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Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal oxide-MOF composites were investigated for adsorption and oxidation of carbon monoxide. Metal oxides were successfully included in MOFs via both impregnation and encapsulation. UiO-66, a zirconium-based MOF, was impregnated with magnesium or cobalt oxide. Cobalt oxide in UiO-66 increases the room temperature CO capacity and shows increased adsorption at 65 C due to strong cobalt-CO interactions. Titania and magnetic nanoparticles were encapsulated in HKUST-1, a copper-based MOF. Including titania in HKUST-1 lowers the CO oxidation onset temperature by over 100 C compared with HKUST-1, and the composite reaches complete conversion by 250 C. HKUST-1 with magnetic nanoparticles shows enhanced structural stability and increased room temperature adsorption of CO and hexane. MOF-74, an isostructural family with coordinatively unsaturated metal centers of cobalt, magnesium, nickel, or zinc, was investigated for the metal center s impact on stability and adsorption. Pre-treatment conditions to optimize accessibility were found that maximize solvent removal while retaining structural integrity. The impact of air exposure on equilibrium CO capacity was investigated, and these predictions were compared to dynamic conditions, separating CO from nitrogen or air at room temperature. The cobalt analog loses only 25% of its CO capacity with air exposure, retaining higher capacity than the other analogs under ideal conditions. Unlike cobalt, the magnesium analog does not follow the predicted trends with air exposure, having higher dynamic capacities with pre-exposed samples. Under all dynamic conditions, the nickel analog oxidized a portion of the carbon monoxide feed., The original document contains color images.

Nanoparticle-structured thin films with tunable electronic properties provide an advanced solution for the design of chemical sensing materials. The exploitation of such sensing nanomaterials for chemical sensors in monitoring aircraft cabin contaminants requires the ability to fine tune the nanostructure in terms of size, shape, composition, spacing, functionality, and stability. This report describes the findings of an investigation that developed a method to synthesize cooper nanoparticles of controlled size and surface properties and a process to assemble the nanoparticles into chemiresistive sensing thin films. The approach involved the manipulation of temperature in the synthesis of monolayer-capped copper nanoparticles and the interparticle binding chemistry for a controlled thin film assembly. The chemiresistive sensing properties of the nanostructured thin films were demonstrated in response to a volatile organic compound (benzene) and a toxic gas (carbon monoxide). These findings constitute the basis for the synthesis and assembly of a variety of copper nanoparticle-based advanced sensing materials., The original document contains color images.

This report summarizes the first year of a 5-year program to develop physiologically and biomechanically based mathematical models that will allow the estimation of physical and cognitive performance decrements from blunt trauma and inhalation insult. The main objectives of this research effort are as follows: (1) to develop advanced lung models that include multi-scale mechanical, anatomical, functional, and patho-physiological components to predict the acute trauma and performance decrement due to blunt impacts and blasts; (2) validate the models against animal test data; (3) integrate and release models into an application software that can be used for all blunt pulmonary hazards evaluation purposes; and (4) couple the blunt models with the toxic gas models to provide injury and performance decrement assessment from all pulmonary hazards. Progress is captured in this report as brief summaries of individual projects that have lead to a variety of knowledge, software, and hardware products. The work from Year 1 has produced 14 products in a wide range of applications. These products are the result of the on-going, collaborative research between the Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP) and other military (e.g., U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center) and civilian research agencies (e.g., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Justice, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration). The projects include Human FEM Validation Against Blast Data (No Armor), Sheep FEM Development, Blast Health Hazard Assessment for Joint Strike Fighter, Blast Protection Concepts Using Human FEM Coupled with Armor, Behind Armor Blunt Trauma Assessment Program, TGAS 2.0P, Generalized Skull Fracture Criterion, Biofidelity of Motorcycle Helmet Criteria, Effect of Blast Overpressure on the Human Head, THOR GUI, and Thorax FEM Validation Against Seat Belt Test., The original document contains color images.

