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The objectives of the thesis were to study convective heating (air frying) for improving the extraction of phenolics from mustard and canola co-products, and to assess how micro-emulsion (ME) and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) processing techniques affect phenolics contents in canola co-products. Mustard and canola seeds were air-fried at temperature-time combinations of 160, 170, 180, or 190 °C for 5, 10, 15 or 20 min. Oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and the de-oiled meal was air-dried at room temperature. Oil-soluble phenolics were extracted from the oil by hexane/70% methanol mixture, while meal-derived phenolics were isolated using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with 70% (v/v) methanol. Phenolics were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The antioxidant potential of both the oil and defatted meal extracts was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and metal ion-chelation (MIC) assays. The extraction of major oil-soluble and meal-derived phenolics in all the mustard and canola co-products showed a temperature-time dependency. The highest canolol content in the oil was obtained after air frying the seeds at 170 and 190 °C for 15 min, for mustard and canola oil, respectively. Oil extracts from both mustard and canola showed improved antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) but poor MIC. On the other hand, canola meal extracts showed better MIC. Canola press cake (CPC) from two different sources was treated with different SC-CO2 and ME protocols to remove varying levels of oil. The partially de-oiled meals were extracted using UAE-70% (v/v) methanol. The phenolic-rich extracts were analyzed and quantified by HPLC-DAD. The results were compared with phenolic extracts from canola meal de-oiled using standard industrial hexane extraction (HE). ME was effective in sinapine removal, while SC-CO2 showed better TPC values than HE and ME. Also, ME extracts s

Plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds have been reported to exert different bioactive properties. Despite the fact that there are plant extracts with completely different phenolic compositions, many of them have been reported to have similar beneficial properties. Thus, the structure–bioactivity relationship mechanisms are not yet known in detail for specific classes of phenolic compounds. In this context, this work aims to demonstrate the relationship of extracts with different phenolic compositions versus different bioactive targets. For this purpose, five plant matrices (Theobroma cacao, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Silybum marianum, Lippia citriodora, and Olea europaea) were selected to cover different phenolic compositions, which were confirmed by the phytochemical characterization analysis performed by HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. The bioactive targets evaluated were the antioxidant potential, the free radical scavenging potential, and the inhibitory capacity of different enzymes involved in inflammatory processes, skin aging, and neuroprotection. The results showed that despite the different phenolic compositions of the five matrices, they all showed a bioactive positive effect in most of the evaluated assays. In particular, matrices with very different phenolic contents, such as T. cacao and S. marianum, exerted a similar inhibitory power in enzymes involved in inflammatory processes and skin aging. It should also be noted that H. sabdariffa and T. cacao extracts had a low phenolic content but nevertheless stood out for their bioactive antioxidant and anti-radical capacity. Hence, this research highlights the shared bioactive properties among phenolic compounds found in diverse matrices. The abundance of different phenolic compound families highlights their elevated bioactivity against diverse biological targets.

The objectives of the thesis were to study convective heating (air frying) for improving the extraction of phenolics from mustard and canola co-products, and to assess how micro-emulsion (ME) and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) processing techniques affect phenolics contents in canola co-products. Mustard and canola seeds were air-fried at temperature-time combinations of 160, 170, 180, or 190 °C for 5, 10, 15 or 20 min. Oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and the de-oiled meal was air-dried at room temperature. Oil-soluble phenolics were extracted from the oil by hexane/70% methanol mixture, while meal-derived phenolics were isolated using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with 70% (v/v) methanol. Phenolics were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The antioxidant potential of both the oil and defatted meal extracts was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and metal ion-chelation (MIC) assays. The extraction of major oil-soluble and meal-derived phenolics in all the mustard and canola co-products showed a temperature-time dependency. The highest canolol content in the oil was obtained after air frying the seeds at 170 and 190 °C for 15 min, for mustard and canola oil, respectively. Oil extracts from both mustard and canola showed improved antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) but poor MIC. On the other hand, canola meal extracts showed better MIC. Canola press cake (CPC) from two different sources was treated with different SC-CO2 and ME protocols to remove varying levels of oil. The partially de-oiled meals were extracted using UAE-70% (v/v) methanol. The phenolic-rich extracts were analyzed and quantified by HPLC-DAD. The results were compared with phenolic extracts from canola meal de-oiled using standard industrial hexane extraction (HE). ME was effective in sinapine removal, while SC-CO2 showed better TPC values than HE and ME. Also, ME extracts s

This paper investigates the effects of storage conditions on the stability of phenolics and their antioxidant activities in unique nutraceutical supplements containing non-traditional cereal flakes, edible flowers, fruits, nuts, and seeds. Significant total phenolic content (TPC) of 1170–2430 mg GAE/kg and total anthocyanin content (TAC) with the values of 322–663 mg C3G/kg were determined with the highest TPC content established in free phenolic fractions. The most notable declines in TPC (by 53%), TAC (by 62%), phenolics (e.g., glycosylated anthocyanins by 35–67%), and antioxidant activity (by 25% using DPPH) were established in the presence of sunlight at 23 °C followed by the storage at 40 °C. Quercetin, rutin, peonidin, pelargonidin, p-coumaric, ellagic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were identified as the least stable phenolics when exposed to sunlight. Furthermore, glycosylated forms of anthocyanins demonstrated a greater stability when compared with anthocyanidins. The mixtures considerably eliminated ABTS and DPPH radicals. In all samples, water-soluble substances showed a higher antioxidant activity than lipid-soluble substances with the main contributors in the following order: delphinidin-3-glucoside (r = +0.9839) > p-coumaric > gallic > sinapic > p-hydroxybenzoic acids > delphinidin > peonidin and malvidin (r = +0.6538). Gluten-free nutraceutical mixtures M3 (containing red rice and black quinoa flakes, red and blue cornflowers, blueberries, and barberries) and M4 (containing red and black rice flakes, rose, blue cornflower, blueberries, raspberries, and barberries) were evaluated as the least stable under all storage conditions although they showed considerable phenolic concentrations. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of the nutraceutical mixtures were the highest at 23 °C without the presence of sunlight with the most stable M1 nutraceutical mixture (containing oat and red wheat flakes, hibiscus, lavender, blueberries, raspberries, and barberri

Chitin soil amendment is known to improve soil quality, plant growth and stress resilience, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we monitored chitin’s effect on lettuce physiology every two weeks through an eight-week growth period, analyzed the early transcriptional reprogramming and related metabolomic changes of lettuce, in response to crab chitin treatment in peat-based potting soil. In commercial growth conditions, chitin amendment still promoted lettuce growth, increased chlorophyll content, the number of leaves and crop head weight from week six. The flavonoid content in lettuce leaves was altered as well, showing an increase at week two but a decrease from week six. Transcriptomic analysis showed that over 300 genes in lettuce root were significantly differentially expressed after chitin soil treatment. Gene Ontology-term (GO) enrichment analysis revealed statistical overrepresentation of GO terms linked to photosynthesis, pigment metabolic process and phenylpropanoid metabolic process. Further analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that the flavonoid pathway was mostly upregulated whereas the bifurcation of upstream phenylpropanoid pathway towards lignin biosynthesis was mostly downregulated. Metabolomic analysis revealed the upregulation of salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid in chitin-treated lettuce seedlings. These phenolic compounds (PCs) mainly influence the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and may play important roles in plant defense reactions. Our results suggest that chitin soil amendments might activate induced resistance by priming lettuce plants and promote lettuce growth via transcriptional changes.

