Search

The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to gain a better understanding of factors that contribute to the increased likelihood of junior enlisted active-duty servicemembers marrying at a younger age than their civilian counterparts and subsequently divorcing at an increased rate. This study is designed to gain a better understanding of the beliefs and expectations that drive this marital proclivity by reviewing past literature, analyzing the divorce and marital tendencies of junior service members, and using existing data, collected from Marines and Sailors E-5 and below conducting their first enlistment, that assesses their perceptions and beliefs surrounding marriage and divorce. Prior literature indicates that the youthful marriage rate is driven by central themes, including financial incentives established by the Department of Defense (DOD) and a culture that promotes an idealistic expectation of marriage. This leads to a prevailing tendency to make life-altering decisions through an idealistic lens. Survey results indicated a desire by junior service members to rapidly mature into adulthood through marriage and an overwhelming agreement that premarital training was beneficial to the population, despite a reluctance to participate in such training. I advocate for continued exploration into evidence-informed training to educate this population regarding marriage, creating positive impacts in their personal lives, thus benefitting the force readiness posture of the DOD., Major, United States Marine Corps, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

We examine the efficiency of the cash transfers on multidimensional extreme poverty in the states of Mexico for 2008-2018. We estimate econometric models with panel data with OLS and 2SLS and with cross-section data with GMM that shield against endogeneity of the determinants of poverty. We prove that there are perverse incentives that have caused that transfers perpetuate poverty in the less developed states. Homicides and informal employment have perpetuated it. Agricultural labor productivity, economic growth, productive export orientation, and a better Rule of Law reduce it., Resumen: Examinamos la eficiencia de las transferencias monetarias en la pobreza extrema multidimensional en los estados de México durante el periodo 2008-2018. Estimamos modelos econométricos con datos de panel por MCO y MCO2E y con datos de sección cruzada con GMM que blindan contra la endogeneidad de los determinantes de la pobreza. Probamos que existen incentivos perversos que han generado que las transferencias perpetúen la pobreza en los estados menos desarrollados. Los homicidios y la informalidad laboral también la han perpetuado. La productividad laboral agrícola, el crecimiento económico, la orientación productiva de exportación y un mejor Estado de Derecho la reducen.

We examine the efficiency of the cash transfers on multidimensional extreme poverty in the states of Mexico for 2008-2018. We estimate econometric models with panel data with OLS and 2SLS and with cross-section data with GMM that shield against endogeneity of the determinants of poverty. We prove that there are perverse incentives that have caused that transfers perpetuate poverty in the less developed states. Homicides and informal employment have perpetuated it. Agricultural labor productivity, economic growth, productive export orientation, and a better Rule of Law reduce it., Resumen: Examinamos la eficiencia de las transferencias monetarias en la pobreza extrema multidimensional en los estados de México durante el periodo 2008-2018. Estimamos modelos econométricos con datos de panel por MCO y MCO2E y con datos de sección cruzada con GMM que blindan contra la endogeneidad de los determinantes de la pobreza. Probamos que existen incentivos perversos que han generado que las transferencias perpetúen la pobreza en los estados menos desarrollados. Los homicidios y la informalidad laboral también la han perpetuado. La productividad laboral agrícola, el crecimiento económico, la orientación productiva de exportación y un mejor Estado de Derecho la reducen.

