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Nationality, biography, Australianness: these are topics beset with complexities and politics before we even get to Wikipedia. On Wikipedia, further complexities arise. Even getting to the point of being able to map Wikipedia's representation over time requires understanding which biographies on Wikipedia refer to Australians. This involves further questions: who counts as Australian in Wikipedia and its sister-projects? How are Wikipedia articles or Wikidata items marked as 'Australian' by the system? How does Wikipedia define or represent 'Australianness'? In this report, we address these questions using a dataset of biographical articles culled from English Wikipedia with the aim of revealing the definition of 'Australianness' implicit in Wikipedia's systems and assessing how well Wikipedia represents the diversity of Australians. To address these questions and complexities, we used an innovative methodology which is explored in-depth in the report Appendix for all those data fiends out there.

My Darlinghurst profiles this colourful neighbourhood, revealing the stories of its migrant and Indigenous residents, the razor gangs and brothels, the soldiers and wharfies, and the artists and LGBTQIA+ communities who have made - and ...

Digital platforms produce bias and inequality that have a significant impact on peoples’ sense of self, agency and life chances. Wikipedia has largely evaded the criticism of other algorithmic systems like Google search and training databases like ImageNet, but Wikipedia is a critical source of representation in our current era – not only because it is one of the world's most popular websites, but because its data are being used as training data for the AI systems that are increasingly used for decision-making. We conducted an analysis of Wikipedia biographies in a national context, comparing the temporality and subjects of notability between English Wikipedia and the Australian Honours system in order to understand Wikipedia's unique role in the production of notability over the site's 20-year history. Framing Wikipedia as an active producer (rather than a reflection) of notability, we demonstrate that women are more likely to be awarded a Wikipedia page after the award announcements or not at all if their contribution is for labour relating to the caring professions than if their service is for sports, arts and films, politics or the judiciary. We argue that Wikipedia's inability to recognise gendered care work as noteworthy is mirrored in its own practices.

My Darlinghurst profiles this colourful neighbourhood, revealing the stories of its migrant and Indigenous residents, the razor gangs and brothels, the soldiers and wharfies, and the artists and LGBTQIA+ communities who have made - and ...

In 1926, New York University professor James E. Lough—an educational reformer with big dreams—embarked on a bold experiment he called the Floating University. Lough believed that taking five hundred American college students around the globe by ship would not only make them better citizens of the world but would demonstrate a model for responsible and productive education amid the unprecedented dangers, new technologies, and social upheavals of the post–World War I world. But the Floating University’s maiden voyage was also its last: when the ship and its passengers returned home, the project was branded a failure—the antics of students in hotel bars and port city back alleys that received worldwide press coverage were judged incompatible with educational attainment, and Lough was fired and even put under investigation by the State Department. In her new book, Tamson Pietsch excavates a rich and meaningful picture of Lough’s grand ambition, its origins, and how it reveals an early-twentieth-century America increasingly defined both by its imperialism and the professionalization of its higher education system. As Pietsch argues, this voyage—powered by an internationalist worldview—traced the expanding tentacles of US power, even as it tried to model a new kind of experiential education. She shows that this apparent educational failure actually exposes a much larger contest over what kind of knowledge should underpin university authority, one in which direct personal experience came into conflict with academic expertise. After a journey that included stops at nearly fifty international ports and visits with figures ranging from Mussolini to Gandhi, what the students aboard the Floating University brought home was not so much knowledge of the greater world as a demonstration of their nation’s rapidly growing imperial power.

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Purpose: The purpose of this article is to introduce the themed section of History of Education Review on “The History of Knowledge and the History of Education”, comprising four empirical articles that together seek to bring the history of education into fuller dialogue with the approaches and methods of the nascent field of the history of knowledge. Design/methodology/approach: This introductory article provides a broad overview of the history of knowledge for the benefit of historians of education, introduces the four themed section articles that follow, and draws out some of their overarching themes and concepts. Findings: The history of knowledge concept of “arenas of knowledge” emerges as generative across the themed section. Authors also engage with problems of the legitimacy of knowledges, and with pedagogy as practice. In addition, focusing on colonial and postcolonial contexts raises reflexive questions about history of knowledge approaches that have so far largely been developed in European and North American scholarship. Originality/value: The history of education has not previously been strongly represented among the fields that have gone into the formation of the history of knowledge as a synthetic, interdisciplinary approach to historical studies. Nor have historians of education much engaged with its distinguishing concepts and methodologies. The themed section also extends the history of knowledge itself through its strong focus on colonial and postcolonial histories.

