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Recreation, as a phenomenon of modern life, encompasses diverse activities that provide escape and relaxation from everyday routine and work stress. This short-term leisure activity is often associated with travel to various locations, both nearby and distant, offering various forms of relaxation and entertainment. These activities include spa stays, beach vacations, but also active holidays involving outdoor sports, exploring new cultures, and environments. Increased tourist traffic brings both positive and negative impacts to destinations. From an economic perspective, tourism can be a source of income for local businesses and contribute to the economic growth of the destination. However, the negative aspect is often associated with the strain on infrastructure, increased resource consumption, and environmental pollution. In the context of property value, tourism can have a dual effect. On one hand, the attractiveness of the destination may increase residential property prices in the area, especially if it is considered a prestigious tourist spot. On the other hand, excessive tourist traffic may reduce attractiveness for potential residents due to issues such as noise, pollution, and overcrowding. The study focuses on evaluating this complex relationship between tourism and property value in a given location. The article presents the final results of the study and cohesively builds upon previously presented articles and partial findings.

During the construction, realignment, or widening of roads, various disturbances can occur that affect the market value of nearby properties. These disturbances typically include things such as increased noise, vibration, changes in soil conditions, increased sensitivity to wind, and all contibute to severe disruption of the property. In order to provide appropriate compensation to property owners, it is necessary to assess the impact that disturbances have had on the property's market value. The goal is to ensure that property owners maintain the same financial position that they had before the project began. The assessment of the financial impact that disturbances have caused should be calculated by comparing the property’s pre-disturbance value to the post-disturbance value, the compensation to the property owner should account for the net value difference. This master thesis examines the impact that road-construction emissions have on property value. More specifically the thesis discusses how the impact that disturbances have on the market value of properties is assessed. The second chapter contains a background review on relevant laws and how these are applied. Furthermore, to provide a broader understanding of the theoretical background, a description of important economic terms such as market value, price formation, factors affecting value, market value reduction, etc. are included. In addition, the most common valuation methods and how they are used are defined. The thesis also contains a review of previous studies and important legal cases. A separate investigation has also been carried out in which experts have been interviewed on the topic. The results highlight how complex it is to assess the market value impact of different road-construction emissions. The conclusion reached is that there are a few accepted methods for assessing the size of the value impact of road-construction emissions. These methods work well in most cases but may need an update soon, Hur väl fungerar tillämpningen av ersättningsreglerna för miljö- och företagsskada? När en väg anläggs, omläggs eller breddas kan det orsaka olägenheter för närliggande fastigheter. Finns det en klar och samlad tillämpning av ersättningsreglerna som aktualiseras vid dessa situationer? Den huvudsakliga frågan som examensarbetet undersöker är hur marknadsvärdeminskningen på småhus till följd av störningar från en väg kan bedömas. Vanliga trafikimmissioner, dvs störningar som kan uppkomma är buller, avgaser, damm, vibrationer, strålkastarljus och förändrade växtförhållanden. Detta undersöks med hjälp av bland annat rättsfallsanalys, tidigare studier och intervjuer med sakkunniga. En annan frågeställning i arbetet tittar på förändrade normer och värderingsmodeller. I förarbeten för lagstiftning diskuteras nämligen att synen på störningar kan komma att förändras med tiden. Då kan det handla om normer som myndigheterna ger ut som acceptabla. Det är därmed intressant att se om det skett någon förändring de senaste 20-30 åren som också kan påverka bedömningen av ersättningen. Examensarbetet konstaterar att det finns tydliga metoder för att bedöma enskilda trafikimmissioners marknadsvärdepåverkan. De flesta värderare använder sig idag av värderingsmodellen i LMV-rapport 1998:7, praxis samt egen justeringar i varje enskilt fall, för att bedöma värdepåverkan. Detta är bra eftersom det krävs en enhetlig tillämpning av ersättningsreglerna för att få en likvärdig, rättvis och rättssäker bedömning över hela landet. LMV-rapporterna togs dock fram på 90-talet när marknaden bestod av låg efterfrågan. Ett problem med detta är att det inte helt representerar dagens situation. Det bör även uppmärksammas att domstolar oftast är bundna till det som parterna yttrar. Med det sagt kan det röra sig om andra siffror än det som framkommer i praxis. Trots tydligt tillvägagångssätt så är det väldigt komplext att bedöma marknadsvärdepåverkan. Fastigheter är väldigt unika och därmed kan det variera

In the last few years, Sweden has felt rising energy prices leading to more harsh living for single houses. In the years 2021–2022, both Europe and Sweden witnessed record-high electricity prices and experts predicted an increase in the coming years. As a result of this, homeowners began to improve their energy efficiency in their homes. Therefore, this study will aim to answer the question “How does the final price of detached houses differentiate between Gothenburg and Luleå due to their energy efficiency?”. The hypothesis for the work is that a positive relationship between sales price and energy efficiency occurs. That Gothenburg will have a larger effect than Luleå. To answer the question a quantitative method is applied using the hedonic pricing model with two multiple regressions, one for each cross-section. The time series is from 2020–2023. The variables used are sale price as a dependent variable and a series of eight independent variables. The regression results show a positive relationship between energy efficiency measures and final price in both cross sections. Furthermore, the results are significant for Luleå and insignificant for Gothenburg. Regarding Luleå energy efficient ventilation and heating has a statistical significance on sale price. Meanwhile, house size and plots of land are significant for Gothenburg. These results are both in line with previous research but also contradict them. The thesis is unique because the analysis is made between two different energy pricing areas in Sweden., Under de senaste åren har Sverige påverkats av stigande energipriser. Detta har resulterat i en mer pressad situation för småhusägare runt om i landet. Under åren 2021–2022 upplevde Sverige och Europa rekordhöga energipriser och experter förutspår en fortsatt ökning under de kommande åren. Med detta i åtanke har småhusägare börjat energieffektivisera sina hem. Således kommer denna uppsats besvara problemformuleringen “Hur skiljer sig slutpriset på småhus mellan Göteborg och Luleå av energieffektivisering?". Hypotesen för arbetet är att finna ett positivt samband mellan slutpris och energieffektivisering. Där till att inverkan i Göteborg är större än i Luleå. För att besvara frågeställningen appliceras en kvantitativ metod tillsammans med den hedoniska prismodellen. Modellen använder två multipla regressioner, en för vardera tvärsnitt. Tidsserien är mellan år 2020–2023. Den beroende variabeln är slutpris och förklaras med hjälp av åtta oberoende variabler. Regressionsresultaten visar ett positivt samband mellan energieffektiviserande åtgärder och slutpris i båda kommunerna. Dock är koefficienterna signifikanta i Luleå och icke signifikanta i Göteborg. För Luleå är energieffektiv ventilation och energieffektiva uppvärmningssystem statistiskt fastställda. Medan för Göteborg påvisar boarea och tomtstorlek signifikans. Resultaten ligger både i linje med tidigare forskning men motsäger även dem. Uppsatsen är unik då analysen genomförs mellan två olika energiområden i Sverige.

