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Plant organs move throughout the diurnal cycle, changing leaf and petiole positions to balance light capture, leaf temperature, and water loss under dynamic environmental conditions. Upward movement of the petiole, called hyponasty, is one of several traits of the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). SAS traits are elicited upon perception of vegetation shade signals such as far-red light (FR) and improve light capture in dense vegetation. Monitoring plant movement at a high temporal resolution allows studying functionality and molecular regulation of hyponasty. However, high temporal resolution imaging solutions are often very expensive, making this unavailable to many researchers. Here, we present a modular and low-cost imaging setup, based on small Raspberry Pi computers that can track leaf movements and elongation growth with high temporal resolution. We also developed an open-source, semiautomated image analysis pipeline. Using this setup, we followed responses to FR enrichment, light intensity, and their interactions. Tracking both elongation and the angle of the petiole, lamina, and entire leaf in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) revealed insight into R:FR sensitivities of leaf growth and movement dynamics and the interactions of R:FR with background light intensity. The detailed imaging options of this system allowed us to identify spatially separate bending points for petiole and lamina positioning of the leaf.

The future of large-scale kelp aquaculture is standing at a crossroad, with the diverging paths being characterized by two fundamentally different cultivation methods that differ on how well gametophyte reproduction can be controlled. The cultivation method that does not directly control gametophyte reproduction is more widely utilized at the moment, but interest in better controlling gametophyte reproduction is growing steadily. Here, we validate a bioreactor system that overcomes a number of implementation challenges for this controlled reproductive method, expanding the possibility of clonal gametophyte cultivation outside of expensive laboratory settings. The main goals of this system include (i) the maintenance of clean gametophyte clonal cultures in non-sterile environments over prolonged periods of time, (ii) the production of large numbers of juvenile sporophytes, and (iii) effective transportation of gametophytes and sporophytes. The “SeaCoRe system” consists out of three parts that correspond to these three challenges: (1) clone-reactors, (2) a clone-inducer, and (3) a transporter. The validation of the system showed that delayed Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta gametophytes can grow reliably for 75 days in the clone-reactors. Initialgametophyte densities of 0.4 mg DW and 0.6 mg DW gametophtyes mL−1 were optimal for S. latissima and A. esculenta, resulting in reproductive successes of 604 and 422 sporophytes mL−1, respectively. Lastly, gametophyte transport was simulated, with high reproductive success still achieved within 19 days in ~ 20 °C environments. The SeaCoRe system helps unlock the full potential of large-scale kelp cultivation using multiannual delayed clonal.

This article discusses the role of the European Court of Human Rights in regulating the symbolic establishment of religion by the Convention States in their public sphere. The analysis starts from the rather controversial Lautsi decisions and distinguishes three perspectives on such cases. The legal perspective focuses on the way the Court would usually answer a legal question underlying a controversial subject as an interpretation of the Convention and Protocols understood as the living instrument it is today. The political perspective focuses on the preferred solution of the democratic majority in the relevant the Convention State, which is sometimes diametrically opposed to the Court's assessment. The pragmatic perspective explains how the Court deals with such clashes. In controversial cases, the Court sometimes is critical of the state for violating Convention rights, but remains, as a supranational court, critically dependent on the sufficient support of these states. This implies that the Court is sometimes forced to act pragmatically. To maintain the overall stability of the Convention system of human rights protection, the Court is sometimes required to make legally suboptimal decisions in specific controversial cases.

In Nederland is nu zoveel vaccin beschikbaar dat we het ons kunnen veroorloven de strategie te veranderen en meer rekening te houden met de nadelen van de Janssen- en AstraZeneca-vaccins. Wat betekent dit en welke internationale consequenties zitten daaraan?