Swatches from an air-permeable Tex-Shield SARATOGA(TM) Hammer Suit were challenged with liquid droplets of sarin (GB) and mustard (HI)) using modifications of the convective permeation test procedure described in TOP 8- 2-501. The cumulative mass of each agent that permeated each swatch was determined over time. The results for all swatches were used to determine a weighted-average cumulative mass for the suit. From that data, a physiologically derived breakthrough time was calculated for comparison purposes.

This report describes progress toward scientific and technical objectives of the Military Operational Medicine Research Program. The further development of the Toxic Gas Assessment Software (TGAS) includes models for respiratory, circulatory, and metabolic systems and the control of breathing. The first year's work on developing a biomechanically- based assessment of behind body armor blunt trauma is described, including measurements of actual loads and estimated response., Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

This environmental assessment (EA) analyzes the potential environmental issues associated with the Developmental Testing and Operational Assessment of 35 production CSEL radios by DoD personnel at various existing DoD facilities, and the proposed production, deployment, operation, maintenance, and disposal of the CSEL system and its associated infrastructure worldwide. The Department of Defense (DoD) currently relies on the PRC-90 and the PRC-112 standard issue survival radios to assist search and rescue forces to locate downed pilots and other isolated personnel. The design of these radios is 15-30 years old and exhibits key shortcomings that can be overcome by current technology. In January 1992, as a result of lessons learned in Desert Storm, the Combat Survivor/Evader Locator (CSEL) program was approved. The CSEL system was designed to provide global over-the-horizon data communications, line-of-sight voice communications, and precise Global Position System (GPS) capabilities for DoD personnel in survival and evasion situations. The system consists of three components: User Equipment, Over-the-Horizon Relay, and Ground System. Two specific issues are the focus of this EA. The CSEL hand-held radio is powered by a lithium sulfur dioxide (LiSO(2)) battery pack that has the potential to emit hot toxic sulfur dioxide vapors. This EA analyzes the potential environmental consequences of uncontrolled venting of the battery pack. The transmitting/receiving antennas that will be installed as part of the UHF SATCOM Base Stations at four existing Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Stations, and two similar antennas that will be installed to support the CSEL Operational Assessment program emit low-level electro-magnetic radiation (EMR) that has the potential to result in human health and safety risks. This EA analyzes the potential human health and safety consequences associated with the EMR generated by the CSEL antennas. (5 figures, 7 refs., 5 appendixes7

The combat experience of World War I provided the U.S. Army with its first significant exposure to chemical warfare. The purpose of this paper is to show how the Army prepared for this kind of warfare and how soldiers in the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), from generals to doughboys, adapted or failed to adapt to fighting a war in which chemical weapons played a prominent role. Because no one AEF division experienced every facet of gas warfare, the study will examine information pertaining to many units in order to give a more complete picture of the phenomenon.

It has previously been noted that guinea pigs protected against many times the lethal dose of GD by pre-treatment with a carbamate, supported by atropine therapy, has virtually no measurable acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain although the animals appeared normal. The object of the present investigation was to establish whether animals surviving poisoning by GD were normal, mentally and physically. Since behavioural studies cannot be done with guinea pigs, a dose schedule was devised to protect rats (which are resistant to organophosphate poisoning and also resistant to therapy for that poisoning) against GD poisoning. The animals retained about 10% of the brain acetylcholinesterase activity 24 hours after poisoning. Significant change in the behaviour of the animals was observed 48 and 96 hours after poisoning. The rats appeared to be fully recovered 14 days after poisoning. The regeneration of brain acetylcholinesterase activity to within the normal limits occurred within 6 to 8 weeks. Plasma and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity, which was depressed to a similar extent to brain 24 hours after poisoning recovered very much more rapidly. The implications of these results are discussed.

