but this study focuses on his epic poetry, which has remained a neglected part of his body of work despite its significance both to the author himself and to developing an understanding of Arnold’s development as a poet, cultural critic, and iconic ‘Victorian sage’. Furthermore, it is his epic poetry that seems to most fully address the theme of communication, and thus these longer poems function as points of orientation for a broader inquiry into Arnold’s communications. Arnold himself was keenly aware of the complicated status of communicative acts, but these complications have not always been acknowledged by the generations of criticism that have emerged since his death. Critics have thus produced images of Arnold which have not always done justice to the complexity of his communications. Based on an understanding of ‘communicative’ as a position of mediation between writers and readers, this thesis addresses the need for a more balanced communicative framework for mediating between Arnold’s writings in general — and his epic poetry in particular — his critics, and present audiences., Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan Matthew Arnoldin (1822–1888) kirjallista kommunikaatiota, pyrkien välittämään hänen kirjoitustensa merkityksiä 2000-luvun yleisölle. Arnoldin kirjallinen tuotanto on runsas ja monipuolinen, mutta tässä tutkimuksessa keskitytään erityisesti hänen runoepiikkansa tulkintaan. Tämä osa hänen työstään on jäänyt tutkimuksessa verrattain vähäiseen asemaan huolimatta siitä, että Arnoldin kaksi lyhyttä runoeeposta olivat tärkeitä paitsi hänelle itselleen, mutta erityisesti osana hänen kehitystään runoilijana, kulttuurikriitikkona ja ikonisena viktoriaanisen ajan julkisena intellektuellina. Arnoldin runoepiikka vaikuttaa myös tutkivan kommunikaation teemaa laajemmin kuin hänen muut runonsa, ja toimii myös tällä tavoin keskiönä hänen oman kommunikaationsa laajemmalle tarkastelulle. Arnold oli varsin tietoinen kommunikaatiopyrkimystensä haasteista, mutta näitä ongelmia ei ole hänen kuolemansa jälkeen ilmestyneessä kritiikissä aina otettu huomioon. Näin on syntynyt monia Arnold-käsityksiä, jotka eivät välttämättä tee oikeutta hänen kommunikaationsa monivivahteisuudelle. Tämä väitöskirja pyrkii tuottamaan tasapainoisemman kommunikatiivisen lähestymistavan toimiakseen välittäjänä Arnoldin kirjoitusten, eritoten hänen eepostensa, ja nykylukijan välillä.

В статье рассматриваются лингвистические особенности Интернет-дискурса, характерного для сайтов британских команд по регби. Приведенные в статье примеры иллюстрируют реализацию информативной функции и функции создания имиджа в границах рассматриваемого типа англоязычного спортивного дискурса. The article deals with the notions of mass-media internet-discourse. Current research is focused on the linguistic peculiarities of the internetdiscourse based on British rugby teams web-sites. The linguistic illustrations under consideration are demonstrating the functional potential of English Internet discourse in the terms of informative and image creative functions.

In this paper, we present a research about the Mexican soft power in Catalonia through the newspapers La Vanguardia and El Periódico de Catalunya during the years 2013 to 2016. A sample of one hundred ten news, considered to be sufficiently representative, allows us to practice a quantitative analysis whose results show that these newspapers are building an image of Mexico as a country of cultural power and economic strength. The Mexican cultural subjects that receive the widest coverage are literature and cinema, music and theatre, immigration, education, tourism, gastronomy and historical heritage. Economically speaking, those pieces of news underline Mexico as a country that provides the opportunity to invest, financially steady and where the quality of companies and products is high. These great strengths are also framed in the broader context of the relationship with Spain. Another conclusion is that writers, filmmakers, artists, singers, cooks, academics, students and the Mexicans settled in Catalonia are the main promoters of this soft power favourable to Mexico., Este artículo investiga el poder suave que México ejerce en Cataluña a través de los periódicos La Vanguardia y El Periódico de Catalunya entre 2013 y 2016. A partir de una muestra representativa de ciento diez noticias, se presenta un análisis cuantitativo en el que los resultados muestran que estos diarios construyen una imagen de México como potencia cultural y con vigor económico. Las temáticas culturales que reciben mayor cobertura son la literatura y el cine, la música y el teatro, la inmigración, la educación, el turismo, la gastronomía y el patrimonio histórico. En cuanto a las económicas, destacan a Méixco como un país en el que hay la oportunidad de invertir, estable financieramente y con calidad de empresas y productos. Estas grandes fortalezas se enmarcan también en el contexto más amplio de las relaciones con España. Otra de las conclusiones es que escritores, cineastas, artistas, cantantes, cocineros, académicos, estudiantes y la población mexicana residente en Cataluña son los principales promotores del poder suave.

This paper investigates the connection between territorial stigmatization and other social processes: The exclusion landscapes settling and the social construction of fear, which lead to the question: “How does a dissociated urbanization contribute to an environment that shapes stigmatizing relationships”? A case study shows that the widespread perception of a social scenario characterized by inequality and insecurity is related to an increase in exclusion and stigmatization practices. This, analyzed from the socially created symbolic productions. Territories and actors shaped from the perspective of a public image become a sort of objectual destiny, assumed as scenarios that evoke the image of fear and disorder. This forms a discourse of invasion expressed by stigma and social representations that secure and maintain the physical and social gap among inhabitants in an urban complex of a Mexican city., Este texto indaga las conexiones de la estigmatización territorial con otros procesos sociales: la configuración de paisajes de exclusión y la construcción social del miedo, abriendo una cuestión ¿Cómo una urbanización disociada impulsa un clima configurador de relaciones estigmatizantes? Mediante un estudio de caso se observa que la percepción generalizada de un escenario social marcado por la desigualdad y la inseguridad está relacionada con la emergencia de prácticas de exclusión y estigmatización. Esto se analiza desde las producciones simbólicas que se construyen socialmente. Territorios y actores concebidos a la luz de una imagen pública se vuelven una suerte de destino objetual. Asumiéndose como escenarios que suscitan la imagen del miedo y el desorden. Esto conforma un --discurso de la invasión--que se significa por medio de estigmas y representaciones sociales que sirven para asegurar y mantener la distancia física y social entre los habitantes de un conjunto urbano dentro de una ciudad-media mexicana.

