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The psy disciplines (i.e., psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis, and psychotherapy) have played a significant role in shaping understandings of trans people's lives in ways that are transnormative (i.e., by emphasizing one particular account of what it means to be trans). This chapter documents (1) how the rise of the psy disciplines created opportunities for trans people to access treatment (but that such access often required tacit acceptance of transnormativity), and (2) how trans people have resisted transnormative accounts within the psy disciplines. More specifically, this chapter explores how both the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, and what is now the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care, have often enshrined highly regulatory accounts of trans people's lives, while also changing over time, in part due to the contributions of trans people. The chapter concludes by considering recent contributions by trans people in terms of the use of informed consent models of care and clinical research and highlights the ongoing marginalization of trans people in terms of access to ethical, trans-competent care.

In this work, we draw upon in-depth interview and focus group data from a three-year international study of 70 trans people (residing across Australia, Canada, the European Union, United Kingdom, and the United States) about their intentions and experiences around pregnancy, as well as 22 health care providers (practicing across Australia, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) with self-identified experience working with trans patients and pregnancy along a diverse cross-section of specialty areas (e.g., psychotherapists, general practitioners, endocrinologists, midwives, lactation consultants, OBGYNs, fertility specialists). The central motivating questions guiding the present work are: 1) For trans people who are taking testosterone, what is the medical advice and guidance around stopping or pausing testosterone therapy to become pregnant, throughout pregnancy, and during the postpartum period (particularly in the context of chestfeeding/breastfeeding2); 2) What is the evidence base in the medical empirical literature for this guidance; and 3) How do trans people respond to this guidance? The answers to these questions are likely to be quite impactful for trans people as testosterone therapy among these populations generally serves to reduce gender dysphoria, protect mental health, and provide a greater likelihood of being recognized by social peers in accordance with one’s gender (Lagos, 2019). These answers may also be potentially consequential for the offspring of those receiving and following various advice; our understandings of biological and social reproduction and what constitutes “men’s” versus “women’s” hormones; ongoing legacies of eugenics; and how individuals and their health care providers make determinations around their own and others’ “social fitness,” health, and wellbeing.

01 juni 2023, Item does not contain fulltext, From 2016 EBMT and JACIE developed an international risk-adapted benchmarking program of haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) outcome to provide individual EBMT Centers with a means of quality-assuring the HSCT process and meeting FACT-JACIE accreditation requirements relating to 1-year survival outcomes. Informed by previous experience from Europe, North America and Australasia, the Clinical Outcomes Group (COG) established criteria for patient and Center selection, and a set of key clinical variables within a dedicated statistical model adapted to the capabilities of the EBMT Registry. The first phase of the project was launched in 2019 to test the acceptability of the benchmarking model through assessment of Centers' performance for 1-year data completeness and survival outcomes of autologous and allogeneic HSCT covering 2013-2016. A second phase was delivered in July 2021 covering 2015-2019 and including survival outcomes. Reports of individual Center performance were shared directly with local principal investigators and their responses were assimilated. The experience thus far has supported the feasibility, acceptability and reliability of the system as well as identifying its limitations. We provide a summary of experience and learning so far in this 'work in progress', as well as highlighting future challenges of delivering a modern, robust, data-complete, risk-adapted benchmarking program across new EBMT Registry systems.

Writing techniques espoused by Peter Elbow, applied to the teaching of writing in advertising copywriting classes can help students develop into better writers, generating better copy ideas. The shift of focus from writing a finished piece the first time to concentrating on the process of writing allows for a freer flow of ideas and creativity. The procedure has eight steps, some of which can be repeated as often as necessary: warm-up, process writing, sharing, revision, sharing, revision, editing group sharing, and revision. The warm-up gets the writer focused on the flow of writing. Process writing, 15-20 minutes of directed freewriting using any of 13 different approaches (such as first thoughts, dialogues, and narrative thinking) to thinking about the topic, fosters both creativity and control over the topic. Sharing and editing take place in groups of students, the sharing groups concentrating on ideas rather than grammar and syntax. Assignments are turned in to the instructor only after going through several drafts and after editing by an editing group. By participating in sharing and editing groups, students essentially learn by teaching. As a result of using these techniques, the instructor's role changes from a grammar and mechanics corrector to that of a writing partner, guiding the students to the clear expression of their ideas. (SR)