A conversation about public good Dr Julia Horne, Dr Matthew A.M. Thomas. underpinning the social contract, or settlement, between knowledge institutions, publics and the state. John Dewey was not, of course, an advocate of classical ...

Large-scale molecular profiling studies in recent years have shown that central nervous system (CNS) tumors display a much greater heterogeneity in terms of molecularly distinct entities, cellular origins and genetic drivers than anticipated from histological assessment. DNA methylation profiling has emerged as a useful tool for robust tumor classification, providing new insights into these heterogeneous molecular classes. This is particularly true for rare CNS tumors with a broad morphological spectrum, which are not possible to assign as separate entities based on histological similarity alone. Here, we describe a molecularly distinct subset of predominantly pediatric CNS neoplasms (n = 60) that harbor PATZ1 fusions. The original histological diagnoses of these tumors covered a wide spectrum of tumor types and malignancy grades. While the single most common diagnosis was glioblastoma (GBM), clinical data of the PATZ1-fused tumors showed a better prognosis than typical GBM, despite frequent relapses. RNA sequencing revealed recurrent MN1:PATZ1 or EWSR1:PATZ1 fusions related to (often extensive) copy number variations on chromosome 22, where PATZ1 and the two fusion partners are located. These fusions have individually been reported in a number of glial/glioneuronal tumors, as well as extracranial sarcomas. We show here that they are more common than previously acknowledged, and together define a biologically distinct CNS tumor type with high expression of neural development markers such as PAX2, GATA2 and IGF2. Drug screening performed on the MN1:PATZ1 fusion-bearing KS-1 brain tumor cell line revealed preliminary candidates for further study. In summary, PATZ1 fusions define a molecular class of histologically polyphenotypic neuroepithelial tumors, which show an intermediate prognosis under current treatment regimens.

In 1926 New York University’s Professor of Psychology, James Edwin Lough, led 500 American university students on an eight-month voyage around the world. Stopping at 47 ports and visiting foreign dignitaries including the King of Siam, the Sultan of Jodhpur, Mussolini, and the Pope, Lough’s ‘pedagogical experiment’ promised a ‘world education’ to its students. Influenced by progressive education and new developments in educational psychology, he believed that ‘Floating University’ students could learn from the shifting conditions around them. This chapter examines the attempt to put this educational philosophy into effect, exploring some of the reading, writing, performing, and drawing that took place during the eight-month cruise around the world. Using published curricula, newspaper reports, and the letters of students and staff, it considers the relationship between experience and education in Professor Lough’s 1926 floating educational experiment.

Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019. This article examines the "new professions" as alternative settings where women thought and wrote about the international. Presenting the case studies of Fannie Fern Andrews, Mary Parker Follett and Florence Wilson, it shows that, in emerging professional and disciplinary contexts that have hitherto lain beyond the purview of historians of international thought, these women developed their thinking about the international. The insights they derived from their practical work in schools, immigrant communities and libraries led them to emphasize the mechanics of participation in international affairs and caused them to think across the scales of the individual, the local group and relations between nations. By moving beyond the history of organizations and networks and instead looking for the professional settings and audiences which enabled women to theorize, this article shifts both established understandings of what counts as international thought and traditional conceptions of who counts as an international thinker.