Introduction. This paper analyzes the projected image of USA presidential election by main Spanish newspaper, thus the power of media on public opinion is shown. Hyphotesis and objectives. Personal characteristics and candidates’ dramatization in electoral campaign catch more attention of Spanish people. Precisely, the geographical distance increases the influence of mass media on candidates’ perception but consumption of information is a relevant factor in this way. Methods. Content analysis is used to support the research, specifically 817 online news from el pais.es (448) and ABC.es (369) for the period from1th June to 8th November of 2016. Searching of targeted news was based on keywords “Trump” and “Clinton” in the headline or the sub-headline. Results. Trump was the candidate who was featured more headlines. Regarding information processing, informative headlines (55.6%) were predominant compared to 21.2% which were appellation and 23.3% of impact. Both digital newspapers were generally against Trump in accordance with the approach of the information. Conclusions. Media have an important role in creation scenarios; moreover, they are a key agent in construction of the candidate’s image., Introducción. Este trabajo analiza la imagen que proyectan los principales diarios españoles sobre la última campaña de las elecciones presidenciales en Estados Unidos, y por tanto, la influencia que pueden ejercer los medios de mayor difusión en nuestro país en la opinión pública española sobre este acontecimiento. Hipótesis y objetivos. Se parte de la hipótesis de que, las características personales y la dramatización efectuada por los candidatos en la campaña electoral incentivaron aún más el interés de los ciudadanos, si bien la lejanía de las elecciones conlleva que la percepción que los españoles tenían de cada uno de los candidatos venía influenciada por el consumo de información política en los medios que siguen habitualmente. Metodología. Para ello, nos apoyamos en la técnica metodológica del análisis de contenido. En concreto, se analizan un total de 817 noticias, 448 elpais.es y 369 ABC.es, entre el 1 de junio y el 8 de noviembre de 2016. La búsqueda de las noticias se basó en las palabras claves “Trump” o “Clinton” en el titular o en el subtítulo. Resultados. El candidato que más titulares protagonizó en ambos diarios fue Trump, y el tipo de titular predominante durante la campaña fue el informativo (55,6%) frente al 21,2% que fueron apelativos y el 23,3% fueron de impacto. En cuanto al tratamiento informativo en ambos medios, se observa que, en la mayoría de las noticias, se posicionan contra el candidato Trump. Conclusiones. Así, puede concluirse que los medios no solo intervienen en la creación de escenarios, sino que son un elemento clave en la construcción de la imagen de los candidatos.

Rosa Liksom is one of the most internationally recognized contemporary Finnish authors and leading Finnish postmodernists. Indeed, the postmodernist aesthetics of her works have received most of the academic attention: features such as irony, dark humor, intertextuality, and parody have been convincingly studied. Liksom’s singular public image has been connected to these aesthetics, but although her cosmopolitanism is often mentioned, her postmodern nonconformity has usually been read in a local and a national context. Liksom’s engagement with modernity has been only implicitly and insufficiently explicated. This dissertation focuses on Liksom’s works and public image in the broader historical context of the modern project in its 20th century legacy. The study of Liksom’s engagement with the utopianism of the modern project is paramount to a deeper understanding of the politico-ethical underpinnings of Liksom’s works and image. To examine Liksom’s retrospection of the modern project, this dissertation makes use of a broad range of theoretical approaches, which can be collectively summarized as contextual close reading. The central theoretical framework is Fredric Jameson’s theory of postmodernism. Other important theories are Linda Hutcehon’s theories of postmodernism and irony, Svetlana Boym’s typology of nostalgia, as well as Krishan Kumar’s theory of utopia. This study elucidates the complexity of Liksom’s engagement with the modern project and bestows new importance on the positive, constructive elements of Liksom’s works that have hitherto gained less attention. Liksom’s works try to salvage something from the history of the modern project instead of merely lingering in the negative attempt to deconstruct historical truths and dismantle the very possibility of such truths. Below the irony and criticism of utopianism in Liksom’s artistic ethos runs a mournful undercurrent that broods over the lack of agency and political choices we seem to face in our p, Tiivistelmä Rosa Liksom on kansainvälisesti tunnetuimpia suomalaisia nykykirjailijoita ja keskeisiä postmodernisteja. Akateeminen kiinnostus onkin keskittynyt ensisijaisesti hänen teostensa postmoderniin estetiikkaan: teosten ironiaa, musta huumoria, intertekstuaalisuutta ja parodiaa on tutkittu ansiokkaasti. Liksomin ainutlaatuinen taiteilijakuva on kytketty tähän estetiikkaan, mutta vaikka hänen kosmopoliittisuutensa usein mainitaankin, hänen postmodernia epäsovinnaisuuttaan on yleensä tulkittu lokaalissa ja kansallisessa viitekehyksessä. Toistaiseksi Liksomin suhdetta modernin ajan ihanteisiin on pohdittu vain välillisesti ja riittämättömästi. Tässä väitöskirjassa Liksomin teoksia ja julkisuuskuvaa käsitellään laajemmassa viitekehyksessä, nimittäin modernin projektin ja sen 1900-luvun perinnön kontekstissa. Ymmärtääksemme Liksomin teosten ja julkisuuskuvan poliittis-eettisiä perustuksia syvällisemmin on välttämätöntä tarkastella hänen suhdettaan moderniin utooppisuuteen. Tässä väitöskirjassa selvitetään monipuolisen teoreettisen välineistön avulla, kuinka Liksom retrospektiivisesti tarkastelee modernin projektia. Teoreettista lähestymistapaa voidaan kutsua kontekstuaaliseksi lähiluvuksi. Keskeinen teoreettinen viitekehys on Fredric Jamesonin postmodernismin teoria. Muita keskeisiä teorioita ovat Linda Hutcheonin teoria postmodernismista ja ironiasta, Svetlana Boymin nostalgian typologia, sekä Krishan Kumarin ja utopia-teoria. Liksomin taiteellisen eetoksen ironisuuden ja utopiakritiikin alla kulkee surumielinen pohjavire, joka pohtii nykyisessä historiallisessa tilanteessa kohtamaamme toimijuuden ja poliittisten vaihtoehtojen puutetta, ja nostalginen pohjavire, joka mietiskelee menetettyjä utooppisia mahdollisuuksia. Liksomin teoksiset antavat ymmärtää, että tämän suruprosessin tuloksena voi olla mahdollisuus löytää ihmisten ja kulttuurien välinen yhteys, joka perustuu ymmärrykseen siitä, että me kaikki paikannumme postmoderniin, epävarmaan maailmaan.