Background: Growing numbers of men, trans/masculine, and non-binary people are becoming gestational parents, yet very little is known about experiences of pregnancy loss among this diverse population. Methods: The study employed a cross sectional design. Interviews were undertaken with a convenience sample of 51 trans/masculine and non-binary people who had undertaken at least one pregnancy, living in either Australia, the United States, Canada, or the European Union (including the United Kingdom). Participants were recruited by posts on Facebook and Twitter, via researcher networks, and by community members. 16 (31.2%) of the participants had experienced a pregnancy loss and are the focus of this paper. Thematic analysis was used to analyse interview responses given by these 16 participants to a specific question asking about becoming pregnant and a follow up probe question about pregnancy loss. Results: Thematic analysis of interview responses given by the 16 participants led to the development of 10 themes: (1) pregnancy losses count as children, (2) minimizing pregnancy loss, (3) accounting for causes of pregnancy loss, (4) pregnancy loss as devastating, (5) pregnancy loss as having positive meaning, (6) fears arising from a pregnancy loss, (7) experiences of hospitals enacting inclusion, (8) lack of formal support offered, (9) lack of understanding from family, and (10) importance of friends. Conclusions: The paper concludes by outlining specific recommendations for clinical practice. These include the importance of focusing on the emotions attached to pregnancy loss, the need for targeted support services for men, trans/masculine, and non-binary people who undertake a pregnancy (including for their partners), and the need for ongoing training for hospital staff so as to ensure the provision of trans-affirming medical care.

The psy disciplines (i.e., psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis, and psychotherapy) have played a significant role in shaping understandings of transgender people's lives in ways that are transnormative (i.e., by emphasizing one particular account of what it means to be transgender). This article documents (a) how the rise of the psy disciplines created opportunities for transgender people to access treatment (but that such access often required tacit acceptance of transnormativity), and (b) how transgender people have resisted transnormative accounts within the psy disciplines. More specifically, this article explores how both the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and what is now the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care, have often enshrined highly regulatory accounts of transgender people's lives, while also changing over time, in part as a result of the contributions of transgender people. The article concludes by considering recent contributions by transgender people in terms of the use of informed consent models of care and clinical research, and highlights the ongoing marginalization of transgender people in terms of access to ethical, transcompetent care.

Measurements of the four most abundant stable isotopocules of N2O (14N14N16O, 15N14N16O, 14N15N16O, and 14N14N18O) can provide a valuable constraint on source attribution of atmospheric N2O. N2O isotopocules at natural abundance levels can be analyzed by isotope-ratio mass-spectrometry (IRMS) [1] and more recently optical isotope ratio spectroscopy (OIRS) [2]. OIRS instruments can analyze the N2O isotopic composition in gaseous mixtures in a continuous-flow mode, providing real-time data with minimal or no sample pretreatment, which is highly attractive to better resolve the temporal complexity of N2O production and consumption processes. Most importantly, OIRS laser spectroscopy is selective for position-specific 15N substitution due to the existence of characteristic rotational-vibrational spectra.By allowing both in-situ application and measurements in high temporal resolution, laser spectroscopy has established a new quality of data for research on N2O in particular and N cycling in general. However, applications remain challenging and are still scarce as a metrological characterization of OIRS analyzers, reporting factors limiting their performance is still missing. In addition, only since recently two pure N2O isotopocule reference materials have been made available through the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which however, only offer a small range of δ15N and δ18O values (< 1 ‰) and are therefore not suited for a two-point calibration approach [3].This presentation will highlight the recent progress achieved within the framework of the EMPIR project “Metrology for Stable Isotope Reference Standards (SIRS)”, namely:(1) The development of pure and diluted N2O reference materials (RMs), covering the range of isotope values required by the scientific community. These gaseous standards are available as pure N2O or N2O diluted in whole air. N2O RMs were analyzed by an international group of laboratories for δ15N, δ18O (MPI-BGC, Tokyo Institute of Technology

01 april 2020, Contains fulltext : 220877.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), In many healthcare settings, benchmarking for complex procedures has become a mandatory requirement by competent authorities, regulators, payers and patients to assure clinical performance, cost-effectiveness and safe care of patients. In several countries inside and outside Europe, benchmarking systems have been established for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but access is not universal. As benchmarking is now integrated into the FACT-JACIE standards, the EBMT and JACIE established a Clinical Outcomes Group (COG) to develop and introduce a universal system accessible across EBMT members. Established systems from seven European countries (United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland), USA and Australia were appraised, revealing similarities in process, but wide variations in selection criteria and statistical methods. In tandem, the COG developed the first phase of a bespoke risk-adapted international benchmarking model for one-year survival following allogeneic and autologous HSCT based on current capabilities within the EBMT registry core dataset. Data completeness, which has a critical impact on validity of centre comparisons, is also assessed. Ongoing development will include further scientific validation of the model, incorporation of further variables (when appropriate) alongside implementation of systems for clinically meaningful interpretation and governance aiming to maximise acceptance to centres, clinicians, payers and patients across EBMT.