The future of large-scale kelp aquaculture is standing at a crossroad, with the diverging paths being characterized by two fundamentally different cultivation methods that differ on how well gametophyte reproduction can be controlled. The cultivation method that does not directly control gametophyte reproduction is more widely utilized at the moment, but interest in better controlling gametophyte reproduction is growing steadily. Here, we validate a bioreactor system that overcomes a number of implementation challenges for this controlled reproductive method, expanding the possibility of clonal gametophyte cultivation outside of expensive laboratory settings. The main goals of this system include (i) the maintenance of clean gametophyte clonal cultures in non-sterile environments over prolonged periods of time, (ii) the production of large numbers of juvenile sporophytes, and (iii) effective transportation of gametophytes and sporophytes. The “SeaCoRe system” consists out of three parts that correspond to these three challenges: (1) clone-reactors, (2) a clone-inducer, and (3) a transporter. The validation of the system showed that delayed Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta gametophytes can grow reliably for 75 days in the clone-reactors. Initialgametophyte densities of 0.4 mg DW and 0.6 mg DW gametophtyes mL−1 were optimal for S. latissima and A. esculenta, resulting in reproductive successes of 604 and 422 sporophytes mL−1, respectively. Lastly, gametophyte transport was simulated, with high reproductive success still achieved within 19 days in ~ 20 °C environments. The SeaCoRe system helps unlock the full potential of large-scale kelp cultivation using multiannual delayed clonal.

Multiannual delayed gametophyte cultures can stay vegetative for years, while also having the ability to grow. This study aims to investigate whether male and female multiannual delayed gametophyte strains of the species Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta grow at different rates in culture. We furthermore assessed how changing sex ratios can affect the reproductive yields of these cultures. The results indicate that the reproductive yield of cultures declines with decreasing male:female ratios, a correlation that becomes especially apparent at higher culture densities for both species. Female gametophyte densities inparticular affected the observed reproductive yield of the cultures, with S. latissima cultures showing a clear reproductive optimum (sporophytes·mL−1) at 0.013 mg·mL−1 DW femalegametophyte biomass, while the reproductive success of A. esculenta peaked at a density of 0.025 mg·mL−1 DW of female gametophyte biomass, after which the reproductive yield started to decline in both species. The results show that the sex ratio of a gametophyte culture is an important biotic life cycle control, with higher amounts of female gametophyte biomass halting gametophyte reproduction. Understanding how these changing sex ratios in gametophyte cultures affect reproduction is especially important in the aquaculture of kelp, where reliable preforming cultures are key to long-term success.

Delayed gametophytes are able to grow vegetatively for prolonged periods of time. As such, they are potentially very valuable for kelp aquaculture given their great promise in opening up novel opportunities for kelp breeding and farming. However, large-scale application would require more in-depth understanding of how to control reproduction in delayed gametophytes. For newly formed gametophytes, many environmental factors for reproduction have been identified, with key drivers being light intensity, temperature, and the initial gametophyte density. However, the question of whether delayed gametophytes react similarly to these life cycle controls remains open for exploration. In this study, we performed a full factorial experiment on the influences of light intensity, temperature, and densityon the reproduction of multiannual delayed gametophytes of Saccharina latissima, during which the number of sporophytes formed were counted. We demonstrate that delayed gametophytes of S . latissima can reliably reproduce sexually after more than a year of vegetative growth, depending on the effects between light intensity andtemperature. Under higher light intensities (≥29 µmol photons · m -2 · s-1), optimal reproduction was observed at lower temperatures (10.2°C), while at lower light intensities (≤15 µmol photons · m-2 · s-1), optimal reproduction was observed at higher temperatures (≥12.6°C). Given the seasonal lag between solar radiation and sea surface temperature in natural systems, these conditions resemble those found during spring (i.e., increasing light intensity with low temperatures) and autumn (i.e., decreasing light intensity with higher temperatures). Seasonality that can be used as an aquaculture tool to better control the reproduction of delayed gametophytes.