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are a cornerstone of climate change adaptation worldwide. Yet, evidence on their economic benefits is scarce, especially since the provided environmental amenities usually spatially correlate with climate-induced hazards, effects of which NbS aim to curb. This lack of empirical evidence creates obscurity regarding social acceptability of NS, hindering their uptake and upscaling. We apply hedonic price models to estimate homeowners' willingness-to-pay for NbS (like flood safety, environmental benefits), while controlling for spatio-temporal changes in capitalized flood risk discounts due to the 1993-1995 floods in the Limburg Province, the Netherlands. We reveal a pre-flood effect of 5.6% (discounting on average -€12,753 for flood-prone properties), which rises to 10.9% (−€24,691 on average) immediately after the floods. However, the effect is only transitory. The flood discount of home values price discount diminishes over time and eventually vanishes in 9–12 years, which coincides with the implementation of the largest and oldest NbS intervention in the Netherlands. Our analysis shows that NbS amenities provide a 15% (€33,687 on average) premium to nearby residential property prices. This evidence of the evolving flood risk discount and the stable NbS premium for individual homeowners could support the economic feasibility and wide acceptability of NbS for climate change adaptations., Policy Analysis

Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of inflation on key variables of real estate investment performance and investment decisions. Theoretical Reference: This paper considers several models of real estate investment performance indicators because the effect of inflation on key variables of real estate investment performance is an important factor in investment decisions. Since effective investment decision is key to avert investment loss especially during inflation period, this paper follows the suggestions by Otegbulu (2022) and Georgiv, et al (2002) that property incomes and values are not static during periods of inflation bur responds to economic dynamics, and could infact trigger favourable investment opportunities in real estate. This paper therefore follows these models/suggestions of Otegbulu (2022) and Geoargiv, et al, (2002) to examine several real estate investment to offer appropriate reflection of how inflation impacts of incomes from real estate investment. Method: Data collected were analysed using Pearson Correlation Analysis to determine the relationship between inflation rate and real estate investment performance (measured by annual returns). Regression analysis was also employed on the data to determine the level of contribution or degree of impact of inflation on real estate performance. Also data collected on the exchange rate and real estate performance over the study period were analysed using Pearson Correlation Analysis to determine the relationship between exchange rate and real estate investment performance (measured by annual returns on investment). Regression analysis was also employed on the data to determine the degree of impact of exchange rate on real estate investment performance. Data collected for the analysis and hypotheses testing were secondary data over a period from 2005 – 2022. Result: The study reveals that real estate investment market generates average total annual returns of 21.39% under average inflati

Klimatfrågan växer sig större i dagens samhälle och det blir alltmer relevant att diskutera dess följder och negativa effekter. En av de effekter som drabbar jorden på grund av klimatets utveckling är översvämningar. Översvämningar har visat sig vara kostsamma för samhället på många sätt. Sedan år 2000 har 2800 stora översvämningar skett världen över som har kostat samhällen 538 miljarder amerikanska dollar vilket även spås fortsätta i framtiden. Eftersom antalet översvämningar ökar och blir alltmer allvarliga kommer det att vara viktigt för samhället att bli upplysta om hur dessa kan drabba fastigheter sett ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv. Syftet med examensarbetet blir därmed att skapa en allmän förståelse för hur extrem nederbörd och havsstigning som leder till översvämningar, kan komma att påverka fastighetsvärden i Sverige. Arbetet skall ge allmänheten ett nytt perspektiv på frågan om deras ägda eller tilltänkta fastighet kan påverkas negativt ekonomiskt av framtidens möjliga översvämningar. Liknande forskning har presenterats i omvärlden men informationen saknas inom Sveriges gränser och frågan behöver lyftas. Informationen som behandlas i arbetet kommer främst att inhämtas från intervjuer med sakkunniga samt en litteraturstudie där olika typer av statistik presenteras. Tilltänkta respondenter är fastighetsvärderare och mäklare. Studien visar att översvämningsrisker i de utpekade städerna Gävle och Göteborg inte är en faktor som spelar in vid bedömningen av marknadsvärde idag. Data som presenterats för respondenterna i studien i form av översvämningskartor och liknande används inte alls i det dagliga arbetet vid värderingar av fastigheter idag. Dock visar information från studien på att större händelser i form av extrem nederbörd eller översvämning ger effekter på diskussionen av ämnet. Media har också visat sig spela en stor roll i påverkan på människors inställning till frågan. Studien kan inte utesluta om människor vet om dessa typer av översvämningsrisker ell, The climate issue is growing larger today, and it then becomes increasingly relevant to discuss its consequences and negative effects. One of the effects affecting the earth due to climate change is floods. Floods have proven to be costly to society in many ways. Since the year 2000, 2,800 major floods have occurred worldwide that have cost the world $538 billion, which is also predicted to continue in the future. As the number of floods increases and becomes increasingly serious, it will be important for society to be informed about how these can affect properties from an economic perspective. The purpose of the thesis will thus be to create a general understanding of how extreme precipitation and sea level rise that lead to floods, may affect property values in Sweden. The thesis will give the public a new perspective on the question of whether their owned or intended property can be negatively affected financially by future possible floods. Similar research has been presented to the outside world, but the information is lacking within Sweden's borders and the issue needs to be raised. The information that is processed in the work will mainly be obtained from interviews with experts and a literature study where different types of statistics are presented. Prospective respondents are property appraisers and brokers. The study shows that flood risks in the designated cities of Gävle and Gothenburg are not a factor that comes into play when assessing market value today. Data presented to the respondents in the study in the form of flood maps and the like are not used at all in the daily work of valuations of properties today. The media has also been shown to play a major role in influencing people's attitudes to the issue. The study cannot rule out whether people know about these types of flood risks or voluntarily choose to ignore them the same. After the study, there is still work to be done to see how the future flood risks will affect the housing market in Sweden

Den globala utvecklingen som pågått sedan 1950-talet har resulterat i drastiska klimatförändringar vilket orsakat allvarliga miljöproblem. Dessa miljöproblem beror till stor del på en kraftig befolkningstillväxt. Befolkningstillväxten är starkt förknippad med ökade energibehov vilket ställer högre krav på hur energin produceras för att minska avtrycket på miljön. Ett tydligt steg i rätt riktning är tillämpningen av förnyelsebara energikällor. På den svenska marknaden är solkraft den energikälla som vuxit kraftigast de senaste åren. En av anledningarna till den kraftiga tillväxten är de statliga stimulanserna som givits. Sedan 2021 har de statliga stöden samtidigt dragits in vilket i synnerhet drabbar företag, däribland kommersiella fastighetsägare. Samtidigt kan det fortfarande finnas motiv för att investera i solceller, tack vare de positiva kostnadseffekter som en investering kan medföra. Det finns samtidigt oklarheter kring hur denna typ av investering påverkar värdet på fastigheter. Baserat på detta är studiens syfte att undersöka hur investeringar i solceller påverkar det ekonomiska värdet på kommersiella fastigheter samt hur detta värde maximeras med avseende på dimensionering respektive finansiering. Tidigare forskning inom området indikerar att det i huvudsak finns positiva samband mellan investeringar i solceller och värdet på fastigheter. Samtidigt berör dessa studier bostadsfastigheter på den internationella marknaden. Det finns således en begränsad forskning kring hur investeringar i solceller påverkar värdet på kommersiella fastigheter, inte minst på den svenska marknaden. För att uppfylla studiens syfte tillämpades, i första hand, en kvantitativ flerfallsstudie där 8 fastighetsobjekt undersöktes. Den kvantitativa data som samlades in om dessa objekt låg till grund för värderingen av dessa fastigheter. Värderingen, som baserades på “discounted cash flow method”, tillämpades för att tyd, The global development, which has been going on since the 1950s, has resulted in drastic climate changes, which has caused serious environmental issues. These environmental issues are mainly caused by a strong population growth. The population growth is participially associated with increased energy needs, which sets higher requirements on how energy is produced, in order to reduce the impact on the environment. A step in the right direction is the application of renewable energy sources. In the Swedish market, solar power has been the fastest growing energy source in recent years. One of the reasons for this growth has been the stimulations offered by the government. Since 2021, the stimulations have been withdrawn which particularly affects companies, including commercial property owners. However, there may still be motives for investing in solar cells, thanks to the positive cost effects that an investment may bring. At the same time, there are uncertainties about how much this type of investment can affect the property value. Based on that, the purpose of this study is to investigate how investments in solar cells affect the economic value of commercial properties and how this value can be maximized with respect to dimensioning and financing, respectively. Previous research within this field indicates that there are positive relationships between investments in solar cells and the value of properties. At the same time, these studies concern residential properties on the international market. Based on this, there is limited research on how investments in solar cells affect the value of commercial properties, especially in the Swedish market. To fulfill the purpose of the study, a quantitative multiple-case study was applied, in which 8 real estate objects were examined. The quantitative data collected about these objects was the basis for the valuation of the properties. The valuation, which was based on a discounted cash flow method, was applied to clarify how t