Purpose (1) to examine the ability of the orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire-short version (oMPSQ-SF) to predict time to return to pre-injury work duties (PID) following a work-related soft tissue injury (regardless of body location); and (2) to examine the appropriateness of 50/100 as a suitable cut-off score for case identification. Methods Injured workers (IW) from six public hospitals in Sydney, Australia, who had taken medically-sanctioned time off work due to their injury, were recruited by insurance case managers within 5-15 days of their injury. Eligible participants (N=213 in total) were administered the oMPSQ-SF over the telephone by the case manager. For objective (1) Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to predict days to return to PID using the oMPSQ-SF. For objective (2) receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the oMPSQ-SF total score that optimises sensitivity and specificity in detecting whether or not participants had returned to PID within 2-7 weeks. Results The total oMPSQ-SF score significantly predicted number of days to return to PID, such that for every 1-point increase in the total oMPSQ-SF score the predicted chance of returning to work reduced by 4% (i.e., hazard ratio=0.96), p

Changing social and cultural attitudes about gender and sexual diversity, and legal advances around sexuality and parenting, have enabled the recognition of same-sex and gender diverse partnerships, and allowed more equal access to fostering, adoption and assisted reproductive technology in many countries in the West. Moreover, over the last decade, same-sex parenting practices have received increasing social and cultural visibility, and lesbian and gay parenting has emerged as a central site of enquiry within sociological studies of gender, sexuality, intimacy, kinship and personal life. Transgender practices of parenting, however, have received much less attention. Trans male pregnancy shows how shifts in gendered and intimate practices occur within changing social institutions and cultural understandings. Vice versa, such social and cultural transformations impact on how individuals live their gendered, and intimate lives. Drawing on initial data from an on-going qualitative research project funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC): ‘Pregnant Men: An International Exploration of Trans Male Practices of Reproduction’, this paper considers the ways in which trans male practices of pregnancy and birth bring new meanings to the gendered nature of parenting. Using case studies from in-depth interviews with trans men who have become pregnant and given birth after gender transition, the paper explores how issues surrounding parenting identity are experienced through pregnancy and birth, and how the gendering of parental roles are later negotiated. The paper will conclude that in problematizing traditional notions of motherhood and fatherhood, trans male practices of reproduction bring significant transformations to cultures of parenting, which demand renewed reflections on issues of power and justice as they pertain to intimate and family life.

This document forms part of the research materials collected in the 'School knowledge, working knowledge and the knowing subject: a review of state curriculum policies 1975-2005' project. The research was led by Professor Lyn Yates and was funded as a Discovery Project by the Australian Research Council (2007-2008), supplemented by further funding from the University of Melbourne through 2009. Curriculum policies and major education reports collected as part of this project were digitised to preserve as a resource for future researchers and policy makers with the support of the University Library and the Social and Cultural Informatics Platform.

PURPOSE: Nuclear cardiology is widely used to diagnose coronary artery disease and to guide patient management, but data on current practices, radiation dose-related best practices, and radiation doses are scarce. To address these issues, the IAEA conducted a worldwide study of nuclear cardiology practice. We present the European subanalysis. METHODS: In March 2013, the IAEA invited laboratories across the world to document all SPECT and PET studies performed in one week. The data included age, gender, weight, radiopharmaceuticals, injected activities, camera type, positioning, hardware and software. Radiation effective dose was calculated for each patient. A quality score was defined for each laboratory as the number followed of eight predefined best practices with a bearing on radiation exposure (range of quality score 0 - 8). The participating European countries were assigned to regions (North, East, South, and West). Comparisons were performed between the four European regions and between Europe and the rest-of-the-world (RoW). RESULTS: Data on 2,381 European patients undergoing nuclear cardiology procedures in 102 laboratories in 27 countries were collected. A cardiac SPECT study was performed in 97.9 % of the patients, and a PET study in 2.1 %. The average effective dose of SPECT was 8.0 ± 3.4 mSv (RoW 11.4 ± 4.3 mSv; P < 0.001) and of PET was 2.6 ± 1.5 mSv (RoW 3.8 ± 2.5 mSv; P < 0.001). The mean effective doses of SPECT and PET differed between European regions (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). The mean quality score was 6.2 ± 1.2, which was higher than the RoW score (5.0 ± 1.1; P < 0.001). Adherence to best practices did not differ significantly among the European regions (range 6 to 6.4; P = 0.73). Of the best practices, stress-only imaging and weight-adjusted dosing were the least commonly used. CONCLUSION: In Europe, the mean effective dose from nuclear cardiology is lower and the average quality score is higher than in the RoW. There is regional