Aims DNA methylation-based central nervous system (CNS) tumour classification has identified numerous molecularly distinct tumour types, and clinically relevant subgroups among known CNS tumour entities that were previously thought to represent homogeneous diseases. Our study aimed at characterizing a novel, molecularly defined variant of glioneuronal CNS tumour. Patients and methods DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Infinium MethylationEPIC or 450 k BeadChip arrays (Illumina) and analysed using the 'conumee' package in R computing environment. Additional gene panel sequencing was also performed. Tumour samples were collected at the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) and provided by multinational collaborators. Histological sections were also collected and independently reviewed. Results Genome-wide DNA methylation data from >25 000 CNS tumours were screened for clusters separated from established DNA methylation classes, revealing a novel group comprising 31 tumours, mainly found in paediatric patients. This DNA methylation-defined variant of low-grade CNS tumours with glioneuronal differentiation displays recurrent monosomy 14, nuclear clusters within a morphology that is otherwise reminiscent of oligodendroglioma and other established entities with clear cell histology, and a lack of genetic alterations commonly observed in other (paediatric) glioneuronal entities. Conclusions DNA methylation-based tumour classification is an objective method of assessing tumour origins, which may aid in diagnosis, especially for atypical cases. With increasing sample size, methylation analysis allows for the identification of rare, putative new tumour entities, which are currently not recognized by the WHO classification. Our study revealed the existence of a DNA methylation-defined class of low-grade glioneuronal tumours with recurrent monosomy 14, oligodendroglioma-like features and nuclear clusters.

AIM Advances in molecular classification of paediatric ependymoma have been pivotal in improving risk stratification and understanding of this disease. C11orf95-RELA fused supratentorial ependymoma (ST-EPN) have been reported to have a poor outcome, with 10-year overall survival (OS) of 49% and progression free survival (PFS) of 19%. A cohort of patients from multiple international institutions with molecularly confirmed C11orf95-RELA fused ST-EPN were reviewed to assess their disease behaviour. METHOD: We reviewed patients with molecularly determined C11orf95-RELA supratentorial ependymoma diagnosed between 1999 – 2019. Demographic information, extent of surgical resection, use of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, disease recurrence, treatment at recurrence and clinical outcome data was collected. PFS and OS of all patients were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS A total of 76 ST-EPN patients with C11orf95-RELA fusion were identified (median age: 7 years3 months, range: 5 months – 18 years7 months). 58 patients (76.3%) had complete surgical resection. 70 patients(92.1%) received radiotherapy. 55 patients(72.3%) received chemotherapy. The 10-year OS of C11orf95-RELA fused ST-EPN was 72.4% and PFS was 63.8%. In contrast, ST-EPN at a single institution with unconfirmed molecular status had an OS of 61.1% and PFS of 34.9%. CONCLUSION Detailed molecular analysis identified distinct subgroups of patients with ST-EPN. Patients from this cohort with C11orf95-RELA methylation profiles had a significantly higher OS compared to previous reports and those with unconfirmed fusion status, emphasising the critical importance of complete molecular profiling to assist in treatment decision making. Complete molecular analysis in future prospective cohorts is essential for accurate risk stratification and treatment selection.

Aims DNA methylation-based central nervous system (CNS) tumour classification has identified numerous molecularly distinct tumour types, and clinically relevant subgroups among known CNS tumour entities that were previously thought to represent homogeneous diseases. Our study aimed at characterizing a novel, molecularly defined variant of glioneuronal CNS tumour. Patients and methods DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Infinium MethylationEPIC or 450 k BeadChip arrays (Illumina) and analysed using the 'conumee' package in R computing environment. Additional gene panel sequencing was also performed. Tumour samples were collected at the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) and provided by multinational collaborators. Histological sections were also collected and independently reviewed. Results Genome-wide DNA methylation data from >25 000 CNS tumours were screened for clusters separated from established DNA methylation classes, revealing a novel group comprising 31 tumours, mainly found in paediatric patients. This DNA methylation-defined variant of low-grade CNS tumours with glioneuronal differentiation displays recurrent monosomy 14, nuclear clusters within a morphology that is otherwise reminiscent of oligodendroglioma and other established entities with clear cell histology, and a lack of genetic alterations commonly observed in other (paediatric) glioneuronal entities. Conclusions DNA methylation-based tumour classification is an objective method of assessing tumour origins, which may aid in diagnosis, especially for atypical cases. With increasing sample size, methylation analysis allows for the identification of rare, putative new tumour entities, which are currently not recognized by the WHO classification. Our study revealed the existence of a DNA methylation-defined class of low-grade glioneuronal tumours with recurrent monosomy 14, oligodendroglioma-like features and nuclear clusters.