Hållbarhet blir allt viktigare i dagens samhälle och inte minst social hållbarhet. Denna aspekt är något som fastighetsbolag måste beakta. Inte minst påverkas fastighetsbolagets lönsamhet av social hållbarhet. I socialt utsatta områden uppstår en stor problematik, inte bara för de boende utan även förhyresvärden då det är vanligare att mer underhåll behöver göras. Detta kan exempelvis innebära reparationer vid flytt, klottersanering, renhållning av utemiljö, sabotage, städning, hantering av störningar, obetalda hyror och vakanser. Alla dessa faktorer bidrar till kostnader för fastighetsbolaget, därför blir det allt mer väsentligt att vidta trygghetsskapande åtgärder. Dessutom ur hyresgästernas perspektiv är det viktigt att de känner sig trygga och vill bo kvar. Då social hållbarhet kan anses vara ett relativt nytt ämne finns det inte nog med studier som visar effekterna av dessa åtgärder. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utöka kunskapen om sociala hållbarhetsåtgärder och dess ekonomiska effekter. Denna uppsats undersöker vilka åtgärder fastighetsbolag gör samt vilka möjligheter det finns för att skapa trygghet och bidra till social hållbarhet för sina hyresgäster. Utöver detta undersöks om det och i så fall vilka ekonomiska effekter dessa åtgärder leder till. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod, primär datainsamling verkställs genom intervjuer med åtta personer från olika fastighetsbolag. Samtliga respondenter besitter kunskaper om respektive bolags sociala hållbarhetsarbete. En kompletterande litteraturstudie har utförts med resultat från tidigare studier. Resultaten av studien indikerar att de vanligaste sociala hållbarhetsåtgärderna är att ha det helt, rent och snyggt i fastigheterna och runt omkring. Även belyses vikten vid att ha bra, fungerande belysning samt undvika mörka och trånga utrymmen. Att som hyresvärd ha en bra och nära kontakt med sinaboende hyresgäster och hela tiden visa sin närvaro och engagemang ses som ett vinnande koncept i socialt utsa, Today’s society has rendered sustainability more important than ever before, including social sustainability. This aspect of sustainability is something real estate companies must acknowledge. Among other things, social sustainability affects real estate companies profitability. In socially disadvantaged areas, problems arise, not only for the tenants but also for the landlord as it is more common that more maintenance and operations need to be done. This can, for example, involve repairs during relocation, graffiti removal, upholding the outdoor environment, sabotage, cleaning, handling of disturbances, unpaid rents and vacancies. All these factors contribute to costs for the real estate company, hence making it increasingly important to take security-creating measures. In addition, it is essential that tenants feel safe and want to stay. As social sustainability is considered a relatively new topic, there are few studies which show the effects of these measures. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge about social sustainability and its economic effects. This essay examines what measures real estate companies take, as well as which measures exist to create security and therefore contribute to social sustainability for tenants. In addition, it is investigated whether and, if so, what economic effects these measures lead to. The study was conducted using a qualitative method, where primary data collection was done through interviews with eight people from different real estate companies. All respondents possess knowledge of theircompany’s social sustainability work. A supplementary literature study has been performed with results from previous studies. The results of this study indicate that the most frequent social sustainability measure taken is to ensure that the property is functional and esthetic. The importance of having good lighting and avoiding cramped dark spaces is also highlighted. As a landlord, having close contact with your tenant

In many metropolitan regions, transit-oriented developments are built to motivate the use of sustainable travel by promoting urban growth within walking distances of public transport stations. Changes in residential property values are a common way to assess the success of transit-oriented developments. However, studies that focus on property values alone have reported mixed effects. This paper attempts to evaluate the land value impact around commuter rail stations by analyzing the change in property values within the context of the transformation of socio-spatial neighborhood attributes. The study sets out to estimate the effect of Randstad Rail stations using real estate transaction data of residential properties and neighborhood socio-spatial attributes in the Rotterdam–the Hague metropolitan area of the Netherlands covering a period from 1985 to 2018. Adopting a quasi-experimental design, the effect is estimated for properties within different catchment zones around three commuter rail stations using a Difference-in-Differences Model and Multivariate Analysis of Variance. The results demonstrate the overall negative effect of the Randstad Rail on the value of residential properties at a distance equal to or less than 400 meters from the selected rail stations in the range of-18.8% to-11.5%. In contrast, a positive effect is observed for the residential properties located within a radius of 400 to 800 meters from the rail stations, which is estimated to be +15% to +33.2%. The findings also indicate a considerable socio-spatial transformation in the neighborhood composition after the opening of the rail stations in terms of neighborhood population density, land-use density, housing characteristics, and car ownership, which significantly affect the magnitude and direction of the impact.

Purpose: The interaction between rail transit and the urban property market is a crucial foundation for transit orientated development and policy planning in Metropolitan Cities. However, there are only a few studies which report on the impact transit access has on commercial property value in African cities. This paper presents an empirical study from the City of Johannesburg’s inner-city, to contribute to this subject matter. Design/Methodology: The paper utilises multiple regression models to determine statistical significance relating to the impact that a rail transit station has on commercial property values due to proximity and access. This is based on 87 observations of commercial properties located within a 1km radius of the Jeppestown PRASA railway station located in Johannesburg CBD. The paper also discusses the possible impact of other amenities found around close to the commercial properties. Findings: The findings of the study were that proximity to a railway station alone does not significantly impact commercial property values within a 1km radius. The results also show that there are other determinants which influence commercial property value, namely distance to schools, property age, industrial, and abandoned property. Hence, there is limited impact of the railway station on commercial property value. Implications: The discussion in this paper also delves deeper into providing gaps in knowledge on how railway stations relate to urban property market, especially commercial real estate values in Metropolitan cities. Finally, the findings will contribute towards more effective transit-oriented development policies and a better understanding of how public sector investments can help create value for properties.

Traffic noise is a widespread problem that adversely affects health and well-being. A key policy question is how the benefit of noise mitigation compares with the cost. This study estimates the benefits of noise mitigation by its capitalization into property values. Using a dataset on properties considered for a noise mitigation programme, I estimate a difference-in-differences model that compares prices of properties receiving a measure to properties ineligible for the programme. Results show that noise mitigation raised property prices by 10-12 percent. The property price benefits exceed programme investment cost with each $1 spent on noise mitigation generating up to $1.7 in benefits.