Hypertension (HTN) is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Agri-food by-products are emerging as a novel source of natural antihypertensive agents allowing for their valorization and making food and agricultural industries more environmentally friendly. In this regard, wine making process generates large amounts of by-products rich in phenolic compounds that have shown potential to exert several beneficial effects including antihypertensive properties. The aim of this study was to review the blood pressure-lowering effects of winery by-products. In addition, molecular mechanisms involved in their bioactivity were also evaluated. Among the winery by-products, grape seed extracts have widely shown antihypertensive properties in both animal and human studies. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that grape stem, skin and pomace and wine lees may also have great potential to manage HTN, although more studies are needed in order to confirm their potential in humans. Improvement of endothelial dysfunction and reduction of oxidative stress associated with HTN are the main mechanisms involved in the blood pressure-lowering effects of these by-products.

Amaranthus Viridis L. belongs to the Family (Amaranthaceae) commonly known as “Chowlai” which a common name. A. Viridis contains several compounds like Quercetin, Kaempferol, Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCs) (coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid), Syringic acid (SA), Rutin, Vitexin, Vanillic acid, etc . In search of new activities and chemical entities, phytochemical screening of the extract from leaves of A. Viridis L. indicates the presence of biologically active constituents saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, steroids, and triterpenoids. Quercetin is the aglycone form of several other flavonoid glycosides, Kaempferol (3,4′,5,7- tetrahydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound of natural origin. Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound which obtained from natural origin. SA is an excellent compound to be used as a therapeutic agent in various diseases (diabetes, CVDs, cancer, cerebral ischemia, neuro and liver damage) and possesses anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiendotoxic activities. Vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) has also shows the wide range of pharmacological effects, including but not limited to anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Vanillic acid shows the anti-cancer activity.

Amaranthus Viridis L. belongs to the Family (Amaranthaceae) commonly known as “Chowlai” which a common name. A. Viridis contains several compounds like Quercetin, Kaempferol, Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCs) (coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid), Syringic acid (SA), Rutin, Vitexin, Vanillic acid, etc . In search of new activities and chemical entities, phytochemical screening of the extract from leaves of A. Viridis L. indicates the presence of biologically active constituents saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, steroids, and triterpenoids. Quercetin is the aglycone form of several other flavonoid glycosides, Kaempferol (3,4′,5,7- tetrahydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound of natural origin. Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound which obtained from natural origin. SA is an excellent compound to be used as a therapeutic agent in various diseases (diabetes, CVDs, cancer, cerebral ischemia, neuro and liver damage) and possesses anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiendotoxic activities. Vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) has also shows the wide range of pharmacological effects, including but not limited to anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Vanillic acid shows the anti-cancer activity.

Amaranthus Viridis L. belongs to the Family (Amaranthaceae) commonly known as “Chowlai” which a common name. A. Viridis contains several compounds like Quercetin, Kaempferol, Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCs) (coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid), Syringic acid (SA), Rutin, Vitexin, Vanillic acid, etc . In search of new activities and chemical entities, phytochemical screening of the extract from leaves of A. Viridis L. indicates the presence of biologically active constituents saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, steroids, and triterpenoids. Quercetin is the aglycone form of several other flavonoid glycosides, Kaempferol (3,4′,5,7- tetrahydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound of natural origin. Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound which obtained from natural origin. SA is an excellent compound to be used as a therapeutic agent in various diseases (diabetes, CVDs, cancer, cerebral ischemia, neuro and liver damage) and possesses anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiendotoxic activities. Vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) has also shows the wide range of pharmacological effects, including but not limited to anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Vanillic acid shows the anti-cancer activity.

Electrochemical detection behavior of phenolic compounds in a series dual-electrode detector constructed from track-etched membrane electrodes (TEMEs) was investigated using microbore high-performance liquid chromatography. This detector featured complete electrolysis provided by the electrode structure, which consisted of cylindrical pores with a uniform diameter. The collection efficiency, which was defined as the ratio of peak areas observed at the first and second working electrodes, ranged from negative values up to 1.0. Because it reflected the electrochemical reaction's reversibility and the reaction products' stability, the substance-inherent collection efficiency varied over a much broader range of values than that obtained with conventional electrochemical detectors. The collection efficiencies of catechol and hydroquinone were up to 1.0. Resorcinol produced an anodic peak at both the first and second working electrodes despite a lower potential for polarization of the second electrode than the first electrode. In this case, the collection efficiency was negative. The results showed that the resulting product was oxidized in a low potential region. Catechin compounds, which have both catechol and resorcinol moieties, displayed the characteristics of both catechol and resorcinol simultaneously. Gallic acid, which produced an irreversible cyclic voltammogram, showed a quasi-reversible property produced by a relatively short transition time in the dual-electrode detector. The reported data will be valuable for peak identification and estimation of peak purities in complex chromatograms.

Electrochemical detection behavior of phenolic compounds in a series dual-electrode detector constructed from track-etched membrane electrodes (TEMEs) was investigated using microbore high-performance liquid chromatography. This detector featured complete electrolysis provided by the electrode structure, which consisted of cylindrical pores with a uniform diameter. The collection efficiency, which was defined as the ratio of peak areas observed at the first and second working electrodes, ranged from negative values up to 1.0. Because it reflected the electrochemical reaction's reversibility and the reaction products' stability, the substance-inherent collection efficiency varied over a much broader range of values than that obtained with conventional electrochemical detectors. The collection efficiencies of catechol and hydroquinone were up to 1.0. Resorcinol produced an anodic peak at both the first and second working electrodes despite a lower potential for polarization of the second electrode than the first electrode. In this case, the collection efficiency was negative. The results showed that the resulting product was oxidized in a low potential region. Catechin compounds, which have both catechol and resorcinol moieties, displayed the characteristics of both catechol and resorcinol simultaneously. Gallic acid, which produced an irreversible cyclic voltammogram, showed a quasi-reversible property produced by a relatively short transition time in the dual-electrode detector. The reported data will be valuable for peak identification and estimation of peak purities in complex chromatograms.

Amaranthus Viridis L. belongs to the Family (Amaranthaceae) commonly known as “Chowlai” which a common name. A. Viridis contains several compounds like Quercetin, Kaempferol, Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCs) (coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid), Syringic acid (SA), Rutin, Vitexin, Vanillic acid, etc . In search of new activities and chemical entities, phytochemical screening of the extract from leaves of A. Viridis L. indicates the presence of biologically active constituents saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, steroids, and triterpenoids. Quercetin is the aglycone form of several other flavonoid glycosides, Kaempferol (3,4′,5,7- tetrahydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound of natural origin. Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound which obtained from natural origin. SA is an excellent compound to be used as a therapeutic agent in various diseases (diabetes, CVDs, cancer, cerebral ischemia, neuro and liver damage) and possesses anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiendotoxic activities. Vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) has also shows the wide range of pharmacological effects, including but not limited to anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Vanillic acid shows the anti-cancer activity.

Amaranthus Viridis L. belongs to the Family (Amaranthaceae) commonly known as “Chowlai” which a common name. A. Viridis contains several compounds like Quercetin, Kaempferol, Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCs) (coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid), Syringic acid (SA), Rutin, Vitexin, Vanillic acid, etc . In search of new activities and chemical entities, phytochemical screening of the extract from leaves of A. Viridis L. indicates the presence of biologically active constituents saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, steroids, and triterpenoids. Quercetin is the aglycone form of several other flavonoid glycosides, Kaempferol (3,4′,5,7- tetrahydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound of natural origin. Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound which obtained from natural origin. SA is an excellent compound to be used as a therapeutic agent in various diseases (diabetes, CVDs, cancer, cerebral ischemia, neuro and liver damage) and possesses anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiendotoxic activities. Vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) has also shows the wide range of pharmacological effects, including but not limited to anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Vanillic acid shows the anti-cancer activity.