© 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to create comparable time series data on university income in Australia and the UK that might be used as a resource for those seeking to understand the changing funding profile of universities in the two countries and for those seeking to investigate how such data were produced and utilised. Design/methodology/approach: A statistical analysis of university income from all sources in the UK and Australia. Findings: The article produces a new time series for Australia and a comparable time series for the UK. It suggests some of the ways these data related to broader patterns of economic change, sketches the possibility of strategic influence, and outlines some of their limitations. Originality/value: This is the first study to systematically create a time series on Australian university income across the twentieth century and present it alongside a comparable dataset for the UK.

This chapter highlights three distinct periods of transformation in the function and foundation of universities across the last 200 years. First, it focuses on the last decades of the nineteenth century when the modern university came into existence; second, on the years after the Second World War when a new relationship with the state was fashioned; and, third, on the 1990s when deregulation and internationalization reshaped higher education systems. It pays particular attention to universities in the English-speaking world and especially to the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia. Although there are many other periods of change and many other geographic and linguistic contexts worthy of attention, thinking about these three moments in the context of the English-speaking world casts into relief the contours of the early twenty-first century when the so-called “American model” of a teaching and research institution is both hugely influential across the globe and also in the process of being challenged and refashioned.

Accurate pathological diagnosis is crucial for optimal management of patients with cancer. For the approximately 100 known tumour types of the central nervous system, standardization of the diagnostic process has been shown to be particularly challenging-with substantial inter-observer variability in the histopathological diagnosis of many tumour types. Here we present a comprehensive approach for the DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours across all entities and age groups, and demonstrate its application in a routine diagnostic setting. We show that the availability of this method may have a substantial impact on diagnostic precision compared to standard methods, resulting in a change of diagnosis in up to 12% of prospective cases. For broader accessibility, we have designed a free online classifier tool, the use of which does not require any additional onsite data processing. Our results provide a blueprint for the generation of machine-learning-based tumour classifiers across other cancer entities, with the potential to fundamentally transform tumour pathology.

This chapter is the first attempt at a general historical analysis of the way in which the scholarship shaped the lives of those who received it. It takes a dual approach to the long view on scholarly exchange. Not only does it track the scholarship through the twentieth century, it also looks back to the 1890s and to the ideas and precedents that informed Cecil John Rhodes and his executors. Beginning by placing the foundation of the Rhodes scholarships in their historical context, the chapter then goes on to examine three basic issues that underpin most international exchange programs: first, the geographic distribution of award; second, gender parity in award; and, third, the long-term geographic mobility of scholars. By bringing together historical and quantitative methods, it points to identifiable patterns of continuity, change, and regional diversity in the management and effect of the scheme.

Item does not contain fulltext, Background.: Pineoblastoma is a rare pineal region brain tumor. Treatment strategies have reflected those for other malignant embryonal brain tumors. Patients and Methods.: Original prospective treatment and outcome data from international trial groups were pooled. Cox regression models were developed considering treatment elements as time-dependent covariates. Results.: Data on 135 patients with pineoblastoma aged 0.01-20.7 (median 4.9) years were analyzed. Median observation time was 7.3 years. Favorable prognostic factors were age >/=4 years (hazard ratio [HR] for progression-free survival [PFS] 0.270, P < .001) and administration of radiotherapy (HR for PFS 0.282, P < .001). Metastatic disease (HR for PFS 2.015, P = .006), but not postoperative residual tumor, was associated with unfavorable prognosis. In 57 patients <4 years old, 5-year PFS/overall survival (OS) were 11 +/- 4%/12 +/- 4%. Two patients survived after chemotherapy only, while 3 of 16 treated with craniospinal irradiation (CSI) with boost, and 3 of 5 treated with high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and local radiotherapy survived. In 78 patients aged >/=4 years, PFS/OS were 72 +/- 7%/73 +/- 7% for patients without metastases, and 50 +/- 10%/55 +/- 10% with metastases. Seventy-three patients received radiotherapy (48 conventionally fractionated CSI, median dose 35.0 [18.0-45.0] Gy, 19 hyperfractionated CSI, 6 local radiotherapy), with (n = 68) or without (n = 6) chemotherapy. The treatment sequence had no impact; application of HDCT had weak impact on survival in older patients. Conclusion.: Survival is poor in young children treated without radiotherapy. In these patients, combination of HDCT and local radiotherapy may warrant further evaluation in the absence of more specific or targeted treatments. CSI combined with chemotherapy is effective for older non-metastatic patients.