Recent rapid population growth and increasing urbanisation have led to fast vertical developments in urban areas. Therefore, in the context of the dynamic property market, factors related to the third dimension (3D) need to be considered. Current hedonic price modelling (HPM) studies have little explicit consideration for the third dimension, which may have a significant influence on modelling property values in complex urban environments. Therefore, our research aims to narrow the cognitive gap of the missing third dimension by assessing both 2D and 3D HPM and identifying important 3D factors for spatial analysis and visualisation in the selected study area, Xi’an, China. The statistical methods we used for 2D HPM are ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR). In 2D HPM, they both have very low R2 (0.111 in OLS and 0.217 in GWR), showing a very limited generalisation potential. However, a significant improvement is observed when adding 3D factors, namely view quality, sky view factor (SVF), sunlight and property orientation. The obtained higher R2 (0.414) shows the importance of the third dimension or—3D factors for HPM. Our findings demonstrate the necessity to include such factors into HPM and to develop 3D models with a higher level of details (LoD) to serve more purposes such as fair property taxation. © 2020 by the authors. Li-censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

The study was aimed at examining the influence of proximity to graveyard on rental values of residential properties in Bauchi metropolis with a view to enhancing the quality of urban life of tenants. To achieve this, the study identified rental values of residential properties in the study area. The study also assessed tenants’ satisfaction with the neighborhood and tenants’ willingness to stay in the neighborhood. The study used a quantitative research approach. The study collected data from 231 respondents through questionnaire administration. A simple random sampling technique was employed. The data were analyzed using frequency distribution tables, percentages, mean ranking and simple linear regression.. The study outcome indicated that tenants are satisfied with worship centers and amount paid as rent. Tenants are however dissatisfied with activities that take place around the cemeteries. The study through a simple linear regression analysis revealed that there is no strong relationship between proximity to cemetery and rental values of residential properties in the study area. By implication, proximity to cemetery is not a predictor of rental values in the study area. The study recommended constant supply of neighborhood amenities like electricity and water in the study area to improve rental values and enhance the quality of urban life of tenants.

Although green interventions, like nature-based solutions, contribute to more sustainable urban environments and provide ecosystem services to urban populations, some impacts are not well understood. This particularly applies to social impacts in the domain of environmental justice, including (green) gentrification. Gentrification refers to a process in which green urban renewal raises property prices, which results in an influx of affluent people, displacing poorer residents. Our study conducts a meta-analysis based on 37 primary hedonic pricing studies, to estimate value transfer functions that can assess the effects of nature types on property prices in various urban settings. Urban nature has positive impacts on house value in the areas surrounding it, which depend on population density, distance to, and the type of, urban nature. We illustrate how the estimated benefit transfer function can be applied to natural interventions in a Dutch city, and visualize the obtained effects using mapping. These maps show the distance decay of the cumulative effects of urban nature interventions on the house value at the city and the neighbourhood levels. Our application estimated increases in local property values up to a maximum of 20 % compared with properties not affected by the interventions, with value equivalent of 62,650 USD, at average prevailing price level in a particular area in Utrecht. When new nature is being planned in urban areas our mapping approach can be used for guiding assessments of potential undesirable effects on property values that may lead to green gentrification, and for identifying where additional policies may be needed to contribute to environmental justice.

[EN] Studies considering street environment quality’s impact on housing value were limited to top-down variables such as the green ratio measured from satellite maps. In contrast, this study quantified street views’ impacts on the value of second-hand commodity residential properties in Shanghai based on analysis of street view imagery. (1) It applied computer vision to objectively measure street features from largely accessible street view imagery. (2) Based on the classical urban design measures frameworks, it applied machine learning to evaluate human perceived street quality as street scores systematically, in contrast to the common practice of doing so in a more intuition-based fashion. (3) It further identified important indicators from both human-centered street scores as well as the more objective street feature measures with positive or adverse effects on property values based on a hedonic modeling method. The estimation suggested both street scores and features are significant and nonnegligible. For the perceived street scores (from 0-10 scale), neighborhoods with a unit increase in their “enclosure” or “safety” score enjoy price premium of 0.3% to 0.6%. Meanwhile, streets with 10% greater tree canopy exposure are attributable to a 0.2% increase in the property value. This study enriched our current understanding at a micro level of the factors that impact property values from the perspective of the built environment. It introduced human-centered perception of street scores and objective measures of street features as spatial variables into the analysis of neighborhood attribute vectors.

With the expansion of online access, there has been an increase in the demand for internet learning through both formal and informal channels. While online landscaping courses are available for future landscape professionals, few courses help the homeowner understand landscaping principles of design. Plants and Property Values, a self-directed online course for adult homeowners, was created to assist in understanding the principles of landscape design in order to improve the curb appeal of a home. This curriculum development and evaluation project serves to determine how effective this online landscaping curriculum is in presenting the basic principles of landscape design with respect to improving curb appeal. The author utilized backward design, the Plan-Do-Study-Act continuous improvement process, and andragogy to create a self-directed course that utilizes videos and a workbook. A pilot group of three participants completed the seven-module course and provided both qualitative and quantitative feedback on the effectiveness of the course on their understanding of landscaping principles of design, the effectiveness of the course on determining their current landscaping needs, and their comfort level of implementing some changes to the curb appeal of their own home after completing the course. Overall, participants indicated that the course assisted them in determining the landscaping needs for the curb view of their home, the course assisted in understanding the six principles of landscaping design, and better prepared them to take steps in implementing or maintaining their home’s landscape. Therefore, the curriculum is recommended for adult homeowners seeking to improve the curb view of their home, while also improving or protecting the value of their home.

The residential property market in Zambia is characterised by lack of readily available property market data resulting in market values that do not reflect all market information. This paper proposes an empirical case study approach based on best practice from both developed and developing countries to assess how this information can be incorporated into easily accessible data sharing mechanisms among the buyers, sellers, estate agents and valuation surveyors. The evidence gathered from other countries show that a closer correlation exists between information sharing and property values because better-informed individuals have been securing better deals. Both individual and corporate consumers in the residential property market base their decisions to buy or sell on the valuation surveyors assessed values as well as market advice from estate agents. However, in the absence of a properly framed data sharing mechanism anchored on strong legislative and institutional framework, real estate values can deviate from the actual either downwards or upwards. We test this hypothesis using unique data on residential real estate markets in Lusaka. Lack of data sharing contributes to distortions in residential property values. This finding substantiates the importance of deviations from the actual residential values due to lack of data sharing among the main players in the residential property market. In order to effectively address the shortcomings identified, it is suggested that information sharing among the main players in the residential property market be explored through the revision of existing policies and institutions.

The concern of climate change and Greenhouse Gas emission have increased national consideration toward energy efficiency. Despite noticeable action which have taken by EU cities and Sweden government to mitigate the climate change, there is still shortage in appropriate energy measurements in old residential buildings. Due to the fact that a large share of residential buildings in Sweden have constructed more than 40 years ago, most of them need energy renovation to enhance efficiency and saving more energy. In order to encourage home owners toward energy efficiency renovations, some cost effective measurements have to introduce to people with the view of effect on property value. To this end, 50 detached houses and villas in Kronoberg County in Sweden have been chosen and analyzed to identify how renovation can increase the property value. These houses have been set in different categories by location, heating system, deep renovation, energy and aesthetic renovation. After that, compares the sold prices and biding prices for each category. Moreover, it analyses the people behavior toward renovation to see how can motive people to adopt necessary energy efficient renovation. This research also shows the current situation of building renovation, the most favourite renovation which are adopted by people as well as providing information about the factors affect the value of the house after renovation.

The emerald ash borer (EAB) was first detected in North America in 2002, and since its introduction, this invasive pest has killed millions of ash trees. While EAB kills native North American ash trees in all settings, its impacts have been especially large in urban areas where ash has been a dominant street tree, especially in residential areas. While some management costs, such as insecticide treatment, tree removal, or tree replacement, are relatively straightforward to compute, the impact that EAB has had on residential property values is less clear. To better understand the economic cost of EAB in urban settings, we conducted a hedonic property value analysis to evaluate the impact of ash tree damages due to EAB infestation on housing sales prices. This study was conducted in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which had high stocking levels of ash trees prior to EAB’s arrival. The objectives of the study are to investigate: (1) how EAB-infested ash trees affect property values; (2) whether the benefits from healthy ash trees to property value change after arrival of EAB; and (3) whether healthy ash trees located within infested neighborhoods provide the same benefits as the healthy ash trees located outside of infested neighborhoods. In general, our results show that the EAB outbreak has had a negative impact on home values for properties located in close proximity to the ash tree component of the urban forest. This result holds true for neighborhoods where EAB does not yet pose an imminent threat, and is amplified for neighborhoods where EAB has been detected. Our results highlight the early stages of a dynamic economic process that impacts urban residential property owners subject to the risk of EAB or other tree pests and diseases. In general, we find that forward-looking behavior of residential property owners is capitalized into property values during the process of forest pest infestation.