Amaranthus Viridis L. belongs to the Family (Amaranthaceae) commonly known as “Chowlai” which a common name. A. Viridis contains several compounds like Quercetin, Kaempferol, Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCs) (coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid), Syringic acid (SA), Rutin, Vitexin, Vanillic acid, etc . In search of new activities and chemical entities, phytochemical screening of the extract from leaves of A. Viridis L. indicates the presence of biologically active constituents saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, steroids, and triterpenoids. Quercetin is the aglycone form of several other flavonoid glycosides, Kaempferol (3,4′,5,7- tetrahydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound of natural origin. Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound which obtained from natural origin. SA is an excellent compound to be used as a therapeutic agent in various diseases (diabetes, CVDs, cancer, cerebral ischemia, neuro and liver damage) and possesses anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiendotoxic activities. Vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) has also shows the wide range of pharmacological effects, including but not limited to anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Vanillic acid shows the anti-cancer activity.

Age-related injuries are often connected to alterations in redox homeostasis. The imbalance between free radical oxygen species and endogenous antioxidants defenses could be associated with a growing risk of transient ischemic attack and stroke. In this context, a daily supply of dietary antioxidants could counteract oxidative stress occurring during ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R), preventing brain damage. Here we investigated the potential antioxidant properties of coffee-derived circulating metabolites and a coffee pulp phytoextract, testing their efficacy as ROS scavengers in an in vitro model of ischemia. Indeed, the coffee fruit is an important source of phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acids, present both in the brewed seed and in the discarded pulp. Therefore, rat brain endothelial cells, subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and recovery (ogR) to mimic reperfusion, were pretreated or not with coffee by-products. The results indicate that, under OGD/ogR, the ROS accumulation was reduced by coffee by-product. Additionally, the coffee extract activated the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway via Erk and Akt kinases phosphorylation, as shown by increased Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels. The data indicate that the daily intake of coffee by-products as a dietary food supplement represents a potential nutritional strategy to counteract aging.

Tesis por compendio, [ES] La citricultura se enfrenta a escenarios ambientales cambiantes que provocan diferentes estreses bióticos y abióticos que pueden dificultar la producción o afectar a la calidad de la fruta. El patrón sobre el cual se injerta una variedad específica es una importante herramienta para mejorar su adaptabilidad a cada área de cultivo. En la presente Tesis se realiza el estudio del efecto del patrón sobre la calidad físico-química y nutricional de la fruta en variedades de gran interés comercial en la actualidad, mandarinas 'Clemenules' y 'Tango' y naranjas sanguinas 'Tarocco Rosso' y 'Moro'. En 'Clemenules' se llevó a cabo la evaluación de la calidad de la fruta de árboles injertados sobre ocho patrones en tres momentos de cosecha durante dos campañas. Los patrones Forner-Alcaide 13 y C-35 destacaron por adelantar el cambio de color, lo que es de gran interés comercial. Por otra parte, Forner-Alcaide V17 destacó por mantener niveles óptimos de acidez hasta el final de la campaña y presentar el mayor contenido en vitamina C, flavonoides, glucosa y fructosa. Carrizo Citrange también indujo altas concentraciones de sacarosa y vitamina C. 'Tango' es una mandarina de reciente introducción en el área mediterránea de gran interés por su periodo de recolección tardío. En esta Tesis se abordó el estudio de los cambios en la calidad fisicoquímica, nutricional y sensorial de la mandarina 'Tango' injertada sobre dos patrones (Carrizo Citrange y Forner-Alcaide 5) en las dos áreas principales de producción de Andalucía. Los resultados revelaron que la calidad de la fruta se vio influenciada por la localización de las parcelas, lo que se relacionó con la composición de la textura del suelo. En ambas localizaciones, Forner-Alcaide 5 indujo mayor contenido en acidez, sólidos solubles totales, sacarosa, vitamina C y ácido cítrico en la fruta. Las determinaciones físico-químicas, junto con la evaluación sensorial permitieron establecer el momento óptimo de recolección dependiendo de, [CA] La citricultura s'enfronta constantment a escenaris ambientals canviants que provoquen diferents estressos biòtics i abiòtics. El patró sobre el qual s'empelta una varietat específica és una important eina per a millorar la seua adaptabilitat agronòmica en cada àrea de cultiu. En la present Tesi s'ha dut a terme l'estudi de l'efecte del patró sobre la qualitat físic-química i nutricional de la fruita en varietats de gran interés comercial, mandarines 'Clemenules' i 'Tango' i, taronges sanguines 'Tarocco Rosso' i 'Moro'. En 'Clemenules' es va dur a terme l'avaluació de la qualitat de la fruita d'arbres empeltats sobre huit patrons en tres moments de collita, en dues campanyes. Entre els patrons avaluats, Forner-Alcaide 13 i C-35 van destacar per avançar el canvi de color. D'altra banda Forner-Alcaide V17 va destacar per mantindre nivells òptims d'acidesa fins al final de la campanya i va presentar el major contingut en vitamina C, flavonoides, glucosa i fructosa. Carrizo Citrange també va induir altes concentracions de sacarosa i vitamina C en la fruita. 'Tango' és una mandarina de recent introducció en l'àrea mediterrània amb gran interés pel seu període de recol·lecció que comença quan finalitza el de les clementines. En la present Tesi es van estudiar els canvis en la qualitat físic-química, nutricional i sensorial de la mandarina Tango empeltada sobre dos patrons (Carrizo Citrange i Forner-Alcaide 5) durant el període de collita en les dues àrees principals de producció d'Andalusia. La qualitat de la fruita es va veure influenciada per la localització, la qual cosa es va relacionar amb la composició de la textura del sòl. En totes dues localitzacions, Forner-Alcaide 5 va ser el patró que va induir major contingut en acidesa, sòlids solubles totals, sacarosa, vitamina C i àcid cítric en la fruita. Les determinacions físic-químiques i l'avaluació sensorial van permetre establir el moment òptim de recol·lecció depenent de les diferents condicions estudiades. Ta, [EN] Citriculture faces changing environmental scenarios that cause biotic and abiotic stress. The rootstock onto which a specific variety is grafted is an important tool to help to improve its agronomic adaptability to each crop area. The present Thesis was carried out to study the effect of rootstock on physico-chemical and nutritional fruit quality in some varieties of commercial interest today: 'Clemenules' and 'Tango' mandarins, and 'Tarocco Rosso' and 'Moro' blood oranges. In 'Clemenules', the fruit of the trees grafted into eight rootstocks at three harvest times was evaluated by performing studies during two seasons. Forner-Alcaide 13 and C-35 Citrange stood out for their earlier color change, which is very interesting for this variety, in which early harvesting is a relevant aspect from the commercial point of view. Forner-Alcaide V17 stood out for maintaining optimum acidity levels until the season ended and presented the highest contents in vitamin C, flavonoids, glucose and fructose. Carrizo Citrange brought about high concentrations of sucrose and vitamin C in fruit. 'Tango' is a mandarin variety that has been recently introduced into the Mediterranean Region. Its harvest time is very interesting because it starts when that of clementines ends. The present Thesis studies changes in the physico-chemical, nutritional and sensorial quality of 'Tango' fruit grafted onto two rootstocks (Carrizo Citrange and Forner-Alcaide 5) during the harvest period in the two main production areas in Andalusia. The results revealed that fruit quality during harvest was influenced by the location, which was particularly related to soil texture composition. In both areas, Forner-Alcaide 5 was the rootstock that induced higher acidity content, and more total soluble solids, sucrose, vitamin C and citric acid in fruit. The physico-chemical determinations, along with the sensorial evaluation, allowed the optimum harvest time to be established depending on the different studied