The effect of a bilayer area on the electronic response to environmental gating of a monolayer graphene Hall bar device is investigated using room temperature magnetotransport and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy measurements in a controlled environment. The device is tuned through the charge neutrality point with n-p-n-junctions formed. Scanning Kelvin probe measurements show that the work function of the monolayer graphene decreases more than that of the bilayer area however magnetotransport measurements show a larger change in carrier concentration for bilayer graphene with environmental gating. Interface scattering at the boundary between the monolayer and bilayer regions also affects device response with field-dependent suppression of the conductivity observed near the charge neutrality point. Simultaneous electronic and environmental scanning Kelvin probe measurements are used to build nano-scale maps of the work function of the device surface revealing the areas of greatest work function change with environmental gating. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., Funding Agencies|UK NMS Programme; EU; EMRP the participating countries within EURAMET; European Union; European Union [604391]; UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) in Sensor networks: data to knowledge [IRD/2013/09]; graphene flagship

The North Atlantic receives the largest dust loading of any of the world's oceans due to its proximity to North African deserts and prevailing wind patterns. The supply of biologically important trace elements and nutrients via aerosols has an important influence on biogeochemical processes and ecosystems in this ocean region. In this study we continuously sampled aerosols between July 2007 and July 2008 at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO), which is situated on an island group close to the North African continent and under the Saharan/Sahelian dust outflow path. The aim of our work was to investigate temporal variations in aerosol concentration, composition and sources in the Cape Verde region over a complete seasonal cycle, and for this purpose we undertook mineralogical and chemical (42 elements) analyses of the aerosol samples and air mass back-trajectory calculations. Aerosol samples were also collected during a research cruise in the (sub-) tropical Northeast Atlantic Ocean in January 2008.The concentration of atmospheric Al, a proxy for mineral aerosol concentration, at CVAO was in the range of 0.01–66.9 µg m- 3 (maximum on 28–30 January 2008) with a geometric mean of 0.76 µg m- 3. It showed distinct seasonal variations, with enhanced Al concentrations in winter (geometric mean 1.3 µg m- 3), and lower concentrations in summer (geometric mean 0.48 µg m- 3). These observations have been attributed to dust transport occurring in higher altitude air layers and mainly north of the Cape Verde during summer, while in winter the dust transport shifts south and occurs in the lower altitude trade winds with consequent greater influence on the Cape Verde region. The elemental composition of the aerosols closely agreed with mean upper crustal abundances, with the exception of elements with pronounced anthropogenic sources (e.g. Zn and Pb) and major constituents of sea water (Na and Mg). Mineral analysis showed that clays were the most abundant mineral fractio

AIMS: To characterize patient radiation doses from nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and the use of radiation-optimizing 'best practices' worldwide, and to evaluate the relationship between laboratory use of best practices and patient radiation dose. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted an observational cross-sectional study of protocols used for all 7911 MPI studies performed in 308 nuclear cardiology laboratories in 65 countries for a single week in March-April 2013. Eight 'best practices' relating to radiation exposure were identified a priori by an expert committee, and a radiation-related quality index (QI) devised indicating the number of best practices used by a laboratory. Patient radiation effective dose (ED) ranged between 0.8 and 35.6 mSv (median 10.0 mSv). Average laboratory ED ranged from 2.2 to 24.4 mSv (median 10.4 mSv); only 91 (30%) laboratories achieved the median ED ≤ 9 mSv recommended by guidelines. Laboratory QIs ranged from 2 to 8 (median 5). Both ED and QI differed significantly between laboratories, countries, and world regions. The lowest median ED (8.0 mSv), in Europe, coincided with high best-practice adherence (mean laboratory QI 6.2). The highest doses (median 12.1 mSv) and low QI (4.9) occurred in Latin America. In hierarchical regression modelling, patients undergoing MPI at laboratories following more 'best practices' had lower EDs. CONCLUSION: Marked worldwide variation exists in radiation safety practices pertaining to MPI, with targeted EDs currently achieved in a minority of laboratories. The significant relationship between best-practice implementation and lower doses indicates numerous opportunities to reduce radiation exposure from MPI globally.