At last two years the powerful women of South America lost their popularity, after strong media campaign, sometimes associating performance in the political arena with gender stereotypes, rekindled the debate over the discriminatory press coverage of political women. In this sense, this article presents part of a research that analyzes how gender stereotypes is explored in media contents related to powerful women performance in office., Nos últimos dois anos, a queda da popularidade das presidentas da América do Sul e a intensa campanha da mídia contra as gestões por vezes associando o desempenho no campo político a estereótipos de gênero reacendeu o debate sobre o viés discriminatório da cobertura da imprensa sobre mulheres políticas. É o que refletimos neste artigo que abarca parte de uma pesquisa que investiga como a categoria gênero aparece nos conteúdos da mídia relacionados ao desempenho das mulheres no campo político., La pérdida vertiginosa de popularidad de las presidentes de América del Sur em los últimos dos años, con intensa campaña de desgaste de las presidentes a través de los medios de comunicación, a menudo asociando el desempeño en el campo político a estereotipos de género reavivó el debate sobre el sesgo discriminatorio de la cobertura de la prensa sobre mujeres políticas. Así, este artículo es parte del estudio que busca investigar como los estereotipos de género se insieren em los contenidos de los medios de comunicación relacionados com el desempeño de las mujeres en el poder.

We explored the views held by Spanish hunters on hunting, and assessed how these views varied according to participant characteristics and whether or not the responses were made public via a hunter’s magazine. Hunters expressed many positive values in relation to hunting, but were critical of their own community as well as other stakeholders. Spanish hunters felt misunderstood and even attacked by society at large. There was also a widespread negative perception of the future of hunting. The frequency of references to different opinions varied between anonymous and public respondents and in relation to age group. Participants who expressed their opinions publicly mentioned the ecological values of hunting more frequently, were more critical towards their own community, and viewed the future of hunting more positively than anonymous participants. This may indicate an intended projected positive image; namely, Spanish hunters may publicly emphasize those views that improve their position in society.

El análisis del espacio público urbano a partir de su dimensión perceptual ha sido, tradicionalmente, un recurso fundamental para reconocer qué características físicas lo diferencian y le confieren actividad y vitalidad. Esta aproximación es particularmente relevante en entornos urbanos transformados. Conocer la percepción social sobre el espacio público permite valorar en qué medida las acciones realizadas modifican las dinámicas urbanas. Bajo esta consideración, el objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la vida urbana tras la transformación de la Calle San Francisco, en Alicante, España, en un espacio lúdico caracterizado por la implantación de una serie de setas gigantes. Para ello, se definieron y evaluaron tres indicadores de vida pública: las actividades económicas en la edificación antes y después de la intervención; el uso social del espacio proyectado; y, la imagen pública —o imagen percibida— resultante. Se propone una metodología híbrida que combina los datos recogidos en un estudio de campo con los datos provenientes de fuentes de base tecnológica, concretamente, de la red social Instagram y del servicio web Google Street View. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que la utilización de datos offline y online permite confirmar, complementar o cuestionar las deducciones parciales de cada uno de los métodos, ratificando así que la transformación de la Calle San Francisco ha modificado sustancialmente no sólo su identidad física, sino sobre todo la imagen colectiva del espacio con relación a la del resto de la ciudad. En definitiva, este trabajo evidencia la pertinencia de incorporar técnicas de base tecnológica para entender la complejidad de las relaciones sociales, físicas y virtuales, que se producen como consecuencia de la transformación de un espacio urbano., The analysis of the urban public space from a perceptual dimension has traditionally been used to recognise its uniqueness and to identify which of its physical qualities promote activity and livability. This approach is particularly relevant in transformed urban settings. The perceived image of a space allows an assessment of the extent to which the social dynamics have been modified since its regeneration. Under this premise, the aim of this paper is to study urban life after the transformation of Calle San Francisco, in Alicante, Spain, into a recreational and thematic space characterised by giant mushrooms. In order to accomplish this objective, three indicators of public life were evaluated: the building’s economic activities before and after the intervention; the social use of the new space and the resulting public image —or perceived image—. A hybrid methodology is used which combines data collected from field work with data retrieved from technological sources —the social network Instagram and the web service Google Street View—. The overall results demonstrated that the use of both offline and online data enables confirmation, complementation and questioning of the partial results obtained from each method. Thus, it was evidenced that not only has the physical identity of Calle San Francisco been substantially modified, but also, its collective image in relation to the rest of the city. All in all, this research proves the relevance of understanding the complexity of today’s physical and virtual social relations resulting from the transformation of an urban setting.

The deaths of Eric Garner, Michael Brown, and Tamir Rice sparked an uproar in many communities across the United States. These incidents brought to light that there is an issue that remains prevalent between citizen and police officers. The New York Police Department, Ferguson Police Department, and the Cleveland Department of Police have all dealt with tension involving the communities they serve. Since these incidents changes have been made within each department. Some had the help of the Department of Justice to reform old polices. While law enforcement does what they believe it is necessary to protect the public, sometimes their actions are seen as unprofessional and unwarranted. To maintain the impression of the motto “protect and serve” to the media and the citizens they shield from harm, they attempt to restore their image when questionable events arise. This paper explains and examines comments made by these three police departments, and how they attempted to restore their image in the public.

Primary aim of the article is to indicate the role of subjective and objective aspects within the foreign policy-making of the US. Special emphasis is made upon overcoming of the negative image of the US, acquired during the George W. Bush presidency, as well as upon president Obama’s attempts to implement reforms, designed to support the US foreign policy renewal., Статья призвана показать роль объективных и субъективных факторов, которые влияли на выработку внешней политики США. Особое внимание уделено преодолению негативного имиджа США в мире, созданного при Буше-младшем; попыткам президента Обамы провести реформы, помогавшие обновлению внешнеполитического курса США., Стаття має на меті показати роль об’єктивних та суб’єктивних чинників, що впливали на вироблення зовнішньої політики США. Особливу увагу приділено подоланню негативного іміджу США в світі, що був створений за Буша-молодшого; намаганням президента Обами провести реформи, що сприяли оновленню зовнішньополітичного курсу США.