Corchorus olitorius L. is an African leafy vegetable of high nutritional interest. To assess its agricultural suitability to sustainable cultivation conditions and its potential benefits for human nutrition, its phytochemical content in response to conservation agriculture practices [i.e., no-tillage (NT) and cover crop maintenance] and low water regime were evaluated and compared with response under conventional agriculture management. Hydric stress and NT did not affect the content of antioxidant metabolites, compared to conventional agricultural practices. In both conditions, leaves were found to be a great source of phenolic compounds. The effect of these phenolic fractions was assessed on two colon cell phenotypes to evaluate putative nutraceutical properties. Polyphenol-enriched extracts (PEEs) displayed selective cytotoxic activities against tumor Caco-2 cells but not on the healthy CCD841 line. PEEs were able to trigger oxidative stress and to inhibit the activity of glutathione-independent antioxidant enzymes on Caco-2 cells. C. olitorius showed to be a promising crop for improving both agricultural sustainability and health benefits due to the great amount of antioxidant compounds in leaves, whose occurrence is not altered by stressful farming conditions. Given its high adaptability, the cultivation of this crop is therefore recommendable also in the Mediterranean Basin.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is one of the most important food crops worldwide and its leaves provide a dietary source of nutrients and various bioactive compounds. These constituents of sweet potato leaves (SPL) vary among varieties and play important roles in treating and preventing various diseases. Recently, more attentions in health-promoting benefits have led to several in vitro and in vivo investigations, as well as the identification and quantification of bioactive compounds in SPL. Among them, many new compounds have been reported as the first identified compounds from SPL with their dominant bioactivities. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the bioactive compositions of SPL and their health benefits. Since SPL serve as a potential source of micronutrients and functional compounds, they can be further developed as a sustainable crop for food and medicinal industries.

Modern lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, and exposure to environmental pollution, induce excessive generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. These by-products of oxygen metabolism play a key role in the development of various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart failure, brain damage, muscle problems, premature aging, eye injuries, and a weakened immune system. Synthetic and natural antioxidants, which act as free radical scavengers, are widely used in the food and beverage industries. The toxicity and carcinogenic effects of some synthetic antioxidants have generated interest in natural alternatives, especially plant-derived polyphenols (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, coumarins, lignins, lignans, quinines, curcuminoids, chalcones, and essential oil terpenoids). This review focuses on the well-known phenolic antioxidant rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic acid and (R)-(+)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid, describing its wide distribution in thirty-nine plant families and the potential productivity of plant sources. A botanical and phytochemical description is provided of a new rich source of RA, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae). Recently reported approaches to the biotechnological production of RA are summarized, highlighting the establishment of cell suspension cultures of S. khuzistanica as an RA chemical biofactory.

Modern lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, and exposure to environmental pollution, induce excessive generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. These by-products of oxygen metabolism play a key role in the development of various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart failure, brain damage, muscle problems, premature aging, eye injuries, and a weakened immune system. Synthetic and natural antioxidants, which act as free radical scavengers, are widely used in the food and beverage industries. The toxicity and carcinogenic effects of some synthetic antioxidants have generated interest in natural alternatives, especially plant-derived polyphenols (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, coumarins, lignins, lignans, quinines, curcuminoids, chalcones, and essential oil terpenoids). This review focuses on the well-known phenolic antioxidant rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic acid and (R)-(+)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid, describing its wide distribution in thirty-nine plant families and the potential productivity of plant sources. A botanical and phytochemical description is provided of a new rich source of RA, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae). Recently reported approaches to the biotechnological production of RA are summarized, highlighting the establishment of cell suspension cultures of S. khuzistanica as an RA chemical biofactory.

Corchorus olitorius L. is an African leafy vegetable of high nutritional interest. To assess its agricultural suitability to sustainable cultivation conditions and its potential benefits for human nutrition, its phytochemical content in response to conservation agriculture practices [i.e., no-tillage (NT) and cover crop maintenance] and low water regime were evaluated and compared with response under conventional agriculture management. Hydric stress and NT did not affect the content of antioxidant metabolites, compared to conventional agricultural practices. In both conditions, leaves were found to be a great source of phenolic compounds. The effect of these phenolic fractions was assessed on two colon cell phenotypes to evaluate putative nutraceutical properties. Polyphenol-enriched extracts (PEEs) displayed selective cytotoxic activities against tumor Caco-2 cells but not on the healthy CCD841 line. PEEs were able to trigger oxidative stress and to inhibit the activity of glutathione-independent antioxidant enzymes on Caco-2 cells. C. olitorius showed to be a promising crop for improving both agricultural sustainability and health benefits due to the great amount of antioxidant compounds in leaves, whose occurrence is not altered by stressful farming conditions. Given its high adaptability, the cultivation of this crop is therefore recommendable also in the Mediterranean Basin.

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd In the present study, potential associations between dietary phenolic compounds (PCs), gut microbiota composition and targeted faecal metabolites were identified in a cross-sectional study including grade 1 hypertensive (HT) and normotensive (NT) subjects. We performed comprehensive quantification of PC intake, together with 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the gut microbiota, and faecal and plasma short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) determination. The results showed multiple-way relationships between PCs from several plant-based foods and 25 bacterial taxa previously defined as discriminant biomarkers among groups. Remarkably, coffee PCs were positively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, faecal SCFAs, Bacteroides plebeius and Bacteroides coprocola in HT and negatively associated with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Christensenellaceae R-7 in NT. Olive fruit PCs were positively associated with Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, Christensenellaceae R-7 and plasma SCFAs in NT. These interplays with discriminant bacterial taxa in HT and NT subjects highlight the potential role of specific PCs as gut microbiome modulators in either the pathogenesis or prevention of hypertension.

Coffee beans are a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals such as chlorogenic acids (CGA). During the roasting process, the CGA content changes dramatically. An effective HPTLC method was developed which allows a fast characterization of the eight main CGA present in green and roasted coffee beans and their distribution during roasting trials. The method was optimized with regard to three caffeoylquinic acids (CQA), two feruloylquinic acids (FQA) and three dicaffeoylquinic acids (di-CQA). The best separation for a fingerprint consisting of eight phenolic compounds as markers was achieved on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with a solvent mixture of diethyl ether, formic acid, acetic acid, water, acetophenone and heptane (30:3:9:50:30:10) (v/v/v/v/v/v). Staining with natural product reagent A enabled visualization and quantitative evaluation. Principal component analysis can help to visualize the evolution of the chlorogenic acids throughout the process also with the aim of controlling the roasting degree.

Coffee beans are a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals such as chlorogenic acids (CGA). During the roasting process, the CGA content changes dramatically. An effective HPTLC method was developed which allows a fast characterization of the eight main CGA present in green and roasted coffee beans and their distribution during roasting trials. The method was optimized with regard to three caffeoylquinic acids (CQA), two feruloylquinic acids (FQA) and three dicaffeoylquinic acids (di-CQA). The best separation for a fingerprint consisting of eight phenolic compounds as markers was achieved on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with a solvent mixture of diethyl ether, formic acid, acetic acid, water, acetophenone and heptane (30:3:9:50:30:10) (v/v/v/v/v/v). Staining with natural product reagent A enabled visualization and quantitative evaluation. Principal component analysis can help to visualize the evolution of the chlorogenic acids throughout the process also with the aim of controlling the roasting degree.