Item does not contain fulltext, Background.: Pineoblastoma is a rare pineal region brain tumor. Treatment strategies have reflected those for other malignant embryonal brain tumors. Patients and Methods.: Original prospective treatment and outcome data from international trial groups were pooled. Cox regression models were developed considering treatment elements as time-dependent covariates. Results.: Data on 135 patients with pineoblastoma aged 0.01-20.7 (median 4.9) years were analyzed. Median observation time was 7.3 years. Favorable prognostic factors were age >/=4 years (hazard ratio [HR] for progression-free survival [PFS] 0.270, P < .001) and administration of radiotherapy (HR for PFS 0.282, P < .001). Metastatic disease (HR for PFS 2.015, P = .006), but not postoperative residual tumor, was associated with unfavorable prognosis. In 57 patients <4 years old, 5-year PFS/overall survival (OS) were 11 +/- 4%/12 +/- 4%. Two patients survived after chemotherapy only, while 3 of 16 treated with craniospinal irradiation (CSI) with boost, and 3 of 5 treated with high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and local radiotherapy survived. In 78 patients aged >/=4 years, PFS/OS were 72 +/- 7%/73 +/- 7% for patients without metastases, and 50 +/- 10%/55 +/- 10% with metastases. Seventy-three patients received radiotherapy (48 conventionally fractionated CSI, median dose 35.0 [18.0-45.0] Gy, 19 hyperfractionated CSI, 6 local radiotherapy), with (n = 68) or without (n = 6) chemotherapy. The treatment sequence had no impact; application of HDCT had weak impact on survival in older patients. Conclusion.: Survival is poor in young children treated without radiotherapy. In these patients, combination of HDCT and local radiotherapy may warrant further evaluation in the absence of more specific or targeted treatments. CSI combined with chemotherapy is effective for older non-metastatic patients.

Item does not contain fulltext, Background.: Pineoblastoma is a rare pineal region brain tumor. Treatment strategies have reflected those for other malignant embryonal brain tumors. Patients and Methods.: Original prospective treatment and outcome data from international trial groups were pooled. Cox regression models were developed considering treatment elements as time-dependent covariates. Results.: Data on 135 patients with pineoblastoma aged 0.01-20.7 (median 4.9) years were analyzed. Median observation time was 7.3 years. Favorable prognostic factors were age >/=4 years (hazard ratio [HR] for progression-free survival [PFS] 0.270, P < .001) and administration of radiotherapy (HR for PFS 0.282, P < .001). Metastatic disease (HR for PFS 2.015, P = .006), but not postoperative residual tumor, was associated with unfavorable prognosis. In 57 patients <4 years old, 5-year PFS/overall survival (OS) were 11 +/- 4%/12 +/- 4%. Two patients survived after chemotherapy only, while 3 of 16 treated with craniospinal irradiation (CSI) with boost, and 3 of 5 treated with high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and local radiotherapy survived. In 78 patients aged >/=4 years, PFS/OS were 72 +/- 7%/73 +/- 7% for patients without metastases, and 50 +/- 10%/55 +/- 10% with metastases. Seventy-three patients received radiotherapy (48 conventionally fractionated CSI, median dose 35.0 [18.0-45.0] Gy, 19 hyperfractionated CSI, 6 local radiotherapy), with (n = 68) or without (n = 6) chemotherapy. The treatment sequence had no impact; application of HDCT had weak impact on survival in older patients. Conclusion.: Survival is poor in young children treated without radiotherapy. In these patients, combination of HDCT and local radiotherapy may warrant further evaluation in the absence of more specific or targeted treatments. CSI combined with chemotherapy is effective for older non-metastatic patients.

