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Ruogu Xu,1,2,* Xiucheng Hu,1,2,* Xiaolin Yu,1,2 Shuangquan Wan,1,2 Fan Wu,1,2 Jianglin Ouyang,3,4 Feilong Deng1,2 1Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China; 3Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, PR China; 4Guangzhou Janus Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Selective laser melting (SLM) titanium is an ideal option to manufacture customized implants with suitable surface modification to improve its bioactivity. The peri-implant soft tissues form a protective tissue barrier for the underlying osseointegration. Therefore, original microrough SLM surfaces should be treated for favorable attachment of surrounding soft tissues. Material and methods: In this study, anodic oxidation (AO) was applied on the microrough SLM titanium substrate to form TiO2 nanotube arrays. After that, calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles were embedded into the nanotubes or the interval of nanotubes by electrochemical deposition (AOC). These two samples were compared to untreated (SLM) samples and accepted mechanically polished (MP) SLM titanium samples. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, surface roughness, and water contact angle measurements were used for surface characterization. The primary human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were cultured for cell assays to determine adhesion, proliferation, and adhesion-related gene expressions. Results: For HGECs, AOC samples showed significantly higher adhesion, proliferation, and adhesion-related gene expressions than AO and SLM samples (P<0.05) and similar exceptional ability in above aspects to MP samples. At the same time, AOC samples showed the highes

Ruogu Xu,1,2,* Xiucheng Hu,1,2,* Xiaolin Yu,1,2 Shuangquan Wan,1,2 Fan Wu,1,2 Jianglin Ouyang,3,4 Feilong Deng1,2 1Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China; 3Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, PR China; 4Guangzhou Janus Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Selective laser melting (SLM) titanium is an ideal option to manufacture customized implants with suitable surface modification to improve its bioactivity. The peri-implant soft tissues form a protective tissue barrier for the underlying osseointegration. Therefore, original microrough SLM surfaces should be treated for favorable attachment of surrounding soft tissues. Material and methods: In this study, anodic oxidation (AO) was applied on the microrough SLM titanium substrate to form TiO2 nanotube arrays. After that, calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles were embedded into the nanotubes or the interval of nanotubes by electrochemical deposition (AOC). These two samples were compared to untreated (SLM) samples and accepted mechanically polished (MP) SLM titanium samples. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, surface roughness, and water contact angle measurements were used for surface characterization. The primary human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were cultured for cell assays to determine adhesion, proliferation, and adhesion-related gene expressions. Results: For HGECs, AOC samples showed significantly higher adhesion, proliferation, and adhesion-related gene expressions than AO and SLM samples (P<0.05) and similar exceptional ability in above aspects to MP samples. At the same time, AOC samples showed the highes