Multiannual delayed gametophyte cultures can stay vegetative for years, while also having the ability to grow. This study aims to investigate whether male and female multiannual delayed gametophyte strains of the species Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta grow at different rates in culture. We furthermore assessed how changing sex ratios can affect the reproductive yields of these cultures. The results indicate that the reproductive yield of cultures declines with decreasing male:female ratios, a correlation that becomes especially apparent at higher culture densities for both species. Female gametophyte densities inparticular affected the observed reproductive yield of the cultures, with S. latissima cultures showing a clear reproductive optimum (sporophytes·mL−1) at 0.013 mg·mL−1 DW femalegametophyte biomass, while the reproductive success of A. esculenta peaked at a density of 0.025 mg·mL−1 DW of female gametophyte biomass, after which the reproductive yield started to decline in both species. The results show that the sex ratio of a gametophyte culture is an important biotic life cycle control, with higher amounts of female gametophyte biomass halting gametophyte reproduction. Understanding how these changing sex ratios in gametophyte cultures affect reproduction is especially important in the aquaculture of kelp, where reliable preforming cultures are key to long-term success.

Delayed gametophytes are able to grow vegetatively for prolonged periods of time. As such, they are potentially very valuable for kelp aquaculture given their great promise in opening up novel opportunities for kelp breeding and farming. However, large-scale application would require more in-depth understanding of how to control reproduction in delayed gametophytes. For newly formed gametophytes, many environmental factors for reproduction have been identified, with key drivers being light intensity, temperature, and the initial gametophyte density. However, the question of whether delayed gametophytes react similarly to these life cycle controls remains open for exploration. In this study, we performed a full factorial experiment on the influences of light intensity, temperature, and densityon the reproduction of multiannual delayed gametophytes of Saccharina latissima, during which the number of sporophytes formed were counted. We demonstrate that delayed gametophytes of S . latissima can reliably reproduce sexually after more than a year of vegetative growth, depending on the effects between light intensity andtemperature. Under higher light intensities (≥29 µmol photons · m -2 · s-1), optimal reproduction was observed at lower temperatures (10.2°C), while at lower light intensities (≤15 µmol photons · m-2 · s-1), optimal reproduction was observed at higher temperatures (≥12.6°C). Given the seasonal lag between solar radiation and sea surface temperature in natural systems, these conditions resemble those found during spring (i.e., increasing light intensity with low temperatures) and autumn (i.e., decreasing light intensity with higher temperatures). Seasonality that can be used as an aquaculture tool to better control the reproduction of delayed gametophytes.

In Nederland is nu zoveel vaccin beschikbaar dat we het ons kunnen veroorloven de strategie te veranderen en meer rekening te houden met de nadelen van de Janssen- en AstraZeneca-vaccins. Wat betekent dit en welke internationale consequenties zitten daaraan?

Iedereen wil dat groepsbescherming robuust gegarandeerd wordt via vrijwillige vaccinatie. Zo kan een vaccinatieplicht worden vermeden. De werkelijkheid dwingt er echter toe dat de politiek een standpunt inneemt over verplichting tot vaccinatie. De vaccinatiegraad is thans hoog genoeg maar bij een lichte daling zal er ingegrepen moeten worden. Een goede manier is dan om, zoals de commissie Vermeij voorstelde, te komen tot vaccinatiedrang via de kinderopvang.

In de discussie over de afnemende vaccinatiegraad stellen sommigendat de schadeclaim wel eens zou kunnen bijdragen aan de beschermingtegen mazelenuitbraken. In dit artikel onderzoek ik de mogelijkheden vanhet aansprakelijkheidsrecht in deze discussie. Ik concludeer dat deze privaatrechtelijke benadering niet de meest voor de hand liggende is om het volksgezondheidsprobleem van afnemende vaccinatiebereidheid aan te pakken.

Background: A cardiac origin in ischemic stroke is more frequent than previously assumed, but it is not clear which patients benefit from cardiac work-up if obvious cardiac pathology is absent. We hypothesized that thromboembolic stroke with a cardiac source occurs more frequently in the posterior circulation compared with thromboembolic stroke of another etiology. Methods: We performed a multicenter observational study in 3,311 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke who were enrolled in an ongoing prospective stroke registry of 8 University hospitals between September 2009 and November 2014 in The Netherlands. In this