This study describes synthesis and detailed characterization of 2D and 3D mesocrystalline films produced by self-assembly of iron oxide (magnetite) truncated nanocubes. The orientational relations between nanocrystals within the superlattice are examined and atomistic models for a detailed description of the structures of the 2D and 3D mesocrystals are introduced. The most efficient space filling within the 3D superstructure is achieved by changing the orientational order of the nanoparticles and following the “bump-tohollow” packing principle. These data provide a fundamental understanding of a mesocrystal formation mechanism and their structural evolution. Structure, composition and magnetic properties of the synthesised nanoparticles are also characterized.

Background This prospective multicenter study assessed the prognostic influence of the extent of resection when compared with biopsy only in a contemporary patient population with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Patients and methods Histology, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status, and clinical data were centrally analyzed. Survival analyses were carried out with the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were assessed with proportional hazard models. Results Of 345 patients, 273 underwent open tumor resection and 72 biopsies; 125 patients had gross total resections (GTRs) and 148, incomplete resections. Surgery-related morbidity was lower after biopsy (1.4% versus 12.1%, P = 0.007). 64.3% of patients received radiotherapy and chemotherapy (RT plus CT), 20.0% RT alone, 4.3% CT alone, and 11.3% best supportive care as an initial treatment. Patients ≤60 years with a Karnofsky performance score (KPS) of ≥90 were more likely to receive RT plus CT (P < 0.01). Median overall survival (OS) (progression free survival; PFS) ranged from 33.2 months (15 months) for patients with MGMT-methylated tumors after GTR and RT plus CT to 3.0 months (2.4 months) for biopsied patients receiving supportive care only. Favorable prognostic factors in multivariate analyses for OS were age ≤60 years [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.52; P < 0.001], preoperative KPS of ≥80 (HR = 0.55; P < 0.001), GTR (HR = 0.60; P = 0.003), MGMT promoter methylation (HR = 0.44; P < 0.001), and RT plus CT (HR = 0.18, P < 0.001); patients undergoing incomplete resection did not better than those receiving biopsy only (HR = 0.85; P = 0.31). Conclusions The value of incomplete resection remains questionable. If GTR cannot be safely achieved, biopsy only might be used as an alternative surgical strategy

Item does not contain fulltext, Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS-PNETs) are highly aggressive, poorly differentiated embryonal tumors occurring predominantly in young children but also affecting adolescents and adults. Herein, we demonstrate that a significant proportion of institutionally diagnosed CNS-PNETs display molecular profiles indistinguishable from those of various other well-defined CNS tumor entities, facilitating diagnosis and appropriate therapy for patients with these tumors. From the remaining fraction of CNS-PNETs, we identify four new CNS tumor entities, each associated with a recurrent genetic alteration and distinct histopathological and clinical features. These new molecular entities, designated "CNS neuroblastoma with FOXR2 activation (CNS NB-FOXR2)," "CNS Ewing sarcoma family tumor with CIC alteration (CNS EFT-CIC)," "CNS high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with MN1 alteration (CNS HGNET-MN1)," and "CNS high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with BCOR alteration (CNS HGNET-BCOR)," will enable meaningful clinical trials and the development of therapeutic strategies for patients affected by poorly differentiated CNS tumors.