Tannins are a large, diverse and complex group of phenolic compounds that may be detrimental, innocuous or beneficial to animal nutrition and health depending on a number of factors (e.g., type, amount ingested, consumer animal species or the basal diet). The ability of tannins to modulate ruminal biohydrogenation and, consequently, the fatty acid (FA) composition of milk and meat is a relatively recent finding that has attracted interest among ruminant nutritionists. In this review, we take a close look at the effects of tannins on the broadest possible range of FA, including less abundant compounds that have previously received little attention. Tannins are able to improve the concentrations of potentially beneficial FA, such as 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, trans-11 18:1 and conjugated linoleic and linolenic acids, both in milk and meat, which may contribute to meeting consumer demand for health-promoting foods. These positive responses to tannins can be explained by their modulatory action on specific biohydrogenation steps and pathways. Thus, higher contents of dietary polyunsaturated FA in ruminant-derived products, as well as increased or decreased accumulation of other biohydrogenation intermediates (e.g., cis and trans 18:3, 18:2 and 18:1 isomers) and changes in lipids of bacterial origin (odd- and branched-chain FA and dimethylacetals), are somewhat common findings when the effects of tannins are examined. In contrast, de novo synthesized FA are less frequently affected by these plant secondary metabolites, which also applies to other FA (e.g., trans-10 18:1) that might be detrimental to animal performance (i.e., milk fat synthesis) and perhaps to human health. However, further studies are required to unravel the reasons for certain erratic responses to tannins. This paper reviews the roles of tannin chemical and structural diversity, dosage, interaction with other dietary ingredients, differences among ruminant species and variations over time in the reaction of rume

Olive oil is not only known for its pungent, bitter, and fruity taste, but also for its health potential, which is often hypothesized to depend on its phenolic compounds. One hundred extra virgin olive oil samples (monocultivaric as well as blends of varieties) were assessed with regard to their sensory properties and phenolic compound composition. Nineteen phenolic compounds have been determined and correlated with sensory data. In all olive oil samples, oleocanthal and oleacein were the most abundant phenolic compounds, with average amounts of 77.9 mg/kg and 41.8 mg/kg, respectively. The highest correlation coefficient between a sensory descriptor and the phenolic compounds was found for the bitter taste sensation and the total phenolic content with r = 0.72 and in particular, for 3,4-DHPEA-EA, with r = 0.57. Intensity plots were assessed for the three main sensory descriptors fruitiness, bitterness, pungency, and for the quality factor harmony, which is associated with the degree of ripeness aroma of olive oil. Positive correlations for the aroma descriptors freshly cut grass, leaves, and nuts, and the phenolic compounds were especially observed for oleoside 11-methylester and vanillic acid. The present study provides a comprehensive database of phenolic compounds in olive oils from six different varieties and seven countries.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the addition of two antioxidants naturally present in olives, hydroxytyrosol (HT) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), to a pectin-fish gelatin edible film on the preservation of raw beef meat during refrigerated storage. A new composite film that included beeswax was also prepared, resulting in a reduction in the film's oxygen permeability. Results showed that the meat samples wrapped with film containing antioxidants reduced the formation of oxidation products in the form of thiobarbituric acid reaction substances (TBARS) compared with control film without antioxidants. HT added at 0.5% to the film with beeswax suppressed the lipid oxidation of beef meat during 7 days of storage at 4 °C, possibly by the combined effect of acting as an oxygen barrier and the specific antioxidant activity. The interference of plasticizer agents (glycerol and sorbitol) incorporated to the film on the TBARS method was showed for the first time.

Oxidative spoilage is a phenomenon that can occur both in winemaking and during bottle storage. The com-plexity of oxidative spoilage makes it difficult to identify all the products from oxidation processes, especially in bottled wines with varying degrees of oxidative spoilage, i.e., “random oxidation”. To this end, this study sought to obtain a deeper insight into the chemistry of white wine samples to identify compounds able to discriminate the different oxidative statuses. The results of metabolomics and VIP analysis outlined molecules such as 3-methylcatechol, cyanidin 3-O-6′′-p-coumaroyl-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucosyl-xy-loside, dihydroquercetin, and quercetin 3-O-glucuronide to be discriminant in the detection of the oxidative status of the white wines under study, which were preliminarily classified in low and high oxidation classes by means of sensory analysis. Parameters such as total and free sulfur dioxide content and browning and pinking measurements were confirmed to remain significantly correlated with oxidation-related issues.

[EN] The low operating temperatures employed in atmospheric freeze-drying permits an effective drying of heat sensitive products, without any impairment of their quality attributes. When using power ultrasound, the drying rate can be increased, thus reducing the process duration. However, ultrasound can also affect the product quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various drying process variables, namely air temperature and velocity, ultrasound power and sample size, on the antioxidant properties of eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.) samples. For this reason, drying experiments were carried out at different drying temperatures (-5, -7.5, -10 °C), power ultrasound levels (0, 25, 50 W; 21.9 kHz) and air velocities (2, 5 m s-1) using different sample sizes (8.8 mm and 17.6 mm cube side). The ascorbic acid content (Jagota and Dani method), total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteau method), and the antioxidant capacity (FRAP method) of the dried products were considered as quality indicators of the dried samples. The increase in air velocity and temperature, as well as the sample size, significantly reduced the antioxidant potential of the dried samples (p-value < 0.05). For a given sample size, the application of ultrasound, at the acoustic power levels tested, did not produce significant effects on the antioxidant indicators considered. Temperature measurements inside the drying sample showed a non-negligible temperature rise when acoustic power was applied.

The effect on cell viability and content of PhC of three grapes varieties – Moravian Muscat, Blue Burgundy and Lemberger is presented. The effect of polyphenols from wine and grapes was studied for many times, but the effect of pomace, the by-product of wine production, was neglected. Thus study is devoted to compare the effect of berries and pomace on cell viability in context of their utilization as source of bioactive compounds. Effect on viability of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) was investigated in vitro using following concentrations of PhC in cultivation medium: 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg·ml–1. The results show that the content of PhC in berries and pomace was similar and the cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations of PhC, in most cases. The impact on cell viability also depends on individual variety of grapes. © Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie.

The aim of this study was to evaluate flower and leaf methanol extracts of Artemisia alba Turra for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity and to investigate their phenolic composition. The flower extract was richer in total phenolics and flavonoids and possessed higher antioxidant activity through DPPH and ABTS assays. The UHPLC-PDA-MS analysis of the flower and leaf methanol extracts revealed similar phenolic profile and allowed identification of 31 phenolic compounds (flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolic acids) by comparison with the respective reference compounds or tentatively characterized by their chromatographic behavior, UV patterns, and MS fragmentations. The presence of hispidulin, jaceosidin, desmethoxycentaureidin, and dicaffeoyl esters of quinic acid in A. alba is reported herein for the first time. The distribution of flavonoids in A. alba from different origins was discussed from chemotaxonomic point of view.