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a well-known material for UV detection however the effect of UV illumination on the electron donation between the substrate, interfacial (or buffer layer) and graphene is not well understood. The effect of ultraviolet (UV) illumination on the carrier concentration of an epitaxial graphene hall bar device is investigated by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) and transport measurements in ambient and vacuum conditions. Modulation of the carrier concentration is demonstrated and shown to be due to both substrate and environmental effects.

Word-of-Mouth communication is an invaluable source of information for consumers. A comprehensive understanding of the flow of market information through interpersonal networks is therefore of unique theoretical and practical importance. Present Word-of-Mouth research is receiver centric, largely ignoring the role of the information provider as a gatekeeper to information dissemination. The objective of this research is to develop a more comprehensive understanding of Word-of-Mouth by modelling the decision making behaviour of information providers. Adopting the network theory general assumption of altruistic exchange motivation, this research uses a choice modelling framework to demonstrate that information providers assign greater utility to (1) information about product features important to the receiver, and (2) information which disconfirms receiver preferences. In addition, these effects are found to be moderated by perceptions about the receivers knowledge. Existing research has not previously considered information providers perceptions of receivers as a potential moderator of WOM flow, with the results here suggesting this should be an area of future investigation. © 2012 by the DreamCatchers Group, LLC.

Word-of-Mouth communication is an invaluable source of information for consumers. A comprehensive understanding of the flow of market information through interpersonal networks is therefore of unique theoretical and practical importance. Present Word-of-Mouth research is receiver centric, largely ignoring the role of the information provider as a gatekeeper to information dissemination. The objective of this research is to develop a more comprehensive understanding of Word-of-Mouth by modelling the decision making behaviour of information providers. Adopting the network theory general assumption of altruistic exchange motivation, this research uses a choice modelling

The greatest potential for improvement of outcome for patients with Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma lies in the prevention of systemic metastasis. Despite extensive investigation, current prognostic indicators either alone or in combination, although related to melanoma progression, are not sufficient to accurately predict the pattern of progression and outcome for any individual patient. Metastasis related death has been recorded in patients initially diagnosed with early stage tumour as well as in patients many years after initial tumour removal. The trouble finding a predictable pattern in the puzzle of melanoma progression may be linked to the fact that most of the material studied for prognosis is either, cutaneous primaries or metastatic deposits, rather than the melanoma cells in the circulatory system which are responsible for disease progression. In this review article we discuss the potential use of circulating tumour cell (CTC) detection and quantification for identifying patients at risk of metastatic deposits. We also discuss current therapies for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and analyse how CTCs may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of current therapies and to pinpoint patients who require further treatment.

During the austral summer of 2004–2005, a large multi-disciplinary research cruise investigated the development and fate of a naturally iron-fertilised phytoplankton bloom in the Southern Ocean (Crozet Plateau). As part of this extensive process study, a neutrally buoyant sediment trap (PELAGRA) was deployed to constrain the magnitude, composition, and variability of upper-ocean particle export. In the productive regime north of the plateau we observed depth-normalised (100-m) organic carbon fluxes between 11 and 440 mg C m−2 d−1, and in the HNLC control region to the south similarly normalised fluxes between 28 and 46 mg C m−2 d−1. Mass balance calculations indicate that the high levels of carbon export north of the plateau would need to be maintained for at least 30 days in order to account for estimated seasonal depletion of dissolved silicic acid in surface waters. This would imply that the flux of organic carbon is ≈15 g C m−2 for the period of the bloom north of the plateau. A range of export ratios (proportion of surface production lost to downward flux) was calculated using both contemporaneous and retrospective estimates of integrated production, and these highlight the temporal decoupling between production and export. Calculated export ratios were at their highest north of the plateau and correlate strongly with the selective export of large, heavily silicified diatoms, particularly Eucampia antarctica, relative to the surface community structure. By normalising the molar elemental ratios measured in the exported particles to the molar elemental ratios of the upper-ocean particle field we also observed a strong decoupling of Si:C and Si:N. This suggests that the decoupling of the global silica and carbon cycles, which is well known as a defining feature of the Southern Ocean, has its origins in the upper ocean.