Aim: There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of Social Enterprises (SE) to improve the welfare of society. Few empirical studies have attempted to investigate what are the challenges SEs face and how they manage them. A number of researchers have reported that SEs often have a negative connotation. The aim of this study is to investigate challenges social enterprises face in Sweden.Method: The study adopted a Qualitative approach. Primary data is gathered by interviewing 10 managers of social enterprise from 5 different SEs in Sweden. The interview was made in three different locations, Gävle, Uppsala and Tierp. De-coding the qualitative research data through content analysis, an interpretive analysis was used classifying the data concerning responses by highlighting important messages.Findings and Conclusion: SEs face diverse challenges: Funding, Public Image, Sales, Network and Cooperation, Governance/Structure, Leadership and Management. One of the more significant finding to emerge from this study is that, the foundations-access to finance is one of the critical challenges on which the fate of each SE depends. Most of the times, societies do not acknowledge the role of social enterprises and the values they bring to the society. From this, SEs cannot attract support of any kind. SEs lack the understanding and significance of marketing. Making people understanding SEs’s role, would provide them with a positive public image and thereafter support.Suggestions for future research: The study has a small sample size and results cannot be generalizable. A natural progression of this work is to analyse: Challenges on SEs with focus on Society, The impact of Society on SEs, Public identity of SEs and importance of Society.Contribution of the thesis: Dependency on fundraising, grants and donations are heavily connected with widespread lack of understanding the impact of SEs on society. SEs managers should apply different marketing tactics to c

The article examines how Elmano de Freitas’ political advertising used the image and the speech of the former president Lula in order to influence voters during the second round of the 2012 elections in Fortaleza. The investigation employed Discourse Analysis in order to examine 16 political programs aired on the TV. We found out that the participation of Lula on the Elmano’s TV programs reveals the existence three main kids of speech: development, union and competence. Moreover, even considering the trends regarding the personalization of politics pointed out by several authors, the image of the Workers’ Party (PT) as a strong institution remains essential to the electoral speech presented by the campaign, O artigo analisa como o discurso e a imagem do ex-presidente Lula foram utilizados no Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral (HGPE) da campanha de Elmano de Freitas, candidato do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) à Prefeitura de Fortaleza em 2012. A fim de examinar os modos de participação do ex-presidente em tal pleito, foram estudados, por meio da Análise de Discurso, 16 programas do 2º turno da campanha televisiva. A presença de Lula nos programas de Elmano permitiu constatar a predominância dos discursos da mudança e do desenvolvimento, da união e da competência. Além disso, mesmo com a tendência de personalização da política apontada por diversos autores, a imagem do Partido se mostrou essencial na construção da candidatura examinada., El artículo analiza cómo se utilizó el discurso y la imagen del ex-presidente Lula en el Horario Libre de Publicidad Electoral de la campaña de Elmano de Freitas, candidato del Partido de los Trabajadores (PT) a alcalde de Fortaleza en 2012. Para examinar modos de participación del ex-presidente en la disputa, se estudiaron 16 programas de la segunda vuelta de la campaña de televisión a través de Análisis del Discurso. La presencia de Lula en los programas de Elmano ha revelado el predominio de los discursos de cambio y de desarrollo, de la unión y de la competencia. Además, mismo con la tendencia de personalización de la política indicada por varios autores, la imagen del PT como partido se ha mostrado esencial en el discurso de la candidatura examinada.

En el presente artículo se analiza el papel social que desempeñan los técnicos de la construcción en España, cuestionando si la crisis económica ha modificado negativamente la percepción que la ciudadanía tiene de ellos. La importante caída salarial y de número de visados de este colectivo desde 2009 resulta muy preocupante, y hace necesario fomentar una visión social positiva del mismo que favorezca su recuperación. En el artículo se analiza, en primer lugar, cómo el entorno económico actual ha afectado a la percepción social de las profesiones del sector de la construcción, señalando aquellos puntos que podrían incidir de forma negativa en ella. Asimismo, se aporta la percepción que tienen sus profesionales del factor social en estos momentos de crisis. Este análisis permite concluir que, a pesar de que la ingeniería mejora la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos, el anonimato de las obras y trabajos realizados ocasiona una relativa invisibilidad social de sus profesionales. Finalmente, se plantean alternativas para mejorar la situación existente. Las ingenierías del ámbito de la construcción deberán diversificar sus campos de acción hacia mercados más próximos a la sociedad, como la sostenibilidad, el medio ambiente o la energía. Será necesario que la ingeniería aporte rigor y método a estos estudios, haciendo un mayor uso de herramientas matemáticas, termodinámicas y de simulación. Por último, es necesario también establecer metodologías o indicadores que permitan analizar con mayor rigor la percepción pública del sector. De este modo se conseguirá que el colectivo tenga los medios necesarios para hacer una mejor difusión de su trabajo, favoreciendo su valoración por parte de la ciudadanía e incrementando así las expectativas laborales de sus profesionales y con ello el número de jóvenes que escogen dichos estudios., Postprint (published version)

The aim of this paper is to analyze the constitution of Pope Francis’ public image built by the television program Fantástico (Rede Globo). We assume that Jorge Mario Bergoglio has emerged in the public scenario from an event – his election as the new pope, after the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI. Since the actions taken by Francis, as well as the relations he has established with society, the new pope was stated himself as an event. In this sense, the paper discusses the double dimension of Francisco as an event: his power to affect the society and his hermeneutic power. The analysis shows the charisma that characterizes this celebrity, which personifies the feel of change in a kind and humble figure, that fight for the poor and minorities., O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a construção da imagem pública do papa Francisco, empreendida pelo programa Fantástico, da Rede Globo. Entendemos que Jorge Mario Bergoglio despontou na cena pública a partir de um acontecimento – sua eleição como o novo papa, após a renúncia de Bento XVI. A partir das atitudes tomadas por ele, bem como das relações que estabeleceu com a sociedade, o novo papa se afirmou, ele mesmo, como um acontecimento. Nesse sentido, o texto analisa a dupla dimensão acontecimental de Francisco: o seu poder de afetação e o seu poder hermenêutico. A análise revela o carisma que caracteriza essa celebridade, que encarna o sentimento de mudança em uma figura bondosa, humilde, que luta pelos pobres e pelas minorias., El objetivo del artículo es analizar la construcción de la imagen pública del Papa Francisco emprendida por el programa televisivo Fantástico, de la Red Globo. Comprendemos que Jorge Mario Bergoglio surgió en la escena pública cuando fue electo como el nuevo papa, después de la renuncia del Bento XVI. Desde sus actitudes, como la relación que se estableció como la sociedad, él se puso como um acontecimiento para el mundo. Por consiguiente, el texto habla de la doble dimensión del hecho de Francisco: su poder de afección y también su poder de hermenéutica. El análisis evidencia su carisma, que le caracteriza como una celebridad, que incorpora el sentimiento de cambio en la imagen amable, humilde, que lucha por los pobres y pela minoridad.