The chronic underfunding of numerous public pensions, along with historic capital-market setbacks, has created a public pension debt crisis throughout much of the nation. The depth of this crisis makes pension reform inevitable, and that reform will transform the nature of public-servant compensation in the coming decades. This thesis explores the impact pension reform will have on the effectiveness of public-sector organizations with homeland security missions. To approach this issue, this thesis draws on existing academic literature from a wide range of disciplines, including economics, public administration, organizational behavior, sociology, and social psychology. Emerging from the research is a clear recognition that pension reform will change employee behavior, organizational culture, and the market for human capital through second- and third-order effects. Exactly how such change will play out is not so clear. The thesis turns to scenario-planning techniques to synthesize the diverse literature and provide plausible responses to the question of what pension reform’s impact will be within the homeland security domain. The thesis offers three different future outcomes and recommends more robust, collaborative scenario-planning initiatives for which the thesis itself provides a useful launching pad., http://archive.org/details/fromgoldenhandcu1094564092, Colonel, United States Air National Guard, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

In recent years, the production of pellets derived from forestry biomass to replace coal for electricity generation has been increasing, with over 10 million tonnes traded internationally?primarily between United States and Europe but with an increasing trend to Asia. Critical to this trade is the classification of woody biomass as ?renewable energy? and thus eligible for public subsidies. However, much scientific study on the net effect of this trend suggests that it is having the opposite effect to that expected of renewable energy, by increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide for substantial periods of time. This review, based on recent work by Europe's Academies of Science, finds that current policies are failing to recognize that removing forest carbon stocks for bioenergy leads to an initial increase in emissions. Moreover, the periods during which atmospheric CO2 levels are raised before forest regrowth can reabsorb the excess emissions are incompatible with the urgency of reducing emissions to comply with the objectives enshrined in the Paris Agreement. We consider how current policy might be reformed to reduce negative impacts on climate and argue for a more realistic science-based assessment of the potential of forest bioenergy in substituting for fossil fuels. The length of time atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase is highly dependent on the feedstocks and we argue for regulations to explicitly require these to be sources with short payback periods. Furthermore, we describe the current United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accounting rules which allow imported biomass to be treated as zero emissions at the point of combustion and urge their revision to remove the risk of these providing incentives to import biomass with negative climate impacts. Reforms such as these would allow the industry to evolve to methods and scales which are more compatible with the basic purpose for which it was designed.

This chapter examines performance measurement within the public sector, with particular reference to the English ambulance service. Recent experience concerned the perverse incentives inherent in using single dimension performance measures. However, performance evaluation now better reflects the changing role of ambulance paramedics, which stresses clinical activity rather than simply the speedy transportation of patients to hospital. Analysis of these developments is placed within the context of theory derived from New Public Management and New Public Governance. The topic is significant for the academic study of management control in organizations and also to policy makers, managers and public sector professionals.

This chapter examines performance measurement within the public sector, with particular reference to the English ambulance service. Recent experience concerned the perverse incentives inherent in using single dimension performance measures. However, performance evaluation now better reflects the changing role of ambulance paramedics, which stresses clinical activity rather than simply the speedy transportation of patients to hospital. Analysis of these developments is placed within the context of theory derived from New Public Management and New Public Governance. The topic is significant for the academic study of management control in organizations and also to policy makers, managers and public sector professionals.

This letter formally transmits the enclosed briefing that we presented to your staff on November 30, 2012. The House Committee on Armed Services report 112-479 accompanying the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 directed GAO to review the procedures the Department of Defense (DOD) has in place to control for the challenges inherent to the provision of military-to-military and security force assistance to foreign partners. In response to the mandate, we addressed the following objectives: (1) What policies, procedures, and guidance does DOD use to consider certain potential risks, such as unintended consequences and perverse incentives, when planning for security force assistance? (2) To what extent does DOD consider the input of the Department of State (State) in evaluating certain potential risks, such as unintended consequences and perverse incentives, when planning for security force assistance?

It can be argued that the intensity of monitoring of coastal marine environments lags behind the equivalent terrestrial environments. This results in a paucity of long-term time series of key environmental parameters such as turbidity. This lack of management information of the sources and sinks, and causes and impacts of stressors to the coastal marine environment, along with a lack of co-ordination of information collection is compromising the ability of environmental impact assessments of major coastal developments to discriminate between local and remote anthropogenic impacts, and natural or background processes. In particular, the quasi outsourcing of the collection of coastal information can lead to a perverse incentive whereby in many cases nobody is actively or consistently monitoring the coastal marine environment effectively. This is particularly the case with regards to the collection of long-term and whole-of-system scale data. This lack of effective monitoring can act to incentivise poor environmental performance.