Comfrey root preparations are used for the external treatment of joint distortions and myalgia, due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Up to date, key activity-determining constituents of comfrey root extracts have not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we applied different approaches to further characterize a comfrey root extract (65% ethanol). The phenolic profile of comfrey root sample was characterized by HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS. Rosmarinic acid was identified as main phenolic constituent (7.55 mg/g extract). Moreover, trimers and tetramers of caffeic acid (isomers of salvianolic acid A, B and C) were identified and quantified for the first time in comfrey root. In addition, pyrrolizidine alkaloids were evaluated by HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and acetylintermedine, acetyllycopsamine and their N-oxides were determined as major pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the comfrey root sample. Lastly, the antioxidant activity was determined using four assays: DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging assays, reducing power assay and 15-lipoxygenase inhibition assay. Comfrey root extract exhibited significant antioxidant activities when compared to known antioxidants. Thus, comfrey root is an important source of phenolic compounds endowed with antioxidant activity which may contribute to the overall bioactivity of Symphytum preparations.

Phenolic (PAs) and amino acids (AAs) contribute potentially to the stabilization of organic matter (OM) in soil by forming mineral–organic associations (MOAs). However, little is known about how natural OM coating affects the adsorption of these compounds and their mutual interaction upon adsorption. Therefore, batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study how coatings of minerals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) obtained from forest leaf litter (L-DOM) and from the O horizon (O-DOM) affect the adsorption of phenolic acids (salicylic, syringic, ferulic and vanillic acid) and amino acids (lysine, glutamic acid, leucine and phenylalanine) at pH 6. Moreover, the adsorption of PAs on OM-coated minerals was tested after preconditioning by AAs and vice versa. Adsorption of DOM depended on the mineral (goethite ≫ kaolinite > montmorillonite) and sources of DOM (O-DOM > L-DOM for goethite). Coatings of all minerals with both DOM sources reduced the adsorption of PAs and the acidic glutamic acid but enhanced that of the basic lysine. The adsorption of PAs decreased with increasing OM coating of the minerals. Strong bonds between AAs and OM-coated minerals generally enhanced adsorption of PAs with preconditioning by AAs. This indirectly indicates a multilayer model of MOA. Adsorption of AAs, however, was rarely influenced by preconditioning with PAs. Competition between AAs and PAs generally suppressed the adsorption of AAs on coated minerals, whereas the PAs were hardly affected. These results emphasize that the amount and composition of OM coating must be considered when studying the adsorption of PAs and AAs in soil. Highlights: Adsorption of DOM on minerals followed the order: goethite ≫ kaolinite > montmorillonite. Adsorption of O-DOM (O horizon) on goethite was larger than that of L-DOM (leaf litter). Coatings of DOM reduced adsorption of PAs and acidic AAs and enhanced that of basic AAs. The amount and composition of OM coating affected the adsorption of PA

The aim of this study was to evaluate flower and leaf methanol extracts of Artemisia alba Turra for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity and to investigate their phenolic composition. The flower extract was richer in total phenolics and flavonoids and possessed higher antioxidant activity through DPPH and ABTS assays. The UHPLC-PDA-MS analysis of the flower and leaf methanol extracts revealed similar phenolic profile and allowed identification of 31 phenolic compounds (flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolic acids) by comparison with the respective reference compounds or tentatively characterized by their chromatographic behavior, UV patterns, and MS fragmentations. The presence of hispidulin, jaceosidin, desmethoxycentaureidin, and dicaffeoyl esters of quinic acid in A. alba is reported herein for the first time. The distribution of flavonoids in A. alba from different origins was discussed from chemotaxonomic point of view.

Comfrey root preparations are used for the external treatment of joint distortions and myalgia, due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Up to date, key activity-determining constituents of comfrey root extracts have not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we applied different approaches to further characterize a comfrey root extract (65% ethanol). The phenolic profile of comfrey root sample was characterized by HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS. Rosmarinic acid was identified as main phenolic constituent (7.55 mg/g extract). Moreover, trimers and tetramers of caffeic acid (isomers of salvianolic acid A, B and C) were identified and quantified for the first time in comfrey root. In addition, pyrrolizidine alkaloids were evaluated by HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and acetylintermedine, acetyllycopsamine and their N-oxides were determined as major pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the comfrey root sample. Lastly, the antioxidant activity was determined using four assays: DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging assays, reducing power assay and 15-lipoxygenase inhibition assay. Comfrey root extract exhibited significant antioxidant activities when compared to known antioxidants. Thus, comfrey root is an important source of phenolic compounds endowed with antioxidant activity which may contribute to the overall bioactivity of Symphytum preparations.

The effect on cell viability and content of PhC of three grapes varieties – Moravian Muscat, Blue Burgundy and Lemberger is presented. The effect of polyphenols from wine and grapes was studied for many times, but the effect of pomace, the by-product of wine production, was neglected. Thus study is devoted to compare the effect of berries and pomace on cell viability in context of their utilization as source of bioactive compounds. Effect on viability of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) was investigated in vitro using following concentrations of PhC in cultivation medium: 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg·ml–1. The results show that the content of PhC in berries and pomace was similar and the cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations of PhC, in most cases. The impact on cell viability also depends on individual variety of grapes. © Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie.

Antioxidant dietary fibre (DF) and bioactive compounds are considered important factors for nutritional and health-promoting properties of cereal products. Breads fortified with wholegrain cereals and seeds are increasingly demanded, making it necessary to investigate the influence of these ingredients on nutritional value of breads. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of wheat flour fortification on the composition in antioxidant DF, non-glycemic oligosaccharides, polyphenols (PC), and antioxidant activity (AA) of the final bread products. Breadmaking affected bioactive compounds in different way depending on flour composition. Although wholegrain flour was the most sensitive to breadmaking process, both multigrain and wholegrain breads stood out for their level in DF, PC and AA, whereas white bread showed higher fructan content. Results showed that replacing of refined flour with other cereals (rye, oat), fibre (wheat bran, wheat fibre) and seeds (flaxseeds, sunflower, sesame) would improve the potential health benefits of breads.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit species in the Mediterranean basin, where 95% of the world's olive orchards are planted, and has become an economically valuable crop worldwide due to an increasing demand in olive oil for human consumption. The aim of the present research was to classify Tunisian olive cultivars based on their phenolic profile and to test the potentiality of chemometrics as a tool for cultivars discrimination. The phenolic compounds present in 21 samples of olive leaves, collected during the normal picking period for olive oil production in South Tunisia, were analysed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Models based on principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used for discrimination purposes as a function of the tree varieties and cultivation zone. Qualitative and quantitative compositional analysis revealed 12 major phenolic compounds among which oleuropein (110.38–4741.62 mg/kg), hydroxytyrosol (5.40–290.19 mg/kg), apigenin 7-O-glucoside (9.44–2475.53 mg/kg), tyrosol (2.10–174.62 mg/kg), catechin (0–37.60 mg/kg) and vanillic acid (3.23–256.57 mg/kg) were identified. Oleuropein showed the highest amount in Fougi cultivar (4741.62 mg/kg), whereas the lowest level was registered in Zarrazi injassi cultivar (110.38 mg/kg). However, Zalmati Zarzis exhibited high concentrations of tyrosol, vanillic and caffeic acid, and vanillin. In general, rutin and luteolin 7-Oglucoside were the two main flavonoids detected. Dendrogram analysis revealed three main clusters, further confirmed through PCA.

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a phenolic compound of recognized bioactivity that has been described in wines but little is known about its origin. This work demonstrates that yeast involved in wine making, i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and the non-Saccharomyces Torulaspora delbrueckii, can synthesise HT, as this compound was identified in the intracellular media of three strains by means of a developed and validated UHPLC–HRMS method with LOQ and LOD of 0.108 and 0.035 ng mL−1 respectively. Controlled fermentations were performed with different varieties of grapes (Corredera, Moscatel, Chardonnay, Palomino fino, Sauvignon Blanc, Vijiriega, and Tempranillo) and synthetic must. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain QA23 was the most efficient producer of HT from tested yeasts. On the other hand, the grape variety influences HT wine concentrations. Furthermore, the maximum concentration of HT is reached between the fourth and sixth day of fermentation. This work reveals that yeasts have a great potential for the production of HT.