IntroductionSince the onset of capitalism in the seventeenth century which happened parallel to the dissemination of opera – the most prominent music genre of that time – certain opera singers have received special attention. In the eighteenth century, it was the castratos who were written about and even worshipped to a large extent by their (mostly aristocratic) audiences. In that same century, a cult of opera singers had begun, which still forms part of contemporary opera life although it has been on the wane since the second half of the twentieth century. In the early nineteenth century, the focus shifted from the castrato singers to the prima donnas. It was these singers who were now mostly dominating the public discourses about opera performances, largely due to their successful self-marketing efforts, thus earning themselves the highest salaries among all musicians of their time.Our essay is on two of the most prominent prima donnas of the early nineteenth century, Jenny Lind (1820–1887) and Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient (1804– 1860). These singers are suitable for a study of the music market. Our aim is to demonstrate how broad and diversified the music market of their time had already become. We chose two opera sopranos who lived at the same time, sang at the same opera houses, met high esteem nationally and internationally, had outstanding international careers and even similar role repertoires. However, their way of singing and embodying their parts, their public image and the way in which they were celebrated show more differences than similarities. As a matter of fact, their careers and artistic abilities seem to have been in contrast to each other, if notcontrary. Moreover, working on the theatrical stage as a woman in the nineteenth century was regarded as ambiguous and problematic, to say the least. For this reason, questions about gender and performativity are easily raised, and facts about nineteenth-century opinions and discourses r

Protocol and ceremonial are present at all stages of the history of mankind, acting as instruments of nonverbal communication that convey messages of hierarchy and social power to their recipients. Since ancient times we find references to the ceremonial rites that relate social life events, especially those with a symbolic, honorary or memorial, and triumphal entries of rulers in the cities, the coronation or inauguration ceremonies, weddings and funerals of members of royal families and military parades., Protocolo y ceremonial están presentes en todas las etapas de la historia de la humanidad actuando como instrumentos de comunicación no verbal que transmiten mensajes de jerarquía y poder a sus destinatarios sociales. Desde la antigüedad encontramos referencias a los ritos ceremoniales que relatan acontecimientos de la vida social, especialmente los que tienen un carácter simbólico, honorífico o conmemorativo, como las entradas triunfales de los soberanos en las ciudades, las ceremonias de coronación o investidura, las bodas y exequias de los miembros de familias reales o los desfiles militares.

The library world has been a constant source of inspiration for storytellers, it has been present as space and as an institution in their publications and their staff has been described according to a stereotype that differs from reality on many occasions. A selection of works in which libraries appear in one way or another is collected, El mundo de las bibliotecas ha sido una constante fuente de inspiración para los narradores, ha estado presente como espacio físico y como institución en sus publicaciones, y su personal ha sido descrito de acuerdo a un estereotipo que difiere de la realidad en bastantes ocasiones. Se recoge una selección de obras en la que las bibliotecas aparecen de un modo u otro

Овај рад бави се репрезентативним портретом српских архијереја Карловачке митрополије у Хабзбуршкој монархији (1690-1790). Српски патријарси и митрополити, заједно са другим високим представницима црквене јерархије као оновременом водећом интелектуалном елитом српске етније градили су личну политику репрезентативности, утичући на формирање своје јавне слике и њене перцепције, у том циљу укључујући и уређење резиденција и обезбеђујући присутност свог лика у важним топосима своје јурисдикције. У овом контексту самостални, репрезентативни портрет се у српској уметности појављује као елемент којим се градила и промовисала жељена слика архијерејеве фигуре, добивши у Карловачкој митрополији специфичне концептуалне основе, иконографију и стратешки важна места излагања. Заснован на ранијој каталошкој грађи, сачуваним и познатим примерима портрета, новијим културолошким сагледавањима историје Срба XVIII века и на необјављеној архивској грађи, овај рад бави се архијерејским портретом на три нивоа: утврђивањем бројности и правилности при излагању портрета у просторима Карловачке митрополије; анализом оригиналне функције и симболике тих простора и улоге портрета у њима; политиком репрезентативности српских архијереја заједно са улогом портрета у њој. Овај рад бави се и хабзбуршким царским портретима, будући да су Карловачкој митрополији били излагани заједно са архијерејским. Овим радом реконструише се изглед и боље се упознаје функција и симболика ентеријера у важним топосима Карловачке митрополије XVIII века као што су њене архијерејске резиденције, манастирски конаци и приватни домови, и сагледавају се нови обрасци понашња и изгледа српских архијереја у целини њихове политике јавне репрезентативности са личним парадним портрeтом као једним од кључних елемената., This paper focuses on representative portraits of Serbian clergy in Metropolitan of Karlovci in Habsburg Lands (1690-1790). Serbian patriarchs and metropolitans with senior church representatives were the intellectual elite of Serbian ethnie at the time. They were building politics of personal representation by forming own p ublic image and influencing its perception through arranging their residences and making sure their image is present in important places under their juristidiction. Independent portrait in early modern Serbian art is building and promoting the desired public image of bishops, incorporating particular conceptual basis and iconography and having strategically important places of display. Based on earlier cataloguing work, known and preserved portraits, new historiographical insights into Serbian cultural history of the 18th Century and unpublished archival materials, this paper focuses on portraits of high clergy at three levels: it determinates the number and regularity of the portrait display in the enteriors of the Metropolitan of Karlovci; analyses original functio ns and symbolism of the interiors and the role the portaits had in them; outlines the politics of presentation of Serbian clergy and alanyses the role of portrait in it. This paper also deals with Habsburg state portraits as they were displayed in Metropol itan of Karlovci together with clergical portraits. This paper reconstructs the presentation and gives insight into the functioning and symbolysm of interiors of Metropolitan of Karlovci such as the clerical residences, monasteries and private homes. It also views the new forms of demenaour of Serbian clergy as part of their politics of presentation together with their representative portraits as one of its key elements.

Este trabajo busca hacer un análisis de la influencia de la imagen y la agenda setting en el éxito de una campaña electoral. La mayoría de estudios que tratan esta materia apuntan a la creación de unas normas básicas universales, pero en este tema nada está escrito y la coyuntura tanto geográfica como temporal, juegan un papel fundamental. De acuerdo a lo anterior, este trabajo busca comprobar que dada una coyuntura, hay unos factores específicos que confluyen para llevar a la victoria a un candidato determinado., This paper analyzes the influence of Image and Agenda Setting in the success of an election campaign. Most studies that threat this matter, point to the creation of universal parameters, but, as far as this subject concerns, nothing is written and, both geographical and temporary situations, play a fundamental role. According to this, the current paper presents the idea that, given a political, social or economic situation, there are some specific factors that converge in order to guarantee some candidate’s victory.