Results are presented from the JET Trace Tritium Experimental (TTE) campaign using minority tritium (T) plasmas (n(T)/n(D) < 3%). Thermal tritium particle transport coefficients (D-T, nu(T)) are found to exceed neo-classical values in all regimes, except in ELMy H-modes at high densities and in the region of internal transport barriers (ITBs) in reversed shear plasmas. In ELMy H-mode dimensionless parameter scans, at q(95) 2.8 and triangularity delta = 0.2, the T particle transport scales in a gyro-Bohm manner in the inner plasma (r/a < 0.4), whilst the outer plasma particle transport scaling is more Bohm-like. Dimensionless parameter scans show contrasting behaviour for the trace particle confinement (increases with collisionality, nu* and beta) and bulk energy confinement (decreases with nu* and is independent of beta). In an extended ELMy H-mode data set, with rho*, nu*, and q varied but with neo-classical tearing modes (NTMs) either absent or limited to weak, benign core modes (4/3 or above), the multiparameter fit to the normalized diffusion coefficient in the outer plasma (0.65 < r/a < 0.8) gives D-T/B-phi similar to rho*(2.46) nu*(-0.23) beta(-1.01) q(2.03). In hybrid scenarios (q(min) similar to 1, low positive shear, no sawteeth), the T particle confinement is found to scale with increasing triangularity and plasma current. Comparing regimes (ELMy H-mode, ITB plasma and hybrid scenarios) in the outer plasma region, a correlation of high values of D-T with high values Of nu(T) is seen. The normalized diffusion coefficients for the hybrid and ITB scenarios do not fit the scaling derived for ELMy H-modes. The normalized tritium diffusion scales with normalized poloidal Larmor radius (rho(theta)* = q rho*) in a manner close to gyro-Bohm (similar to rho(sigma)*(3)), with an added inverse P dependence. The effects of ELMs, sawteeth and NTMs on the T particle transport are described. Fast-ion confinement in current-hole (CH) plasmas was tested in TTE b, QC 20100525 QC 20111012

Two protocols for the synthesis of methoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinones were investigated in order to evaluate their behavior towards aldehydes under amine‐basic conditions. Both the nature of the quinone and aliphatic aldehyde contribute to the viability of this condensation as well as further transformations.

The giant planets--Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune- are fluid objects. The winds are powered by absorbed sunlight, as on earth, and by internal heat left over from planetary formation. The main constituents of the atmospheres are hydrogen and helium. The clouds are made of ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, and water. All four giant planets are banded, with multiple zonal jet streams. Even Uranus, whose spin axis is tipped by 98° relative to the orbit axis, shows latitudinal banding and zonal jets. Equator-to-pole temperature differences are close to zero. Wind speeds are larger than on earth and do not decrease with distance from the sun. Although the power/area at Neptune is only 1/20 that at Jupiter, the winds at Neptune are three times stronger. Stable vortices like the Great Red Spot of Jupiter and similar spots on Neptune come in all size ranges and exhibit a variety of behaviours including merging, orbiting, filament ejection, and oscillating in both shape and position. At least at cloud-top levels, 90% of the long-lived vortices are anticyclonic and sit in anticyclonic shear zones. Features in the cyclonic zones tend to be chaotic, with lifetimes of several days or less. These mesoscale eddies tend to have lightning in them, which suggests that they get their energy from moist convection. The rate of conversion of eddy kinetic energy into kinetic energy of the zonal jets is more than 10% of the power/area radiated by Jupiter. This fraction is more than an order of magnitude larger than on earth. Several lines of evidence now indicate that the winds at cloud-top levels are the surface manifestation of deep-rooted motions that extend into the interior and are presumably driven by internal heat.