The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the release of both antioxidants and cellulosic fibre from different agro-food wastes. Cost-effective and easily available agro-food residues (brewers’ spent grains, hazelnut shells, orange peels and wheat straw) were selected and submitted to a double-step acid/alkaline fractionation process. The obtained acid and alkaline liquors were analysed for total phenols content and antioxidant capacity. The final fibre residue was analysed for the cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose content. The total phenols content and antioxidant capacity of the acid liquors were higher than the alkaline hydrolysates. Orange peels and wheat straw gave, respectively, the highest (19.70 ± 0.68 mg/gdm) and the lowest (4.70 ± 0.29 mg/gdm) total phenols release. Correlation between antioxidant capacity of the liquors and their origin depended on the analytical assay used to evaluate it. All the acid liquors were also rich in sugar degradation products (mainly furfural). HPLC analysis revealed that the most abundant phenolic compound in the acid liquors was vanillin for brewers’ spent grains, hazelnut shells and wheat straw, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid for orange peels. Wheat straw served as the best raw material for cellulose isolation, providing a final residue with a high cellulose content (84%) which corresponded to 45% of the original cellulose. The applied process removed more than 90% of the hemicellulose fraction in all the samples, while delignification degree ranged from 67% (in hazelnut shells), to 93% (in brewers’ spent grains). It was not possible to select a unique raw material for the release of highest levels of both total phenols and cellulose.

Moscato nero d'Acqui is an Italian aromatic black winegrape variety characterized by a low content of anthocyanins (mostly tri-substituted), a satisfactory content of high molecular mass tannins, and a fair amount of terpenes. The grapes were subjected to a postharvest dehydration process under controlled thermohygrometric conditions (16-18. C, 55-70 RH%, 0.6. m/s air speed) with the aim to produce three different special wine types (fortified, . sfursat, and . passito) from fresh, partially dehydrated (27Brix), and withered (36Brix) grapes, respectively. Chemical traits of produced grapes and wines were then evaluated through spectrophotometric, HPLC, and GC-MS methods. Increased contents of skin phenolic compounds and reduced extractable contents of seed phenolic compounds were observed as dehydration progressed. Few significant differences were found in the anthocyanin profile of grapes, although the relative abundance of coumaroylated anthocyanins was higher in dehydrated grapes. The predominant free volatile compound found in grapes was geraniol, which decreased with increasing water loss, whereas the contents of major glycosylated volatile compounds increased even above the concentration effect. The changes in the phenolic composition among wines agreed with those among grape skins. . Fortified wines were chromatically unsatisfactory probably due to the low content of total anthocyanins, whereas . sfursat and . passito wines meet good chromatic characteristics as a result of the concentration effect during grape dehydration. . Fortified and . sfursat wines had free aroma profiles richer in 2-phenylethanol and citronellol, whereas . passito wines were mainly composed of 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethyl acetate, citronellol being the predominant terpenol in all the wine types studied. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.

The fate of phenolic compounds, along with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production kinetics, was evaluated on six different commercial gluten-free (GF) pasta samples varying in ingredient compositions, focussing on the in vitro faecal fermentation after the gastrointestinal digestion. A general reduction of both total phenolics and reducing power was observed in all samples, together with a substantial change in phenolic profile over 24 h of faecal fermentation, with differences among GF pasta samples. Flavonoids, hydroxycinnamics and lignans degraded over time, with a concurrent increase in low-molecular-weight phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acids), alkylphenols, hydroxybenzoketones and tyrosols. Interestingly, discriminant analysis also identified several alkyl derivatives of resorcinol as markers of the changes in phenolic profile during in vitro fermentation. Furthermore, degradation pathways of phenolics by intestinal microbiota have been proposed. Considering the total SCFAs and butyrate production during the in vitro fermentation, different fermentation kinetics were observed among GF pasta post-hydrolysis residues.

Phenolic compounds are phytochemicals with high health-promoting properties. Carrot is a vegetable highly worldwide consumed although its phenolic content is low compared to other plant products. The aim of this work was to evaluate changes in phenolic compounds in carrots caused by abiotic stresses. The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, phenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) changes during storage up to 72 h at 15 °C after wounding (shredding), 9 kJ UV-C m−2 pretreatment and hyperoxia (80 kPa) conditions of carrots were studied. Shredding and hyperoxia storage induced the highest phenolic compounds and TAC enhancements. Accumulation of phenolic compounds in shredded carrots could be structured in the following phases: 1st phase (<24 h): unchanged phenolic compounds levels with minimum PAL activity; 2nd phase (24–48 h): moderate phenolic increases (≈600–700 mg CAE kg−1 accumulated in 24 h) concurring with the greatest increase of PAL activity; 3nd phase (48–72 h): high phenolic increases (≈1600–2700 mg CAE kg−1, accumulated in 24 h) while a moderate increment of PAL activity was registered. Although UV-C pretreatment of shreds reduced phenolic accumulation, 600 % increments were still registered in those samples stored under hyperoxia conditions for 72 h. However, the contents of chlorogenic acid at 72 h were 1.4-fold higher in irradiated shreds under hyperoxia compared to the same samples under air conditions.

Studies have shown the benefit of antioxidants in the prevention or treatment of human diseases and promoted a growing interest in new sources of plant antioxidants for pharmacological use. This study aimed to add value to two underexploited wild plant species (Licania rigida) and L. tomentosa) from Brazilian flora. Thus, the phenolic compounds profile of their seed ethanol extract and derived fractions were elucidated by HPLC, the antioxidant capacity was assessed by in vitro chemical tests and the cytotoxicity determined using the human carcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and Caco-2. Eleven phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts of each species. The extracts and fractions showed excellent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (SC50, ranging from 9.15 to 248.8 μg/mL). The aqueous fraction of L. rigida seeds was most effective in preventing lipid peroxidation under basal conditions (IC50 60.80 μg/mL) whereas, in the presence of stress inducer, the methanolic fraction of L. tomentosa performed best (IC50 8.55 μg/mL). None of the samples showed iron chelating capacity. Ethanolic seed extracts of both species did not reveal any cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and Caco-2 cells. Both plant species showed a promising phenolic profile with potent antioxidant capacity and deserve attention to be sustainably explored.

The pretreated pencil graphite electrode (Pre-PGE) prepared by a chronoamperometry technique was applied for the determination of tannic acid using anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry. The currents obtained from voltammetry measurements at optimum conditions were linearly correlated with the concentration of tannic acid. Calibration curve was obtained for tannic acid in the concentration range of 5.0-500 x 10(-9) mol/l. The limit of detection was found to be 1.5 x 10(-9) mol/l. The content of tannic acid in beverage samples determined with Pre-PGE was in good agreement with that obtained by the standard spectrophotometric method., Chronoamperometricky modifikovaná uhlíková-pentilková elektroda byla použita pro stanovení tanninu v roztoku s využitím anodové rozpouštěcí diferenčně pulsní voltametrie. Elektrochemický proud získaný za optimálních podmínek byl přímo úměrný koncentraci tanninu. Kalibrační závislost byla získána v koncentračním rozmezí 5,0-500 x 10(-9) mol/l s limitem detekce 1,5 x 10(-9) mol/l. Obsah tanninu ve vzorcích nápojů s využitím modifikované uhlíkové-pentilkové elektrody byl statisticky shodný s obsahem taninu stanoveným spektrofotometrickou metodou.