Item does not contain fulltext, Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS-PNETs) are highly aggressive, poorly differentiated embryonal tumors occurring predominantly in young children but also affecting adolescents and adults. Herein, we demonstrate that a significant proportion of institutionally diagnosed CNS-PNETs display molecular profiles indistinguishable from those of various other well-defined CNS tumor entities, facilitating diagnosis and appropriate therapy for patients with these tumors. From the remaining fraction of CNS-PNETs, we identify four new CNS tumor entities, each associated with a recurrent genetic alteration and distinct histopathological and clinical features. These new molecular entities, designated "CNS neuroblastoma with FOXR2 activation (CNS NB-FOXR2)," "CNS Ewing sarcoma family tumor with CIC alteration (CNS EFT-CIC)," "CNS high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with MN1 alteration (CNS HGNET-MN1)," and "CNS high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with BCOR alteration (CNS HGNET-BCOR)," will enable meaningful clinical trials and the development of therapeutic strategies for patients affected by poorly differentiated CNS tumors.

Item does not contain fulltext, Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS-PNETs) are highly aggressive, poorly differentiated embryonal tumors occurring predominantly in young children but also affecting adolescents and adults. Herein, we demonstrate that a significant proportion of institutionally diagnosed CNS-PNETs display molecular profiles indistinguishable from those of various other well-defined CNS tumor entities, facilitating diagnosis and appropriate therapy for patients with these tumors. From the remaining fraction of CNS-PNETs, we identify four new CNS tumor entities, each associated with a recurrent genetic alteration and distinct histopathological and clinical features. These new molecular entities, designated "CNS neuroblastoma with FOXR2 activation (CNS NB-FOXR2)," "CNS Ewing sarcoma family tumor with CIC alteration (CNS EFT-CIC)," "CNS high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with MN1 alteration (CNS HGNET-MN1)," and "CNS high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with BCOR alteration (CNS HGNET-BCOR)," will enable meaningful clinical trials and the development of therapeutic strategies for patients affected by poorly differentiated CNS tumors.

© 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to: introduce the topic of the relationship between universities and the First World War historiographically; put university expertise and knowledge at the centre of studies of the First World War; and explain how an examination of university expertise and war reveals a continuity of intellectual and scientific activity from war to peace. Design/methodology/approach: Placing the papers in the special issue of HER on universities and war in the context of a broader historiography of the First World War and its aftermath. Findings: The interconnections between university expertise and the First World War is a neglected field, yet its examination enriches the current historiography and prompts us to see the war not simply in terms of guns and battles but also how the battlefield extended university expertise with long-lasting implications into the 1920s and 1930s. Originality/value: The paper explores how universities and their expertise – e.g. medical, artistic, philosophical – were mobilised in the First World War and the following peace.

© 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to bring together the history of war, the universities and the professions. It examines the case of dentistry in New South Wales, detailing its divided pre-war politics, the role of the university, the formation and work of the Dental Corps during the First World War, and the process of professionalization in the 1920s. Design/methodology/approach: The paper draws on documentary and archival sources including those of the University of Sydney, contemporary newspapers, annual reports and publication of various dental associations, and on secondary sources. Findings: The paper argues that both the war and the university were central to the professionalization of dentistry in New South Wales. The war transformed the expertise of dentists, shifted their social status and cemented their relationship with the university. Originality/value: This study is the first to examine dentistry in the context of the histories of war, universities and professionalization. It highlights the need to re-evaluate the changing place of the professions in interwar Australia in the light both of the First World War and of the university’s involvement in it.

We recently reported that atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs) comprise at least two transcriptional subtypes with different clinical outcomes; however, the mechanisms underlying therapeutic heterogeneity remained unclear. In this study, we analyzed 191 primary ATRTs and 10 ATRT cell lines to define the genomic and epigenomic landscape of ATRTs and identify subgroup-specific therapeutic targets. We found ATRTs segregated into three epigenetic subgroups with distinct genomic profiles, SMARCB1 genotypes, and chromatin landscape that correlated with differential cellular responses to a panel of signaling and epigenetic inhibitors. Significantly, we discovered that differential methylation of a PDGFRB-associated enhancer confers specific sensitivity of group 2 ATRT cells to dasatinib and nilotinib, and suggest that these are promising therapies for this highly lethal ATRT subtype.