Contents: History, Chemical Warfare prior to the World War; History of German use of war gas; Properties of important war gases and smokes; History, General organization; History, Organization research division, C.W.S.; History of research of research division, C.W.S.; History, Medical division; History of development division; History of Edgewood Arsenal; History, Proving Grounds Division; History, Training division; History of liaison affairs., See also Part 2, AD0495050.

Contents: An Historical Sketch of the Development of Edgewood Arsenal; Total Production of Toxic Material; Total Number of Shell and Other Containers Filled; Procurement of Raw Materials.

This issue of The Coast Artillery Journal contains the following articles: "Practical Methods of Conservation of Manpower in Theatres of Operation," by Lieutenant Colonel Jay W. Grissinger, G.S.; "Position Finding by Airplane," by Captain George W. Ricker, C.A.C. (Editor's Note: Captain Ricker has furnished a remarkably concise and clear cut statement of the initial experiment in a method of long range fire control whose subsequent development, if vigorously exploited wherever possible, bids fair to revolutionize the potential ties of coast defense armament); "Battery 'A' 51st Artillery Fires G.P.F.'s at Moving Targets," extracts from the report of Captain Robert N. Mackin, C.A.C., with comments by Major Rodney H. Smith, C.A.C., the Regimental Commander; and "Doctrine of Anti-Aircraft Defense in France," a report from the Military Attache in France; "Tables of Organization, French Anti-Aircraft Artillery," a report from the Military Attache in France. This issue also contains an editorial on the work that lies ahead for the Coast Artillery Corps in the areas of communications, fire control, observation of fire, and intelligence; and solutions to Employment of Heavy Artillery problems. The Bulletin Board contains training regulations for Coast Artillery Gunners, including Object of Examination, Classification for Gunners, Eligibility of Candidates, Instruction of Candidates, Boards of Examination, Conduct of the Examination, Report of the Board of Examination, and Scope of the Examination.

This issue of The Coast Artillery Journal contains the following articles: "The French 5th Army from August 10, to September 15, 1914," by Colonel H. B. Crosby, Cavalry; "Camp Pontanezen and its Billeting System," by Major Harold E. Small, C.A.C.; "The Angular Travel Method of Position Finding," by Captain A. M. Jackson, C.A.C.; "Is Chemical Warfare More Inhuman Than Gunfire?" by Lieutenant Colonel Albert P. Francine, Med. D.R.C., U.S.A.; "The Concealment of Railway Gun Positions," by Lieutenant Colonel Aymar Embury, II, E.O.R.C.; and "Training Communication Details," by 2nd Lieutenant J. E. Harriman, C.A.C. The remainder of the issue contains the following: editorials, Coast Artillery Board notes, Bulletin Board, an index to current artillery literature, book reviews, and an index to Volume 59, July-December 1923.

The human factors data from three aircraft accidents involving emergency evacuations are reviewed. Of the 261 passengers aboard, 105 died in attempts to escape during the 1- to 3-minutes prior to the build-up of a lethal thermotoxic environment within the cabin. In all three accidents, decelerative forces were mild and cabin destruction and impact injuries minimal., The three most prominent factors influencing survival were found to be: distance between the occupant's seat and the exit he attempts to use; sex, with adult males having a strong advantage; among adult males, age, with younger males the more frequent survivors. Age and sex are also significant factors in determining frequency and severity of injuries among survivors. Comparison of the accident evacutions with test evacutions indicate that, in the latter, the biobehavioral factors disadvantageous to elderly males and adult females are not present.

Experiments were conducted with animals to determine the toxic effect of short-term exposures to some of the products produced in aircraft fires; the products were tested both singly and in combination with carbon monoxide. These studies show the toxicity rankings of the four materials tested to be HCN, NO2, HF and HCl, in decreasing order. Carbon monoxide concentrations which alone are not hazardous to life do not enhance the toxic response to these substances.

This memorandum is for medical officers, providing them with some knowledge of the action of the various gases that are likely to be encountered, and the rational lines of treatment which may be adopted in cases of gas poisoning.