Kelp life‐cycle transitions are complex and susceptible to various (a)biotic controls. Understanding the microscopic part of the kelp's lifecycle is of key importance, as gametophytes form a critical phase influencing, among others, the distributional limits of the species. Many environmental controls have been identified that affect kelp gametogenesis, whose interactive effects can be subtle and counterintuitive. Here we performed a fully factorial experiment on the (interactive) influences of light intensity, light quality, and the Initial Gametophyte Density (IGD) on Saccharina latissimi reproduction and vegetative growth of delayed gametophytes. A total of 144 cultures were followed over a period of 21 d. The IGD was a key determinant for reproductive success, with increased IGDs (≥0.04 mg DW · mL−1) practically halting reproduction. Interestingly, the effects of IGDs were not affected by nutrient availability, suggesting a resource‐independent effect of density on reproduction. The Photosynthetically Usable Radiation (PUR), overarching the quantitative contribution of both light intensity and light quality, correlated with both reproduction and vegetative growth. The PUR furthermore specifies that the contribution of light quality, as a lifecycle control, is a matter of absorbed photon flux instead of color signaling. We hypothesize that (i) the number of photons absorbed, independent of their specific wavelength, and (ii) IGD interactions, independent of nutrient availability, are major determinants of reproduction in S. latissimi gametophytes. These insights help understand kelp gametophyte development and dispersal under natural conditions, while also aiding the control of in vitro gametophyte cultures.

Kelp life‐cycle transitions are complex and susceptible to various (a)biotic controls. Understanding the microscopic part of the kelp's lifecycle is of key importance, as gametophytes form a critical phase influencing, among others, the distributional limits of the species. Many environmental controls have been identified that affect kelp gametogenesis, whose interactive effects can be subtle and counterintuitive. Here we performed a fully factorial experiment on the (interactive) influences of light intensity, light quality, and the Initial Gametophyte Density (IGD) on Saccharina latissimi reproduction and vegetative growth of delayed gametophytes. A total of 144 cultures were followed over a period of 21 d. The IGD was a key determinant for reproductive success, with increased IGDs (≥0.04 mg DW · mL−1) practically halting reproduction. Interestingly, the effects of IGDs were not affected by nutrient availability, suggesting a resource‐independent effect of density on reproduction. The Photosynthetically Usable Radiation (PUR), overarching the quantitative contribution of both light intensity and light quality, correlated with both reproduction and vegetative growth. The PUR furthermore specifies that the contribution of light quality, as a lifecycle control, is a matter of absorbed photon flux instead of color signaling. We hypothesize that (i) the number of photons absorbed, independent of their specific wavelength, and (ii) IGD interactions, independent of nutrient availability, are major determinants of reproduction in S. latissimi gametophytes. These insights help understand kelp gametophyte development and dispersal under natural conditions, while also aiding the control of in vitro gametophyte cultures.

In de discussie over de afnemende vaccinatiegraad stellen sommigendat de schadeclaim wel eens zou kunnen bijdragen aan de beschermingtegen mazelenuitbraken. In dit artikel onderzoek ik de mogelijkheden vanhet aansprakelijkheidsrecht in deze discussie. Ik concludeer dat deze privaatrechtelijke benadering niet de meest voor de hand liggende is om het volksgezondheidsprobleem van afnemende vaccinatiebereidheid aan te pakken.

Iedereen wil dat groepsbescherming robuust gegarandeerd wordt via vrijwillige vaccinatie. Zo kan een vaccinatieplicht worden vermeden. De werkelijkheid dwingt er echter toe dat de politiek een standpunt inneemt over verplichting tot vaccinatie. De vaccinatiegraad is thans hoog genoeg maar bij een lichte daling zal er ingegrepen moeten worden. Een goede manier is dan om, zoals de commissie Vermeij voorstelde, te komen tot vaccinatiedrang via de kinderopvang.