This dissertation provides evidence to the two contentious debate over health policies and laws in the US, Medicaid expansion and sex offender registration and notification. In Chapter 2, I explore one key determinant of Medicaid take-up, the benefit of access to care proxied by the Medicaid-to-Medicare primary care physician payment ratio. Using a unique dataset of Medicaid physician reimbursement rates and the American Community Survey of 2010 – 14, I find that a 10-percentage-point increase in the payment ratio of a 30-minute new patient office visit will increase Medicaid enrollment among uninsured adults in poverty by more than 150,000. In Chapter 3, we re-examine the impact of Medicaid on birth outcomes. To mitigate the crowd-out from private insurance to Medicaid, we focus on the population eligible for Medicaid during its implementation period. Using predicted individual-level Medicaid treatment intensity among childbearing age women and state-level variation from Medicaid roll-out, we find that Medicaid provision shifted the labor delivery method from not in a hospital (with a midwife or a physician) to in a hospital and increased birth weight modestly. These impacts were driven by nonwhite mothers and mothers aged 30 – 49. Chapter 4 evaluates sex offenders’ crime-risk. Using the single-family residential property data of 2008 – 2018 and sex offender data of April 2019 in Maryland, we apply the spatial difference-in-difference method to estimate the crime risk capitalized into housing markets. The results suggest no negative impact on proximate home values within the 0.1-mile of sex offenders’ residences after their arrivals.

Předložená práce se zabývá vztahem mezi energetickou náročností budovy a její cenou; byla prezentována v rámci konference ExFoS ve dnech 24.–25. 1. 2019. V práci jsou představeny zahraniční studie v této oblasti a jejich závěry je vysvětleno, jak může energetická třída nemovitosti indikovat její kvalitu. Závěrečná část se věnuje ekonomické stránce dané problematiky. Ukazuje pozitivní vztah mezi lepší energetickou třídou nemovitosti a nižšími účty za energie, což je něco, co může být do budoucna využito například bankovním sektorem., The analysis presented during ExFoS conference on 24.–25. 1. 2019 examines the link between energy performance of buildings and the value of building. The analysis examines foreign studies in this field and explains why could the energy performance certificates indicate quality of the building. The last section shows the hidden economy of the energy performance. A ratio between better energy class and lower energy bills exists and may be further exploited for instance by the banking sector.

The emerald ash borer (EAB) was first detected in North America in 2002, and since its introduction, this invasive pest has killed millions of ash trees. While EAB kills native North American ash trees in all settings, its impacts have been especially large in urban areas where ash has been a dominant street tree, especially in residential areas. While some management costs, such as insecticide treatment, tree removal, or tree replacement, are relatively straightforward to compute, the impact that EAB has had on residential property values is less clear. To better understand the economic cost of EAB in urban settings, we conducted a hedonic property value analysis to evaluate the impact of ash tree damages due to EAB infestation on housing sales prices. This study was conducted in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which had high stocking levels of ash trees prior to EAB’s arrival. The objectives of the study are to investigate: (1) how EAB-infested ash trees affect property values; (2) whether the benefits from healthy ash trees to property value change after arrival of EAB; and (3) whether healthy ash trees located within infested neighborhoods provide the same benefits as the healthy ash trees located outside of infested neighborhoods. In general, our results show that the EAB outbreak has had a negative impact on home values for properties located in close proximity to the ash tree component of the urban forest. This result holds true for neighborhoods where EAB does not yet pose an imminent threat, and is amplified for neighborhoods where EAB has been detected. Our results highlight the early stages of a dynamic economic process that impacts urban residential property owners subject to the risk of EAB or other tree pests and diseases. In general, we find that forward-looking behavior of residential property owners is capitalized into property values during the process of forest pest infestation.

År 2010 genomfördes en ny lag där inlösen av mark ersätts med 125% av marknadsvärdet. Som utgångspunkt försöker markförvärvaren nå en överenskommelse med berörda fastighetsägare. Når man ingen överenskommelse beslutas därefter om ersättningen i domstol. Det tycks dock vara oklart hur mycket ersättningen i praktiken uppgår till vid överenskommelser, då olika aktörer tenderar att erbjuda en ersättning utöver det lagstadgade. Dessutom återfinns alltid en värderingsosäkerhet och därför en viss risk för markförvärvare att domstolen fastställer ett högre marknadsvärde än vad aktören själv värderat, och på så vis tvingas betala en högre ersättning. Det är därför intressant att undersöka om markförvärvare erbjuder ett ekonomiskt tillägg för att enklare nå en överenskommelse, och undvika att domstolen beslutar om en högre ersättning. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om markförvärvare erbjuder en högre ersättning än det lagstadgade på grund av att fastighetsägare kan överklaga ersättningen och fastställa ett högre marknadsvärde i domstol. För att besvara syftet har en enkät- och intervjustudie genomförts med aktörer på marknaden som frekvent arbetar med markförvärv och har god erfarenhet inom ämnet. På så vis tillfrågas aktörerna direkt hur de ställer sig till frågan och hur de agerar i praktiken. Resultatet av studien visar att en övervägande del av alla respondenter inte erbjuder något ekonomiskt tillägg utöver det lagstadgade. Dessutom upplever majoriteten av dem tillfrågade aktörerna på marknaden inte heller någon risk att ett högre marknadsvärde fastställs i domstol. Aktörerna är säkra i deras värdering och anser att de värderar bra i förhållande till domstol. De deltagande i studien tycks alltså inte ta i hänsyn att domstolen kan fastställa ett högre marknadsvärde som något som skulle leda till att de erbjuder ett ekonomiskt tillägg., In 2010 a new law was implemented in which acquisition of land is compensated with 125% of market value. As a starting point the land acquirer tries to seek an agreement with the concerned property owners. If no agreement is reached, the compensation will be decided in court. However, it seems unclear how great the compensation in terms of agreements is in practice, since different operators tend to offer compensation more than the statutory amount. In addition, there is always an uncertainty of valuation and therefore a certain risk for the land acquirer that the court determines a higher market value than the acquirer himself, and thus must pay a higher compensation. It is therefore interesting to investigate whether operators offer a financial supplement to make it easier to reach an agreement and to avoid the court deciding on a higher compensation. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether operators offer higher compensation than statutory because property owners can appeal against the amount of compensation and determine higher market value in court. In order to answer the purpose, a survey and an interview study has been conducted with operators in the market who frequently work with land acquisition and have good experience in the subject. In this way, the operators are directly asked how they respond to the question and how they act in practice. The result of the study shows that a majority of the respondents do not offer any financial supplement in addition to the statutory. In addition, most of the respondents on the market also do not perceive the risk of a higher market value being determined in court. The operators are confident in their valuation and consider that they value good in relation to the court. Thus, the participants in the study seem to not take into regard that the court can establish a higher market value as something that would lead them to offer a financial supplement.

This paper aims at studying the difference in cost between aircraft noise and road noise using meta analysis. 90 NDI estimates have been gathered from the literature (a total of 53 studies), out of which 44 are estimates for aircraft noise and 46 are for road noise. The results of the meta-regression suggest that aircraft noise costs somewhere in the range of 0.40 and 0.60 percent more per increased dB than road noise. Knowing the associations between these costs of noise pollution can be a convenient tool for planners and policy makers, offering an opportunity to make predictions of aircraft noise when only estimates of road noise are available, and vice versa., QC 20200306

This thesis uses semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis to explore the impact of carbon sequestration rights on rural land in Queensland and to determine whether current rural valuation knowledge and practice is equipped to deal with these rights. The carbon right in Queensland is complex and subject to significant individual variation. The nature and form of this right will determine whether it has a positive or negative impact on Queensland rural land. Significant gaps in the knowledge of industry stakeholders, including rural valuers, concerning carbon rights were found, and recommendations for valuation practice were made.