PES is a voluntary transaction where a well-defined environmental service is being bought from a provider who controls an environmental asset and the provision can be continually secured. Challenges to PES include insecure land tenure, lack of control over environmental resources, illegal resource uses, and weak governance. PES can enhance resource uses previously not in the best interests of landowners, can resolve conflicts, and make can all participants better off, including the poor. Because PES programs are voluntary, they are unlikely to make the poor worse off unless people are cheated or surprised by unanticipated effects. Because PES is a relatively new concept with small numbers of participants, there are few systematic studies to evaluate its effects on poverty. Donors may focus only on PES programs that help poor people significantly, but that makes them development projects in disguise, excluding the private sector's participation. The best way to achieve pro-poor PES may be to focus on interventions that "grease the wheels."

PES is a voluntary transaction where a well-defined environmental service is being bought from a provider who controls an environmental asset and the provision can be continually secured. Challenges to PES include insecure land tenure, lack of control over environmental resources, illegal resource uses, and weak governance. PES can enhance resource uses previously not in the best interests of landowners, can resolve conflicts, and make can all participants better off, including the poor. Because PES programs are voluntary, they are unlikely to make the poor worse off unless people are cheated or surprised by unanticipated effects. Because PES is a relatively new concept with small numbers of participants, there are few systematic studies to evaluate its effects on poverty. Donors may focus only on PES programs that help poor people significantly, but that makes them development projects in disguise, excluding the private sector's participation. The best way to achieve pro-poor PES may be to focus on interventions that "grease the wheels."

Developed countries have already established a number of mechanisms to implement environmental transfers either within their own country, or towards other countries, including developing nations. The present review looks at a number such of mechanisms with a common matrix of analysis and tries to draw lessons for the design of RUPES mechanisms in Asia. All these mechanisms have been designed to provide reward to farmers for environmental services, and the priority is put on the ones which were clearly targeting upland farmers. Not all these schemes had poverty alleviation as their objective, but many did have a clear social orientation, and in all cases we tried to look at whether these schemes could be targeted to reach poor upland communities.

Developed countries have already established a number of mechanisms to implement environmental transfers either within their own country, or towards other countries, including developing nations. The present review looks at a number such of mechanisms with a common matrix of analysis and tries to draw lessons for the design of RUPES mechanisms in Asia. All these mechanisms have been designed to provide reward to farmers for environmental services, and the priority is put on the ones which were clearly targeting upland farmers. Not all these schemes had poverty alleviation as their objective, but many did have a clear social orientation, and in all cases we tried to look at whether these schemes could be targeted to reach poor upland communities.

Despite their value, environmental services are often lost as land users typically receive no compensation for the services their land generates for others and therefore have no economic reason to take these services into account in making decisions about land use. The payment for environmental services (PES) approach is an example of efforts to develop systems in which land users are paid for the environmental services they generate. The central principles of PES are that those who provide environmental services should be compensated for doing so and that those who receive the services should pay for their provision. Aspects concerning PES include: identifying environmental services; financing compensation for environmental services; developing effective compensation systems; and establishing the institutional framework.

Despite their value, environmental services are often lost as land users typically receive no compensation for the services their land generates for others and therefore have no economic reason to take these services into account in making decisions about land use. The payment for environmental services (PES) approach is an example of efforts to develop systems in which land users are paid for the environmental services they generate. The central principles of PES are that those who provide environmental services should be compensated for doing so and that those who receive the services should pay for their provision. Aspects concerning PES include: identifying environmental services; financing compensation for environmental services; developing effective compensation systems; and establishing the institutional framework.

119 Colum. L. Rev. 85 (2019).