Moringa has been recently introduced in Guanajuato; however, the trees do not grow evenly, there are differences of up to 225 cm. The objective was to evaluate the nutritional and nutraceutical quality of leaf from trees of different sizes. The leaves were harvested in April 2013 in the newly-introduced garden by INIFAP in Celaya, Guanajuato. Nutritional quality for its chemical composition and content of calcium and iron and functional quality for vitamin C content, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were determined. The protein content of the leaves from trees of 100 cm was higher (24.7%) than trees of 25 (21.1%) and 250 cm (22.3%), and lower than the commercial sample from Oaxaca (29.3%). One hundred grams of leaf from trees of 25, 100 and 250 cm can contribute with 107, 91.7 and 74% of the daily requirement of vitamin C. Moringa leaf of the tree is a better source of calcium and iron, vitamin C, phenols, tannins than the commercial samples. The same applies for antioxidant capacity. Moringa leaf has better nutraceutical properties than parsley, oregano, thyme and epazote. These results show the lack of uniformity in preparing commercial mixtures and appropriate management can achieve better quality of moringa leaf for commercial purposes. This is the first report on the quality of leaf from Mexican materials of moring, Recientemente la moringa se ha introdujo en Guanajuato; sin embargo, los arboles no crecen en forma uniforme, hay diferencias de hasta 225 cm. El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad nutrimental y nutracéutica de la hoja de árboles de diferente tamaño. Las hojas se cosecharon en abril de 2013 en la huerta recién introducida por el INIFAP en Celaya, Guanajuato. Se determinó la calidad nutrimental por su composición química y contenido de calcio y hierro y la calidad funcional por el contenido de vitamina C, compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante. El contenido de proteína de las hojas de los árboles de 100 cm fue mayor (24.7%) que el de los árboles de 25 (21.1%) y 250 cm (22.3%), y menor al de la muestra comercial de Oaxaca (29.3%). Cien gramos de hoja de los árboles de 25, 100 y 250 cm pueden contribuir con el 107, 91.7 y 74%, del requerimiento diario de vitamina C. La hoja de la moringa de los arboles es mejor fuente de calcio y hierro, vitamina C, fenoles, taninos que las muestras comerciales. Lo mismo se aplica para la capacidad antioxidante. La hoja de la moringa presenta mejores propiedades nutracéuticas que el perejil, orégano, tomillo y epazote. Estos resultados demuestran la falta de uniformidad al preparar las mezclas comerciales y que el manejo apropiado puede lograr mejorar la calidad de la hoja de moringa para propósitos comerciales. Este es el primer reporte de la calidad de la hoja de materiales mexicanos de moringa

Moringa has been recently introduced in Guanajuato; however, the trees do not grow evenly, there are differences of up to 225 cm. The objective was to evaluate the nutritional and nutraceutical quality of leaf from trees of different sizes. The leaves were harvested in April 2013 in the newly-introduced garden by INIFAP in Celaya, Guanajuato. Nutritional quality for its chemical composition and content of calcium and iron and functional quality for vitamin C content, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were determined. The protein content of the leaves from trees of 100 cm was higher (24.7%) than trees of 25 (21.1%) and 250 cm (22.3%), and lower than the commercial sample from Oaxaca (29.3%). One hundred grams of leaf from trees of 25, 100 and 250 cm can contribute with 107, 91.7 and 74% of the daily requirement of vitamin C. Moringa leaf of the tree is a better source of calcium and iron, vitamin C, phenols, tannins than the commercial samples. The same applies for antioxidant capacity. Moringa leaf has better nutraceutical properties than parsley, oregano, thyme and epazote. These results show the lack of uniformity in preparing commercial mixtures and appropriate management can achieve better quality of moringa leaf for commercial purposes. This is the first report on the quality of leaf from Mexican materials of moring, Recientemente la moringa se ha introdujo en Guanajuato; sin embargo, los arboles no crecen en forma uniforme, hay diferencias de hasta 225 cm. El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad nutrimental y nutracéutica de la hoja de árboles de diferente tamaño. Las hojas se cosecharon en abril de 2013 en la huerta recién introducida por el INIFAP en Celaya, Guanajuato. Se determinó la calidad nutrimental por su composición química y contenido de calcio y hierro y la calidad funcional por el contenido de vitamina C, compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante. El contenido de proteína de las hojas de los árboles de 100 cm fue mayor (24.7%) que el de los árboles de 25 (21.1%) y 250 cm (22.3%), y menor al de la muestra comercial de Oaxaca (29.3%). Cien gramos de hoja de los árboles de 25, 100 y 250 cm pueden contribuir con el 107, 91.7 y 74%, del requerimiento diario de vitamina C. La hoja de la moringa de los arboles es mejor fuente de calcio y hierro, vitamina C, fenoles, taninos que las muestras comerciales. Lo mismo se aplica para la capacidad antioxidante. La hoja de la moringa presenta mejores propiedades nutracéuticas que el perejil, orégano, tomillo y epazote. Estos resultados demuestran la falta de uniformidad al preparar las mezclas comerciales y que el manejo apropiado puede lograr mejorar la calidad de la hoja de moringa para propósitos comerciales. Este es el primer reporte de la calidad de la hoja de materiales mexicanos de moringa

Table olive processing wastewaters (TOPW) have high salt concentration and total phenolic content (TPC) causing many environmental problems. To reduce them, ultrafiltration (UF) was applied for treating TOPW. However, NaCl, which is the main responsible of salinity in TOPW, and phenols are small molecules that cannot be separated by conventional UF membranes. They have serious problems caused by fouling, which can be overcome using membrane modification techniques. For these reasons, photomodification may be an effective technique to obtain a stream rich in TPC due to the changes in membrane surface properties. UV-modification in the presence of two hydrophilic compounds (polyethylene glycol and aluminium oxide) was performed to achieve membranes with high reductions of organic matter and to keep the TPC as high as possible. Commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membranes of 30 kDa were used. Surface modification was evaluated using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and membrane performance was studied by calculating the rejection ratios of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and TPC. Results demonstrated that UF is a useful pre-treatment to reduce organic matter from TOPW, obtaining a permeate rich in TPC. PES/Al2O3 membranes displayed superior antifouling properties and rejection values, keeping high the TPC (>95%). Therefore, UF using modified membranes is an appropriate and sustainable technique for treating TOPW.

Table olive processing wastewaters (TOPW) have high salt concentration and total phenolic content (TPC) causing many environmental problems. To reduce them, ultrafiltration (UF) was applied for treating TOPW. However, NaCl, which is the main responsible of salinity in TOPW, and phenols are small molecules that cannot be separated by conventional UF membranes. They have serious problems caused by fouling, which can be overcome using membrane modification techniques. For these reasons, photomodification may be an effective technique to obtain a stream rich in TPC due to the changes in membrane surface properties. UV-modification in the presence of two hydrophilic compounds (polyethylene glycol and aluminium oxide) was performed to achieve membranes with high reductions of organic matter and to keep the TPC as high as possible. Commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membranes of 30 kDa were used. Surface modification was evaluated using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and membrane performance was studied by calculating the rejection ratios of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and TPC. Results demonstrated that UF is a useful pre-treatment to reduce organic matter from TOPW, obtaining a permeate rich in TPC. PES/Al2O3 membranes displayed superior antifouling properties and rejection values, keeping high the TPC (>95%). Therefore, UF using modified membranes is an appropriate and sustainable technique for treating TOPW.