This research applies the perceptions, opinions, attitudes and social mediations subcategories to measure public image and describes the particular case of the results of the public image of the inhabitants of the People's Council in district 144 “La Belén” about recreation in their community and the Social Worker Circle "Pedro Soto Alba". A mixed methodological combination (qualitative and quantitative) as well as different research techniques (questionnaires, interviews, observation and document analysis) were used. The results show that people do not have a public image about recreation and see the Social Worker Circle "Pedro Soto Alba" as a fun space., Esta investigación aplica las subcategorías percepción, opiniones, actitudes y mediaciones sociales para medir la imagen pública y describe el caso particular de los resultados de la imagen pública que tienen los habitantes de la circunscripción 144 del Consejo Popular La Belén acerca de la recreación en su comunidad, y del Círculo Social Obrero “Pedro Soto Alba”. Se utiliza una combinación metodológica mixta (cualitativa y cuantitativa), así como técnicas de investigación (cuestionarios, entrevistas, observación y análisis de documentos).Los resultados muestran que los habitantes no tienen una imagen pública acerca de la recreación y ven al Círculo Social Obrero “Pedro Soto Alba” como un espacio de diversión.

Our society relies increasingly on information technology (IT). In such a society, it is important that we, as citizens, trust and are satisfied with services utilizing IT. Unfortunately, IT problems in the use of services are part of our daily lives and, as such, are frequently reported by the mass media. While the information systems (IS) field has studied system and service acceptance, use, threats, and failures, we have found no studies that examine how these IT failures affect the system usage after a failure. This dissertation addresses this gap in research by studying users’ intentions after service degradation related to IT problems and providing a larger view of IT-based incidents in an information society from the viewpoints of the mass media and service providers. In order to do this, a newspaper survey was first conducted to ascertain a concept of the public perception of IT-based problems. Second, qualitative interviews were conducted to reach an understanding of service providers’ viewpoints of IT problems. Third, users’ attitudes and reactions to service degradation were studied through interviews. The main results reveal that most of the IT problems visible to society are the same ones that system and service providers perceive to be the most problematic. Our results suggest that, after service degradation, users are eager to use the service again if they receive relevant information. Compensation alone will not satisfy users when the incident creates unpredictability and uncertainty for them. If the system provider does not inform users directly after the incident, they readily rely on the mass media. Information and knowledge thus play a significant role in incidents. However, there are two service types where we found a different type of user reaction. First, telecommunications and computers seemed to be special cases, with more tolerance of problems in general. Second, the tolerance was low with regard to vital services, i.e., services r, Tiivistelmä Yhteiskuntamme on rakennettu informaatioteknologian (IT) varaan. Tällaisessa informaatioyhteiskunnassa kansalaisten tulisi voida luottaa käyttämiinsä palveluihin. Palvelujen käyttäjät kohtaavat kuitenkin päivittäin virheitä informaatioteknologiaan pohjautuvissa järjestelmissä. Media uutisoi usein näistä virheistä. Alan kirjallisuus on tutkinut esimerkiksi järjestelmien ja palvelujen vastaanottoa, käyttöä, uhkia ja häiriöitä. Kuitenkaan IT-palvelujen virheiden vaikutuksista järjestelmien käyttöön ei löytynyt kirjallisuutta. Tämä tutkimus pyrkii tältä osin täydentämään kirjallisuutta selvittämällä käyttäjien ajattelutapaa ja aikomuksia palvelun heikentymisen jälkeen, ja tutkimus myös hahmottelee laajemman kuvan informaatioyhteiskunnan IT-ongelmista erityisesti median ja palveluntuottajien näkökulmasta. Ongelmien julkisen kuvan saamiseksi tutkittiin ensin sanomalehtiuutisia IT-ongelmista. Seuraavaksi selvitettiin haastatteluin palveluntuottajien ja järjestelmätoimittajien näkemyksiä IT-ongelmista. Lopuksi tutkittiin vielä palveluiden käyttäjien mielipiteitä ja reaktioita häiriön sattuessa ja sen jälkeen haastattelujen avulla. Päätulokset osoittavat, kuinka yhteiskunnan näkyvimmät IT-ongelmat ovat samoja, joiden kanssa myös järjestelmätoimittajat ja palveluntarjoajat kamppailevat. Lisäksi tutkimustulosten mukaan käyttäjät palaavat herkemmin käyttämään palvelua mikäli he saavat asiaankuuluvaa tietoa tilanteesta. Pelkkä aineellinen korvaus ei riitä silloin kun IT-häiriö luo arvaamattomuutta ja epävarmuutta. Jos palveluntuottaja ei tiedota asiasta häiriön sattuessa, käyttäjät luottavat helposti massamedian tarjontaan. Tiedolla ja tietämyksellä on merkittävä rooli ongelmatilanteissa. Tutkimuksessa löytyi kuitenkin kaksi palvelutyyppiä, joissa käyttäjien käytös oli erilaista. Ensinnäkin tietoliikenteen ja tietokoneiden suhteen käyttäjät olivat pitkämielisiä virheiden sattuessa. Toiseksi taas elintärkeät palvelut, esimerkiksi terveyteen, lapsiin ja turvallisuuteen

Anthropologists have tended to portray their discipline as in crisis and ask whether "the end of anthropology" is near. I offer indicators to suggest that the discipline is alive and well as far as its internal activities are concerned. I then turn to the more worrying question of its external image, understandings and stereotypes more or less common among a wider public: the anthropologist as antiquarian and insensitive, slightly lost in real life. Anthropologists have been ineffective in offering a simple, coherent view of what the discipline is and what holds it together. I propose that a consistent emphasis on "diversity" as what anthropology is about best matches our combined interests and practices. To have a strong "brand" is essential under present-day cultural and political conditions, in and out of academic life. The foregrounding of "diversity" goes with the anthropological concern with ethnography, comparison, and cultural critique., authorCount :1

This article exposes in very synthetic form the results of a Master Thesis directed to the determination of the public image of the Great Hotel of Camaguey's city, Cuba. It investigates the narrow relation that exists between the image of an organization and the quality, taking as a base the studies of the northern (Nordic) and North American school on the quality of the services, there being identified some dimensions of quality and basic indicators for the study of the public image of a hotel installation and here you can find the elaborated set of instruments, which could be of usefulness (utility) for other organizations that decide to enter to the study of so important problematic. The obtained results made possible to establish the image that the public have on the hotel and its relation with the image that the installation would wish have of them, what made possible the establishment of a system of actions (shares) directed to its development., Este artículo expone de forma muy sintética los resultados de una Tesis de maestría dirigida a la determinación de la imagen pública del Gran Hotel de la ciudad de Camaguey, Cuba. Investiga la estrecha relación que existe entre la imagen de una organización y la calidad, tomando como base los estudios de la escuela nórdica y norteamericana sobre la calidad de los servicios, identificándose algunas dimensiones de calidad e indicadores fundamentales para el estudio de la imagen pública de una instalación hotelera, y se muestra el instrumental elaborado, que pudiera ser de utilidad para otras organizaciones que decidan adentrarse en el estudio de tan importante problemática. Los resultados obtenidos posibilitaron establecer la imagen que tienen los públicos externos sobre el hotel y su relación con la imagen que la instalación desearía que se tuviera de ellos, lo que posibilitó el establecimiento de un sistema de acciones dirigido a su perfeccionamiento.