Ocean Drilling Program Site 1002 in the Cariaco Basin was drilled in the final two days of Leg 165 with only a short transit remaining to the final port of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Because of severe time constraints, cores from only the first of the three long replicate holes (Hole 1002C) were opened at sea for visual description, and the shipboard sampling was restricted to the biostratigraphic examination of core catchers. The limited sampling and general scarcity of biostratigraphic datums within the late Quaternary interval covered by this greatly expanded hemipelagic sequence resulted in a very poorly defined age model for Site 1002 as reported in the Leg 165 Initial Reports volume of the Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Here, we present for the first time a new integrated stratigraphy for Site 1002 based on the standard of late Quaternary oxygen-isotope variations linked to a suite of refined biostratigraphic datums. These new data show that the sediment sequence recovered by Leg 165 in the Cariaco Basin is continuous and spans the time interval from 0 to ~580 ka, with a basal age roughly twice as old as initially suspected from the tentative shipboard identification of a single biostratigraphic datum. Lithologic subunits recognized at Site 1002 are here tied into this new stratigraphic framework, and temporal variations in major sediment components are reported. The biogenic carbonate, opal, and organic carbon contents of sediments in the Cariaco Basin tend to be high during interglacials, whereas the terrigenous contents of the sediments increase during glacials. Glacioeustatic variations in sea level are likely to exert a dominant control on these first-order variations in lithology, with glacial surface productivity and the nutrient content of waters in the Cariaco Basin affected by shoaling glacial sill depths, and glacial terrigenous inputs affected by narrowing of the inner shelf and increased proximity of direct riverine sources during sea-leve

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This report summarises the activities undertaken by the US Army Mesomet Panel during the contract period. For the period to 31st March, 1993, nine interim reports were submitted and these contain full details of these activities. For the final period, 1st April - 31st December 1993, a more detailed account is provided here and includes, as Annex 2, the report of the Panel's final meeting in Munster, Germany, 9th-10th September, 1993. Its executive summary contains five important recommendations, all directed towards the future modelling activities at ARL. These arise from the lessons learned from the Mesomet Model Comparison Project undertaken during the contract period and subsequent Mesomet Workshop held in El Paso in June, 1992. Section 3 sets out what the Panel feels have been its achievements during the contract period, one In which considerable changes in policy direction occured, some of which will have been influenced by the Panel's advice. Attention is drawn to the role of the Panel in involving the wider mesomet modelling community in ASL's activities, particularly through the Mesomet Model Comparison Project and El Paso Workshop. A major publication arising from these activities is a Mesometeorology Modelling monograph to be published by the American Meteorological Society in 1994. This is described in Section 4.

This is necessarily a brief report since there has been some delay in dispatched data tapes from ASL to the various participants in the Mesoscale Model Comparison Project, necessitating a revision of the arrangements for the preliminary analysis of the results. These arrangements were that participants should return their results on floppy disks to ASL by 15th January. These would then be analyzed by Mr. Meyers, Professor Pielke and myself at ASL during late January/early February and appropriate subsets of the results selected for the pre-workshop volume. In the event, although the Phase 1 data tapes were dispatched during August, the Phase 2 tapes were not dispatched to participants until mid-December. This was due to difficulties encountered by ASL with their contractors dealing with the validation of the WIND experiment field data tapes. Each participating group is now being contacted to ascertain whether it can carry out the integrations and submit the results to ASL by mid-March. If this proves possible, the analysis of the results will be carried out at ASL during late March/early April. Hopefully arrangements to hold the workshop during 16- 18th June will remain unchanged.

The main activity during this period was the Meeting of the European Mesometeorology panel along with members of ASL in Traben-Trarbach, West Germany, 23rd - 27 April, 1990. This report consists entirely of the report of that meeting with its 10 recommendations. These all refer to the strengthening of the mesoscale modelling activity at ASL and exploitation of the data from the project WIND. The panel is most concerned that this most excellent data set be made available, as soon as possible, to the many mesoscale modelling groups in the U.S. and Europe in order that all can contribute to the development of mesoscale modelling at ASL for the benefit of the U.S. Army. Keywords: Atmosphere models/wind; Mesometeorology; Great Britain.

The main purpose of this conference was to review the results of the numerical experiments carried out so far on WIND data at the UK Meteorological Office (MO) and Los Alamos and examine their implications for future development of the mesoscale model heirachy at ASL. The opportunity was also used to brief the participants on the present status of validation and archiving of the field data from the four phases of the project; this was done on the first day by Dr Cionco and his ASL colleagues. The draft final report of the MO experiments and the conclusions drawn from these was presented by Professor Pearce and Dr Alpert on the second day, followed by a presentation by Dr M Williams of his recent results from SIGMET. Considerable discussion ensued following which a specific programme of modeling activities using SIGMET was agreed for Dr Williams and the ASL group to carry out over the next six months. It was agreed that these tasks should be completed before the model is used in an extensive series of integrations using WIND data for validation purposes.