Obsolescence, defined as the process of declining performance of buildings, is a serious threat for the value, the usefulness and the life span of housing properties. Thomsen and van der Flier (2011) developed a model in which obsolescence is categorised on the basis of two distinctions, namely between endogenous and exogenous cause-effect relationships and between physical and behavioural cause-effect relationships. In this way, the model presents a classification of underlying factors of obsolescence. However, these underlying factors, more specifically the underlying cause-effect relations, are still a black box. In this paper we try to disclose this. Based on a review of related models concerning the process of declining performance of built property, we present several hypotheses on cause-effect relationships underlying obsolescence of dwellings and discuss their relevance and appropriateness for future research on the topic., OTB, Architecture and The Built Environment

In January 1998, the Lundby tunnel opened in Gothenburg. Prior to that, the motor driven traffic was routed on county road 155 (länsväg 155) along e.g. Västra Bräckevägen, Östra Bräckevägen and Stålhandskegatan. When the traffic was rerouted to go down the Lundby tunnel instead, the previous noise pollution levels caused by the traffic frictions were consequently reduced on said roads. It is a possible conclusion thereof that the market prices of the properties adjacent to these roads were increased when the Lundby tunnel opened in 1998. The object of this degree project is to examine how the market value on single-family properties along Västra Bräckevägen, Östra Bräckevägen and Stålhandskegatan were affected through the rerouting of county road 155. The purpose of the report is to deduce the applicability of the results on the opposite situation; i.e. to determine the decline of market value on single-family properties caused by the proximity to a road. In order to answer the question proposed in this essay, data will be collected and analyzed. The theoretic framework according to which the data will be examined consists of the theory that properties and goods can be implicitly priced based on a hedonic regression analysis. On that basis, the essay estimates the effects on market value of single-family properties caused by the construction of roads. This will be done by studying the impact county road 155 had on nearby properties. In order to obtain an appropriate price-setting model several multiple-regression analyzes has been tested. The result of the application of the model was that a standard property located 20 meters from the nearest road has had a market value increase of 11 % caused by the diversion of county road 155., I januari 1998 lades en del av länsväg 155 om till den nyöppnade Lundbytunneln i Göteborg. Tidigare leddes den motordrivna trafiken på denna länsväg längs bl.a. Västra Bräckevägen, Östra Bräckevägen och Stålhandskegatan. När trafiken lades om och ner i Lundbytunneln torde det bl.a. ha varit så att bullernivåerna vid nämnda vägar minskade. Det är därför troligt att marknadsvärdet steg på de närliggande fastigheterna intill dessa vägar när länsväg 155 lades om. Före länsvägen lades om var uppbyggnaden av nämnda vägar två körfält i vardera riktningen med hastighetsbegränsning på 70 km/h. Efter byggdes dess vägar om till ett körfält i vardera riktningen med en hastighetsbegränsning på 50 km/h. Arbetets uppgift har varit att undersöka hur marknadsvärdet på fastigheterna kring Västra-, Östra Bräckevägen och Stålhandskegatan påverkades av att länsväg 155 lades om och ner i Lundbytunneln. Förhoppningen med resultatet av studien var att den skulle kunna användas i liknande motsatt fall där ersättning för miljöskada ska beräknas. Ett exempel på ett sådant fall är då en småhusfastighets marknadsvärde påverkas av att en närliggande väg får en ökad trafikbelastning. Till grund för de kommande antagandena i arbetet har en litteraturstudie i ämnet gjorts. Litteraturstudiens syfte har varit att ge bakgrund inom ämnena fastighetsvärdering, hedonisk regressionsanalys och miljö- samt företagsskada. Facklitteratur, artiklar, avhandlingar, rättsfall och rättspraxis samt lagstiftning har studerats inom områdena. I arbetet har först en omfattande datainsamling gjorts på två områden. Det ena området inkluderar fastigheter belägna i närheten av Västra-, Östra Bräckevägen och Stålhandskegatan. Tanken är att data från detta område ska ge svar på om småhusfastigheterna i området kring nämnda vägar hade en marknadsvärdepåverkan av att länsväg 155 lades om. För området önskas även en årlig prisutveckling erhållas. Genom att jämföra den årliga prisutvecklingen för området kring vägarna med den år

We investigate whether mandatory energy performance certificates of existing residential properties contribute to property price premiums after the implementation of the EU directive on the energy performance of buildings in the Swedish private housing market. Analysing mandatory energy performance certificates of the 2009-2010 private housing transactions, we find that energy performance is associated with transaction price in situations when it is conditional on a reference benchmark. We also document property price premiums for energy performance within housing segments built before 1960 and those with a lower transaction price per square metre. Our results suggest that the property market values energy performance, and we make recommendations on which housing segments need policy support to encourage energy improvements., QC 20150130

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact stigma has on property values and how long the stigma remains after the Not in My Back Yard (NIMBY) structure has been removed. Design/methodology/approach - A quantitative analysis was undertaken, using a high voltage overhead transmission line (HVOTL) case study, to determine the effect on property values prior and post removal of the NIMBY structure. A repeat sales index in conjunction with the regression analysis determined the length of time, the stigma remained after removal of the NIMBY structure. Findings - The results show that while the NIMBY is in place the impact on value is confined to those properties in close proximity. This is in contradiction to the findings, where on removal of the NIMBY the property values of the whole neighbourhood improve with the stigma remaining for 3 to 4 years. Research Implications - The implication of this research is that property Valuers need to change the way they take into account the presence of NIMBYs when valuing property with more emphasis, being placed on the neighbourhood rather than just the properties in close proximity. While the HVOTL was in place, only properties in close proximity were negatively affected, but on removal of the HVOTL the whole neighbourhood increased in value. Originality/value - Results expand on current knowledge by demonstrating the length of time the market takes to adjust to the removal of a NIMBY structure.

Byggnader och dess användare står för upp emot en tredjedel av jordens förbrukade naturresurser och 40 procent av jordens totala energiförbrukning. För att spara på jordens resurser och minska energiförbrukningen är det viktigt att finna byggnadslösningar som inte belastar klimatet ytterligare. Idag efterfrågas hållbara byggnader allt mer av hyresgäster vilket innebär att fastighetsägarna, för att vara konkurrenskraftiga, måste göra investeringar för att miljöklassificera sina byggnader. Miljöbyggnad är ett sätt att miljöcertifiera både nyproducerade och befintliga byggnader. Systemet baseras på svenska bygg- och myndighetsregler samt svensk byggpraxis och är till för att skapa miljömässigt hållbara byggnader. Miljöbyggnad är indelad i fyra klassificeringsnivåer; KLASSAD, BRONS, SILVER och GULD, där BRONS i flera utav fallen motsvarar Boverkets byggregler (BBR). Certifieringen baseras på manualer med tre områden; energi, inomhusmiljö och material. Detta examensarbete undersöker om en miljöcertifiering enligt Miljöbyggnad klassificeringsnivå GULD innebär en merkostnad i jämförelse med BBRs krav. Arbetet har dessutom undersökt om miljöcertifieringen generarar i något slags mervärde och om de eventuella merkostnaderna för certifikatet understiger detta. Examensarbetet baseras på byggnaden Kvarteret Skeppshandeln 1 i Hammarby Sjöstad som är projekterad och producerad för att uppnå klassificeringsnivå GULD., Buildings and its users is responsible for up to a third of the world consumed natural resources and 40 percent of the world's total energy consumption. To save the resources of the earth and reduce energy consumption, it is important to find building solutions that do not burden the climate further. Today the sustainable buildings is more requested then before of tenants, which means that in order to be competitive the property owners must make investments to environmental classify their buildings. Miljöbyggnad is a way of environmental certification for both newly constructed buildings and existing buildings. The system is based on the Swedish construction rules, government regulations and Swedish building practice. The system helps the building industry to create environmentally sustainable buildings. Miljöbyggnad is divided into four levels of classification; CLASSIFIED, BRONZE, SILVER and GOLD. In several cases BRONZE and Boverkets Byggregler (BBR) coincides with each other. The certification is based on manuals with three main areas; energy, indoor environment and materials. The purpose of this report is to investigate how much it will cost to classify a specific new building according to Miljöbyggnad category GOLD, compared with what it would cost to build the same building according to BBR´s requirement for new buildings. The project will also examine whether the costs of environmental classification according to Miljöbyggnad are lower than the value that the classification provides. The survey are based on the building Skeppshandeln 1 located in Hammarby Sjöstad, the building is planned and produced to achieve category GOLD.