This chapter analyses whether nation states have a shared responsibility in international law to secure the necessary conditions for a dignified existence of all human beings. Even though the concept of responsibility is well established in international law, it is primarily discussed in the context of independent state responsibility. Can international law also make sense of the concept of shared responsibility of multiple states for their contribution to a single harmful outcome? This idea of shared responsibility has become increasingly important in our era of globalisation and increased collaboration between states.The first part analyses the concept of shared responsibility in international law, employing deontological arguments on the relation between agency and responsibility. The second part investigates whether multiple states can have a shared responsibility in international law for securing the necessary conditions for people to have their human right to live a dignified life ensured. Can we hold affluent societies responsible when they have set up a global structure of interstate cooperation that violates human rights of the global poor? The ultimate aim of the chapter is to investigate whether the relevant philosophical arguments as developed in this book can be translated into the international-legal realm.

De afnemende vaccinatiegraad en de toenemende kans op mazelenuitbraken worden meer en meer als een maatschappelijk probleem ervaren, en krijgen daarom terecht veel politieke aandacht. Een initiatiefwetsvoorstel van D66 wil kinderdagverblijven de mogelijkheid geven om niet-ingeënte kinderen te weigeren. Dit artikel toont aan dat dit voorstel in conflict komt met artikel 9 EVRM en de AWGB. Daarnaast biedt het voorstel slechts schijnzekerheid voor ouders over de veiligheid van hun kinderen in de kinderopvang. Wetgeving zou zich primair moeten richten op het tegengaan van het onderliggende probleem van de afnemende vaccinatiegraad.

Contains fulltext : 209661.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 209661.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

De afnemende vaccinatiegraad en de toenemende kans op mazelenuitbraken worden meer en meer als een maatschappelijk probleem ervaren, en krijgen daarom terecht veel politieke aandacht. Een initiatiefwetsvoorstel van D66 wil kinderdagverblijven de mogelijkheid geven om niet-ingeënte kinderen te weigeren. Dit artikel toont aan dat dit voorstel in conflict komt met artikel 9 EVRM en de AWGB. Daarnaast biedt het voorstel slechts schijnzekerheid voor ouders over de veiligheid van hun kinderen in de kinderopvang. Wetgeving zou zich primair moeten richten op het tegengaan van het onderliggende probleem van de afnemende vaccinatiegraad.

This chapter analyses whether nation states have a shared responsibility in international law to secure the necessary conditions for a dignified existence of all human beings. Even though the concept of responsibility is well established in international law, it is primarily discussed in the context of independent state responsibility. Can international law also make sense of the concept of shared responsibility of multiple states for their contribution to a single harmful outcome? This idea of shared responsibility has become increasingly important in our era of globalisation and increased collaboration between states.The first part analyses the concept of shared responsibility in international law, employing deontological arguments on the relation between agency and responsibility. The second part investigates whether multiple states can have a shared responsibility in international law for securing the necessary conditions for people to have their human right to live a dignified life ensured. Can we hold affluent societies responsible when they have set up a global structure of interstate cooperation that violates human rights of the global poor? The ultimate aim of the chapter is to investigate whether the relevant philosophical arguments as developed in this book can be translated into the international-legal realm.

Plants use light as a signal to determine neighbour proximity in dense vegetation. Far-red (FR) light reflected from neighbour plants elicits an array of growth responses throughout the plant. Recently, various light quality-induced signals have been discovered that travel between organs and tissue layers. These signals share upstream and downstream components, but can have opposing effects on cell growth. The question is how plants can coordinate these spatial signals into various growth responses in remote tissues. This coordination allows plants to adapt to the environment, and understanding the underlying mechanisms could allow precision engineering of crops. To achieve this understanding, plant photobiology research will need to focus increasingly on spatial signalling at the whole-plant level.

The 2015 Disneyland outbreak of measles in the US unequivocally brought to light what had been brewing below the surface for a while: a slow but steady decline in vaccination rates resulting in a rising number of outbreaks. This can be traced back to an increasing public questioning of vaccines by an emerging anti-vaccination movement. This article argues that, in the face of diminishing vaccination rates, childhood vaccinations should not be seen as part of the domain of parental choice but, instead, as a non-negotiable legal obligation. The first part of the article formulates and defends two arguments in favour of unqualified mandatory childhood vaccination laws. First, government should not permit parents to put their children at avoidable risk of death and suffering; second, government should guard the common good of herd immunity to protect vulnerable persons. The second part rejects legal and pragmatic objections against such mandatory vaccination laws.