The aim of this article is to study the role played by politicalelectoral marketing in the construction of the visibility and the public image of a political actor in the context of the electoral dispute. We argue that the image construction of public personalities requires the organization of communicative strategies capable to manage and to control messages, and, overall, to establish relations between the politicians and the different publics responsible for the public opinion construction. We are interested to show how the strategies planning of a politicalelectoral campaign depend on the co-ordinated work among marketing professionals and also on the politicians’ ability in skirting partisan disagreements in the scope of image politics. In order to disclose how political images spread out by printed press can amplify such disagreements, discrediting a candidate’s public image, we investigate the crisis that marked Geraldo Alckmin’s campaign for the São Paulo City Hall of São Paulo, in 2008., O objetivo deste artigo é estudar o papel desempenhado pelo marketing político-eleitoral na construção da visibilidade e da imagem pública de um ator político no âmbito da disputa eleitoral. Argumentamos que a construção da imagem de homens públicos requer a organização de estratégias comunicativas capazes não só de administrar, gerenciar e controlar mensagens, mas, sobretudo, de estabelecer relações entre os políticos e os diferentes públicos responsáveis pela formação da opinião pública. Interessa-nos mostrar como, no âmbito da política de imagem, o planejamento das estratégias de uma campanha politico-eleitoral depende tanto do trabalho coordenado entre os profissionais do marketing, quanto da habilidade dos politicos em contornar discordâncias partidárias. De modo a revelar como imagens políticas difundidas pelo jornalismo impresso podem amplificar tais discordâncias, conferindo descrédito e desconfiança à imagem pública de um candidato, investigamos a crise que marcou a campanha de Geraldo Alckmin para a prefeitura de São Paulo, em 2008., El artículo busca mostrar el papel del marketing político-electoral en la construcción de la visibilidad y de la imagen pública de un actor político en el contexto del conflicto electoral. Intentamos mostrar que la construcción de la imagen de personalidades públicas requiera la organización de estrategias comunicativas capaces no sólo de manejar y controlar mensajes, pero, sobretodo, de establecer relaciones entre los políticos y el público responsable por la formación de la opinión pública. Intentamos poner en discusión como, en el contexto de la política de la imagen, el planeamiento de las estrategias de una campaña político-electoral depende tanto del trabajo coordinado inscribe a profesionales de la comercialización, cuánto de la capacidad de los políticos en bordear las discordias partisanas. Para mostrar en cuanto las imágenes políticas del periodismo pueden amplificar tales discordias y conferir descrédito a la imagen pública de un candidato, investigamos la crisis que marcó la campaña de Geraldo Alckmin para el pasillo de ciudad de São Paulo, en 2008.

Quan la ficció televisiva recrea la realitat, projecta imatges, estereotips i marcs de referència que influeixen en la ciutadania. Per aquest motiu el seu paper és molt important a l'hora de construir i crear imaginaris sobre col·lectius específics, com ara la immigració. En aquest article es presenten els resultats d'una anàlisi comparativa de la imatge pública sobre la immigració en les sèries de producció espanyoles i catalanes, sobre la procedència, els trets físics i de caràcter, els estereotips i el rol de les persones immigrades dins les sèries de ficció, així com les estructures narratives de què formen part. Segons els autors de la recerca, una gestió adequada de la imatge de la immigració a la ficció televisiva requereix un qüestionament constant i una anàlisi profunda dels continguts i valors que es transmeten., When the television fiction recreates the reality, it projects images, stereotypes and frames of reference that influence the citizenship. For this reason, fiction is important when it comes to create and to build collective imaginary on specific group, such as the immigration. In this article are presented the results of a comparative analysis of the public image of the immigration in the Spanish and Catalan series related to the origin, the physical and psychological features, the stereotypes and the role of the immigrants at the fiction series, as well as the narrative structures they are involved in. According to the authors of the research, a suitable management of the image of the immigration in the television fiction needs a constant and a deep analysis of the contents and values that are transmitted., Cuando la ficción televisiva recrea la realidad, proyecta imágenes, estereotipos y marcos de referencia que influyen en la ciudadanía. Por este motivo su papel es muy importante a la hora de construir y crear imaginarios sobre colectivos específicos, como la inmigración. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un análisis comparativo de la imagen pública de la inmigración en las series de producción españolas y catalanas sobre la procedencia, los rasgos físicos y de carácter, los estereotipos y el rol de las personas inmigradas en las series de ficción, así como las estructuras narrativas de las que forman parte. Según los autores de la investigación, una gestión adecuada de la imagen de la inmigración en la ficción televisiva requiere un cuestionamiento constante y un análisis profundo de los contenidos y valores que se transmiten.

Aquest article pretén ser una introducció general al tema monogràfic del present número doble de Quaderns del CAC dedicat a l’estudi de la televisió com a narradora i constructora central de la imatge pública de la immigració en la societat espanyola i catalana. Després de situar el context sociodemogràfic dels corrents immigratoris a l’Estat espanyol, l’article resumeix un breu estat de la recerca internacional sobre el paper de la televisió i els processos de creació d’agenda pública i de definició dels problemes socials i, en especial, de la representació de les minories i la diversitat. A continuació, són presentats breument els diferents blocs del monogràfic, centrats en l’anàlisi dels fets de Ceuta i Melilla de l’octubre del 2005, en l’estudi de les modalitats de presència de la immigració en les principals televisions durant la temporada 2002-2003 i en les oportunitats d’accés dels sectors de la immigració en les programacions televisives., This article aims to be a general introduction to the theme of the present double issue of Quaderns del CAC devoted to the study of television as a narrator and central constructor of the public image of immigration in Spanish and Catalan society. After locating the sociodemographic context of the immigration currents in Spain, the article summarises the status of international research on the role of television in the process of creating a public agenda and defining social problems and, in particular, representing minorities and diversity. Next comes a short presentation of the different areas into which the issue was divided, centred on an analysis of the events in Ceuta and Melilla in October 2005, a study of the presence of immigration on the main television stations during the 2002-2003 season and the opportunities to access television programmes available to the immigration sectors., Este artículo pretende ser una introducción general al tema monográfico del presente número doble de Quaderns del CAC dedicado al estudio de la televisión como narradora y constructora central de la imagen pública de la inmigración en la sociedad española y catalana. Después de situar el contexto sociodemográfico de las corrientes inmigratorias en el Estado español, el artículo resume un breve estado de la investigación internacional sobre el papel de la televisión y los procesos de creación de agenda pública y de definición de los problemas sociales y, en especial, de la representación de las minorías y la diversidad. A continuación se presentan brevemente los diferentes bloques del monográfico, centrados en el análisis de los hechos de Ceuta y Melilla de octubre de 2005, en el estudio de las modalidades de presencia de la inmigración en las principales televisiones durante la temporada 2002-2003 y en las oportunidades de acceso de los sectores de la inmigración en las programaciones televisivas.