The Fukushima Daiichi accident raises various kinds of social unease in Japan. Especially, unease for radioactive contamination around the Fukushima Daiichi plant is serious. Also, around the other nuclear power plants, local residents would feel unease for a similar accident in the future. Although the government and the electric power companies have already implemented or plan to implement several measures to mitigate such unease, it is difficult to progress their policies effectively because the effect of each measure is not quantitatively clarified. The purpose of our research is to evaluate these effects by analyzing fluctuations in local property values and local residents economic welfare, which are monetary indexes reflecting the social unease, to construct information that is useful to plan an optimal package of mitigation measures in each nuclear power plant site from the viewpoint of cost-benefit analysis. In this paper, we explain the immediate plans of this research and its academic and political contributions.

Purpose: This study aims to test whether energy performance effects single-family home sale prices. It also examines whether recommendations for supposedly cost-effective energy efficiency measures, by intervention category (construction, installation or operation/control technical measures), are perceived as untapped potential - a real option - that effects sale prices. Design/methodology/approach: The energy performance measurement and dummy variables for three categories of improvement recommendations are included as explanatory variables in a hedonic regression analysis using transaction data and energy performance certificates data for 1,073 observations. Findings: Results indicate that better energy performance effects selling prices positively. Energy efficiency recommendations seem to have an impact on sale price; home buyers seem to require a larger "discount" for more complex types of measures. Research limitations/implications: The sample only includes houses in the Stockholm; so-called sustainable buildings have not been specifically studied; and the heating source has not been accounted for. Originality/value: The EU energy performance certificates provide new information and measure energy performance more exactly than many earlier (proxy) variables. This is one of the first studies to test the effect of this information, and the first one using Swedish data., QC 20140122

Property mapping is a fundamental component of ontology matching, and yet there is little support that goes beyond the identification of single property matches. Real data often requires some degree of composition, trivially exemplified by the mapping of "first name" and "last name" to "full name" on one end, to complex matchings, such as parsing and pairing symbol/digit strings to SSN numbers, at the other end of the spectrum. In this paper, we propose a two-phase instance-based technique for complex datatype property matching. Phase 1 computes the Estimate Mutual Information matrix of the property values to (1) find simple, 1:1 matches, and (2) compute a list of possible complex matches. Phase 2 applies Genetic Programming to the much reduced search space of candidate matches to find complex matches. We conclude with experimental results that illustrate how the technique works. Furthermore, we show that the proposed technique greatly improves results over those obtained if the Estimate Mutual Information matrix or the Genetic Programming techniques were to be used independently. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40285-2_18.

Problem: Forskning finns avseende vilka lägespreferenser köpare av småhus vanligen föredrar (Betts & Ely, 2008). Forskning finns även avseende hur marknadsföringspsykologi i form av varumärken påverkar konsumentens val av en vara (Arnold, 1993). Däremot har författarna till denna uppsats inte lyckats hitta annan forskning som kopplar samman marknadsföringsteori och bostadsområden, det vill säga hur varumärket påverkar köparens val av bostadsområde i samspel med praktiska faktorer. Studien vill även undersöka hur trendsättare som exempelvis kända personer och yrkesmän inom bostadsbranschen, kan påverka hur ett bostadsområdes efterfrågan kan komma att öka. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan få ett bostadsområde att öka alternativt minska i attraktivitet. Metod: För att komma fram till syftet har både kvalitativa och kvantitativa undersökningar utförts. Genom att noggrant välja ut fastighetsmäklare verksamma i Halmstad, har det genom öppna intervjuer framkommit viktig kunskap om vilka trender som råder på bostadsmarknaden i Halmstad. Med en kvantitativ datainsamling har sedan uppfattningen om olika lägespreferenser hos boende i Tylösand, Haverdal, Frösakull och Vishärad undersökts. Slutsats: Studien har kommit fram till att faktorer såsom närhet till kollektivtrafik, närhet till service, närhet till naturområden, rätt läge till solen samt att området är lugnt är viktigt för en köpare. Områdets varumärke har vidare visat sig ha en betydande roll för att vägleda köparen till rätt bostadsområde, samt att varumärket kan ha en avgörande betydelse när köpare väljer mellan bostadsområden i en konkurrenssituation (Arnold, 1993; Kotler et al., ; Melin, 1999). Sålunda, har dock kändisar visat sig ha liten betydelse för de boendes val av bostadsområde. Nyckelord: Bostadsområde, fastighetsvärde, läge, småhus, varumärke, Problem: There is already some research regarding what location preferences house buyers usually prefer (Betts & Ely 2008). There is also research available regarding how marketing psychology in the form of brands, affect consumer choice of goods (Arnold, 1993). However, the authors of this essay were not able to find other research that links marketing theory and residential areas, in other words, how the brand affects the buyer's choice of residential area in close interplay with material factors. The study would also examine how trendsetters, such as celebrities and professionals in the residential sector, can affect how a residential area demand may increase. Purpose: The study aims to investigate factors which may increase and/or decrease the attractiveness of a residential area. Method: To reach the objective, both qualitative and quantitative studies were conducted. By carefully selecting the real estate agents operating in Halmstad, important knowledge has been found through open interviews about the latest trends in the housing market in Halmstad. With a quantitative data gathering, the perception of different location preferences among residents in Tylösand, Haverdal, Frösakull and Vishärad has been investigated. Conclusion: The study has concluded that the factors such as proximity to public transportation, close to services, proximity to natural areas, the correct position of the sun and to a quiet area is important for a buyer. The brand of the area has also been found to have a significant role to guide the buyer to the right neighborhood, and that brand can play a crucial role for the residents choice of residential (Arnold, 1993; Kotler et. al; Melin, 1999). However celebrities have only shown to have little importance on the residents choice of residential area. KeywordsResidential, propertyvalue, location, houses, branding

This report aims to determine the economical benefits of improved public transport in some of Stockholms northern suburbs that are strategic locations for further urbanization. The correlation between public transport (PT) and property values will be explored. How will the PT scenarios that are suggested here increase the value of real estate in the regional focal points? How can the financial winners by this improvement be prepared to take part in financing the PT solutions? Denna uppsats syftar till att fastställa de ekonomiska fördelarna av förbättrad kollektivtrafik i norra Stockholmsregionen. Det kommer att undersökas i vilken utsträckning det föreligger ett samband mellan tillgänglighet till kollektivtrafik och fastighetsvärden. Hur kan de olika kollektivtrafiklösningarna komma att påverka fastighetsvärdena i de regionala kärnorna? Hur skulle nyttotagarna av en sådan investering kunna vara med att finansiera den?