The 2015 Disneyland outbreak of measles in the US unequivocally brought to light what had been brewing below the surface for a while: a slow but steady decline in vaccination rates resulting in a rising number of outbreaks. This can be traced back to an increasing public questioning of vaccines by an emerging anti-vaccination movement. This article argues that, in the face of diminishing vaccination rates, childhood vaccinations should not be seen as part of the domain of parental choice but, instead, as a non-negotiable legal obligation. The first part of the article formulates and defends two arguments in favour of unqualified mandatory childhood vaccination laws. First, government should not permit parents to put their children at avoidable risk of death and suffering; second, government should guard the common good of herd immunity to protect vulnerable persons. The second part rejects legal and pragmatic objections against such mandatory vaccination laws.

Vegetation stands have a heterogeneous distribution of light quality, including the red/far-red light ratio (R/FR) that informs plants about proximity of neighbors. Adequate responses to changes in R/FR are important for competitive success. How the detection and response to R/FR are spatially linked and how this spatial coordination between detection and response affects plant performance remains unresolved. We show in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica nigra that localized FR enrichment at the lamina tip induces upward leaf movement (hyponasty) from the petiole base. Using a combination of organ-level transcriptome analysis, molecular reporters, and physiology, we show that PIF-dependent spatial auxin dynamics are key to this remote response to localized FR enrichment. Using computational 3D modeling, we show that remote signaling of R/FR for hyponasty has an adaptive advantage over local signaling in the petiole, because it optimizes the timing of leaf movement in response to neighbors and prevents hyponasty caused by self-shading.

Beneficial soil microorganisms can affect plant growth and resistance by the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Yet, little is known on how VOCs from soil-borne plant pathogens affect plant growth and resistance. Here we show that VOCs released from mycelium and sclerotia of the fungal root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani enhance growth and accelerate development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Seedlings briefly exposed to the fungal VOCs showed similar phenotypes, suggesting that enhanced biomass and accelerated development are primed already at early developmental stages. Fungal VOCs did not affect plant resistance to infection by the VOC-producing pathogen itself but reduced aboveground resistance to the herbivore Mamestra brassicae. Transcriptomics of A. thaliana revealed that genes involved in auxin signaling were up-regulated, whereas ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling pathways were down-regulated by fungal VOCs. Mutants disrupted in these pathways showed similar VOC-mediated growth responses as the wild-type A. thaliana, suggesting that other yet unknown pathways play a more prominent role. We postulate that R. solani uses VOCs to predispose plants for infection from a distance by altering root architecture and enhancing root biomass. Alternatively, plants may use enhanced root growth upon fungal VOC perception to sacrifice part of the root biomass and accelerate development and reproduction to survive infection.

Beneficial soil microorganisms can affect plant growth and resistance by the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Yet, little is known on how VOCs from soil-borne plant pathogens affect plant growth and resistance. Here we show that VOCs released from mycelium and sclerotia of the fungal root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani enhance growth and accelerate development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Seedlings briefly exposed to the fungal VOCs showed similar phenotypes, suggesting that enhanced biomass and accelerated development are primed already at early developmental stages. Fungal VOCs did not affect plant resistance to infection by the VOC-producing pathogen itself but reduced aboveground resistance to the herbivore Mamestra brassicae. Transcriptomics of A. thaliana revealed that genes involved in auxin signaling were up-regulated, whereas ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling pathways were down-regulated by fungal VOCs. Mutants disrupted in these pathways showed similar VOC-mediated growth responses as the wild-type A. thaliana, suggesting that other yet unknown pathways play a more prominent role. We postulate that R. solani uses VOCs to predispose plants for infection from a distance by altering root architecture and enhancing root biomass. Alternatively, plants may use enhanced root growth upon fungal VOC perception to sacrifice part of the root biomass and accelerate development and reproduction to survive infection.