A preliminary report describing the first three numerical experiments carried out on the UK Meteorological Office (UKMO) mesoscale model using project WIND (Phase 1) data was prepared in Sept 1987. This present report incorporates the results described in that report and goes on to describe subsequent work carried to March 1989. This included: a) Further analysis of the results of experiments 1, 2, and 3; b) experiment 4, incorporating a change of surface albedo; c) experiments with a single-column version of the MO model; and d) the development of a computer program to carry out three-dimensional objective analyses of project WIND data. Conclusions drawn from these experiments stress the implications of the results for future development of the hierarchy of models, particularly SIGMET, at the Atmospheric sciences lab (ASL).Keywords: Atmosphere models; Computerized simulation; Wind/Air flow.

The relative amplitude method of determining earthquake source orientations is applied to short period teleseismic array observations of the 1976 Uzbekistan earthquake sequence. Many of these events are shown to be consistent with a double couple source, and the method provides well determined orientations for most events with magnitude m(b) between 4.0 and 5.6. (Author)

This report describes a FORTRAN computer program which determines the orientation (with confidence limits) of an assumed double couple earthquake source, given a series of teleseismically observed relative amplitudes, each of which relates the amplitudes of either P and p superscript p and sP, or p superscript P and sP on one seismogram. Appropriate upper and lower limits are assigned in arbitrary units to the observed amplitude of each phase, with or without a polarity specification, and from these limits the program computes the corresponding range(s) of relative amplitudes for each pair of phases. All source orientations which are compatible with the range(s) of relative amplitudes are then identified, and can be displayed graphically. Those orientations which are compatible with all pairs of phases at all stations constitute the focal mechanism solution, with confidence limits which correspond directly to the confidence of the initial measurements. The program can be applied to shallow or deep earthquakes beneath land or sea. (Author)

This is the third and final Memorandum reporting on a field study of Duc Lap village, Hau Nghia province, Republic of Vietnam. Part I reported on the events and situation in the village from April to November 1964, while Part II provided the historical background of Duc Lap since 1945. The purpose of Part III is threefold: First, the narrative of events and description of the situation in Duc Lap are extended up to April 1966. No attempt is made to present an exhaustive history of the past 18 months in Duc Lap; rather, only those events which have contributed to the current deterioration of GVN (Government of Vietnam) influence in the village will be considered. Second, based on the Duc Lap experience and that of two other widely separated villages in Vietnam, a generalized picture is drawn of a 'contested village.' Finally, suggestions are made for regaining the initiative in Duc Lap within the context of the present GVN/US pacification program, utilizing available material and human resources., Supersedes Rept. no. RM-5086-ARPA, AD0379136. See also Volume 1, ADA032178.

Contents: The peasants and revolutionary war; The peasant-insurgent relationship--an analytical framework; The preinsurgent environment; Recognition--the seeds of revolutionary war; Adaptation--the commitment to revolution; Disruption--subversion by force; Domination--the process of liberation; direction--the insurgent environment; The peasants caught in revolutionary war; Data on peasant informants; and References., Supersedes report dated May 69, AD-852 954.

Contents: The Setting; The Pacification program; Security and civic defense; Some examples of economic pacification; Education and information programs; and The impact of the pacification program., Supersedes report dated Apr 1965, AD0359128. See also Part 2, ADA032188.

Contents: Khang Chien (The Resistance War), 1945 - 1954; The rise and decline of Diem; The resumption of the revolution; The Hoa Hao come to Duc Lap; The Americans enter; and The November 1 Revolution., See also Part 3, AD0379136. Supersedes report dated Apr 1966, AD0371662.

The anodic oxidation of 0.1M HCOOH on smooth Pt electrodes in 1M H2SO4 at 40C has been examined. An adsorbed material with a high coverage accumulates on the electrode over a wide potential range. The rate of adsorption of this material is not limited by mass transport. A maximum coverage is indicated at +0.30 V, and this falls to zero by 0.65 V (RHE). This material poisons the main HCOOH yields CO2 reaction at all potentials. The main oxidation process at < or = 0.45 V (RHE) proceeds via an adsorbed intermediate which has not been isolated on the surface. Electron transfer is the rate-limiting step. A possible electroactive solution species is suggested. (Author), See also Interim technical rept. no. 5, AD-698 311.