The deregulation of the financial markets that started over two decades ago in the developed countries has led to increased house prices and loan to value ratios. Home owners in western countries have over the last two decades steadily decreased their savings and at the same time increased the size of their mortgages and the amount of leverage used to purchase their homes. This development has increased the financial risk for homeowners which recently became clear in the United States when prices on homes started to fall rapidly in 2007. Due to this development Finansinspektionen in Sweden has enforced new regulation on mortgage lending making it more expensive for home owners to use high leverage ratios. Finansinspektionen is responsible for consumer protection in terms of financial products and the new regulation aims to protect mortgage borrowers. Finansinspektionen suggests that an insurance that protects the borrower from loss could be used as an alternative to the regulation restricting the amount of leverage. Finansinspektionen also mentions the Canadian mortgage market as an example where compulsory mortgage insurances are enforced today. In Canada the borrower must take out a mortgage insurance when the mortgage exceeds 80 percent of the house value. However, we find that the Canadian mortgage insurance system would not fulfil the aim of Finansinspektionen’s regulation. The Canadian mortgage insurances are constructed to protect the lender against default and there purpose was initially to increase lending. When examining the basic structure of mortgage and home value insurance products we find that such products and systems are complicated to construct to match the Finansinspektionen requirements and purpose due to issues such as moral hazard, adverse selection, price, willingness to pay and systemic risk.

Whilst legislatures at all levels of Australian government have been slower to establish heritage protection than many other OECD countries, the community’s commitment predates identifiable involvement by government in the conservation arena by more than two decades as illustrated by the foundation, in Sydney in the mid 1940’s, of the National Trust of Australia (AGPC 2006). It was not until the 1970’s that formal frameworks were established through statutory control mechanisms for the identification and protection of Australia’s rich stock of heritage places (Irons and Armitage 2010).Similarly, at the professional level, the relatively recent emergence and dissemination of standardised approaches to valuation and management practices for heritage property (e.g. IVSC 2007; API 2008;RICS 2009) across international boundaries is an acknowledgement of their special value and – to some extent – demonstrates a recognition of characteristics which are shared by diverse cultures (Armitage and Yau 2008).Set within the context of Australia’s commitment to the Kyoto protocols, requiring signatory countries to meet mandated reductions in the use of non-renewable resources, the potential opportunity cost savings achievable by the more effective use of existing built structures has re-emerged as an area of interest. The objective of this paper is to review the multifaceted elements which contribute to our perceptions of heritage reflecting values which incorporate yet transcend the merely economic (Ashworth 2002) within this contemporary perspective of the role of heritage property identified above. This paper draws upon a rigorous study (Irons 2008) which investigates in detail the effect of local heritage listing on the single family dwelling. The paper identifies the framework of heritage management in Australia and considers the many meanings of the relevant terminology. Concepts of cultural heritage, of place and of significance are discussed providing a preface to a review

This unit discusses land records, one of the largest and most complex of the existing geographic datasets. Tasks addressed include locating and acquiring land records and the appropriate metadata from a variety of sources, combining data of different formats, scales and projections into a single map, and prepare a summary report to accompany the map.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá oceněním nemovitých věcí pro potřeby pojišťoven. Nejdříve jsou vymezeny pojmy, které jsou spojeny s oceněním nemovitých věcí a pojišťovnictvím a jsou popsány jednotlivé metody ocenění. Nadále jsou zde formulovány problémy, které souvisejí s cílem této práce. Poté následuje analýza města Břeclav, podrobný popis vybraných nemovitých věcí pro oceňování. Dále následují výpočty ocenění nákladovým způsobem jednotlivých objektů, metodou přímého porovnání bytové jednotky a stanovení minimálních pojistných hodnot od jednotlivých pojišťoven a tyto poznatky jsou následně porovnány. V závěrečné části je uvedeno shrnutí a porovnání výsledků., This diploma thesis deals with the valuation of real estate for the needs of insurance companies. First the terms that are associated with the valuation of real estate and insurance are defined and the individual valuation methods are described. Problems related to the aim of this work are further formulated here. This is followed by an analysis of the city of Břeclav, a detailed description of selected real estate for valuation. The following are calculations of cost valuation of individual buildings, direct comparison method of the housing unit and determination of minimum insurance values from individual insurance companies and these findings they are then compared. The final part contains a summary and comparison of the results.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá oceněním nemovitých věcí pro potřeby pojišťoven. Nejdříve jsou vymezeny pojmy, které jsou spojeny s oceněním nemovitých věcí a pojišťovnictvím a jsou popsány jednotlivé metody ocenění. Nadále jsou zde formulovány problémy, které souvisejí s cílem této práce. Poté následuje analýza města Břeclav, podrobný popis vybraných nemovitých věcí pro oceňování. Dále následují výpočty ocenění nákladovým způsobem jednotlivých objektů, metodou přímého porovnání bytové jednotky a stanovení minimálních pojistných hodnot od jednotlivých pojišťoven a tyto poznatky jsou následně porovnány. V závěrečné části je uvedeno shrnutí a porovnání výsledků., This diploma thesis deals with the valuation of real estate for the needs of insurance companies. First the terms that are associated with the valuation of real estate and insurance are defined and the individual valuation methods are described. Problems related to the aim of this work are further formulated here. This is followed by an analysis of the city of Břeclav, a detailed description of selected real estate for valuation. The following are calculations of cost valuation of individual buildings, direct comparison method of the housing unit and determination of minimum insurance values from individual insurance companies and these findings they are then compared. The final part contains a summary and comparison of the results.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá oceněním nemovitých věcí pro potřeby pojišťoven. Nejdříve jsou vymezeny pojmy, které jsou spojeny s oceněním nemovitých věcí a pojišťovnictvím a jsou popsány jednotlivé metody ocenění. Nadále jsou zde formulovány problémy, které souvisejí s cílem této práce. Poté následuje analýza města Břeclav, podrobný popis vybraných nemovitých věcí pro oceňování. Dále následují výpočty ocenění nákladovým způsobem jednotlivých objektů, metodou přímého porovnání bytové jednotky a stanovení minimálních pojistných hodnot od jednotlivých pojišťoven a tyto poznatky jsou následně porovnány. V závěrečné části je uvedeno shrnutí a porovnání výsledků., This diploma thesis deals with the valuation of real estate for the needs of insurance companies. First the terms that are associated with the valuation of real estate and insurance are defined and the individual valuation methods are described. Problems related to the aim of this work are further formulated here. This is followed by an analysis of the city of Břeclav, a detailed description of selected real estate for valuation. The following are calculations of cost valuation of individual buildings, direct comparison method of the housing unit and determination of minimum insurance values from individual insurance companies and these findings they are then compared. The final part contains a summary and comparison of the results.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá oceněním nemovitých věcí pro potřeby pojišťoven. Nejdříve jsou vymezeny pojmy, které jsou spojeny s oceněním nemovitých věcí a pojišťovnictvím a jsou popsány jednotlivé metody ocenění. Nadále jsou zde formulovány problémy, které souvisejí s cílem této práce. Poté následuje analýza města Břeclav, podrobný popis vybraných nemovitých věcí pro oceňování. Dále následují výpočty ocenění nákladovým způsobem jednotlivých objektů, metodou přímého porovnání bytové jednotky a stanovení minimálních pojistných hodnot od jednotlivých pojišťoven a tyto poznatky jsou následně porovnány. V závěrečné části je uvedeno shrnutí a porovnání výsledků., This diploma thesis deals with the valuation of real estate for the needs of insurance companies. First the terms that are associated with the valuation of real estate and insurance are defined and the individual valuation methods are described. Problems related to the aim of this work are further formulated here. This is followed by an analysis of the city of Břeclav, a detailed description of selected real estate for valuation. The following are calculations of cost valuation of individual buildings, direct comparison method of the housing unit and determination of minimum insurance values from individual insurance companies and these findings they are then compared. The final part contains a summary and comparison of the results.