The paper points out a number of perceptions that blur and damage the image of wildlife damage management and their importance to the future. Some of the reasons for the perceptions are suggested and a number of steps suggested to improve the public image. It concludes on a note of optimism for the future.

This paper determined the public image of the U.S. military as reflected in leading magazines and compared the results with the public image of the military determined in a 1971 study. The 1982 and 1983 issues of twenty-one leading magazines were reviewed for news items on the military. The news items were placed into different military subject areas (Personnel, Vietnam War, Grenada, ROTC, etc.) and judged favorable, unfavorable, balanced, or neutral. The composite results of this two-year study revealed that the public image of the military was more favorable than unfavorable. 35.9% of the items reviewed were favorable while 25.4% were unfavorable. The ratio of favorable items to unfavorable items was l.0:07. The results of this study show a significant favorable increase in the public image of the military compared to the results of the 1971 study. That three - year study revealed that 43.7% of the news items on the military were unfavorable while 30.9% were favorable. The 1971 study favorable to unfavorable ratio was l.0:l.4. An analysis of the individual military subject areas revealed two topics that received considerable press attention and that reflected an unfavorable public image of the military in the magazines analyzed. These were Defense Budget/Spending and Leadership. (author)

Introduction of a bill to the Swedish parliament is often preceded by a commission of inquiry. The role played by government commissions on policymaking and their consensus-promoting function are the underlying motives for this dissertation on images of the future in commission reports. The dissertation deals with three Swedish commissions of inquiry and reports presenting the work, deliberations, and proposals of each: the 1960 and the 1976 Commissions on Upper Secondary Schools, and the 1978 Commission on Computerization in Working Life. How are changes in society outlined? What salient vision emerges from the meeting between people and technology? What role is assigned to education? The concept public image can aid our understanding of how a related concept images of the future is dealt with in commission reports. A universal image is created which can be commission-specific or applicable to an entire social culture. In the latter case, continuance is a tacit part of the image. The idea that progress springs from technological expansion has considerably influenced Swedish attitudes toward existence as a realistic is. Other universal valuations are people-oriented, and encompass a moral dimension, a universal ought. Simplified, an image of the future is a meeting between is and ought. This type of generally held image whether specific for a commission or generally applicable to an entire social culture - is assigned considerable significance in this dissertation: what problems are brought to the fore, what relations become pivotal and what courses of action are deemed viable. The study at hand shows that symbolic images such as "softer society", "changing society" and "information society" are important for completing images of the future by serving as a synthesis.

© Serials Publications.The relevance of the problem researched is as follows: the president is not only the face of the nation but when appearing on the political arena, he forms the image of his country, which is extremely important within the framework of interstate relations and intercultural communication. The present paper aims to give a detailed analysis of interconnection between the personality of the president of Russian Federation and the image of our state in China as well as the influence of present day Russian - Chinese relations on shaping of V.V. Putin's public image in China. The leading approaches to the study of this problem have become: descriptive method, analytical method; comparative - correlating and comparative-historical methods, which allowed us to fully disclose and analyze not only external but also internal factors of shaping the image of the head of state. On the basis of numerous ratings and surveys, the main aspects of Russian-Chinese cooperation in various fields, as well as the use of the original Chinese-language sources, the present work has focused on comprehensive analysis of the gradual change in the image of the Russian president raising his rating on the territory of China. The paper may be useful to specialists involved in the study of international relations, history and politics of Russia and China, researchers and professors of Arts (Humanities).

© Serials Publications.The relevance of the problem researched is as follows: the president is not only the face of the nation but when appearing on the political arena, he forms the image of his country, which is extremely important within the framework of interstate relations and intercultural communication. The present paper aims to give a detailed analysis of interconnection between the personality of the president of Russian Federation and the image of our state in China as well as the influence of present day Russian - Chinese relations on shaping of V.V. Putin's public image in China. The leading approaches to the study of this problem have become: descriptive method, analytical method; comparative - correlating and comparative-historical methods, which allowed us to fully disclose and analyze not only external but also internal factors of shaping the image of the head of state. On the basis of numerous ratings and surveys, the main aspects of Russian-Chinese cooperation in various fields, as well as the use of the original Chinese-language sources, the present work has focused on comprehensive analysis of the gradual change in the image of the Russian president raising his rating on the territory of China. The paper may be useful to specialists involved in the study of international relations, history and politics of Russia and China, researchers and professors of Arts (Humanities).

CHDS State/Local, The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) can improve its public image by looking at the problem from the customers perspective. This thesis explores TSAs public-image challenges and identifies customer-focused solutions. Research methods include a case study analysis on Southwest Airlines and Disney and an extensive literature review to identify smart practices that are applicable to TSA. TSA needs to implement customer-focused strategies that are more effective in dealing with the agencys public-image challenges. A TSA strategy designed to build a more positive work environment, improve messaging and information sharing, increase the focus on customer service, and utilize customer feedback to improve operations, will begin to improve public opinion. There is a disconnect between TSAs intentions and the publics perceptions, and it is time to seek new opportunities to improve the publics trust and confidence. It is easy for some to be critical about an agency that screens over 1.7 million passengers each day and often has to get into the passengers personal space in order to do so. TSAs first priority is and should be security, but public opinion is also important. Increasing public confidence in TSA may also result in more acceptance and cooperation with security processes, resulting in increased security effectiveness., http://archive.org/details/improvingtsaspub1094538879, Customer Support and Quality Improvement Manager, Transportation Security Administration, Department of Homeland Security, Boise, ID