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Poultry and fish meat play an important role in human nutrition by providing all the essential amino acids and nutrients and more importantly they are economically reliable or cheap. This study is a comprehensive approach for the comparative and quantitative analysis of macronutrients and micronutrients in Tilapia and chicken meat. Objectives: To evaluate the nutritional profiles and potential health benefits of Tilapia and chicken meat. Methods: This study utilized a randomized sampling approach to collect a diverse range of Tilapia and chicken meat samples from local markets. Analytical techniques, Lowery assay (Protein analysis), Soxhlet apparatus (fat content) for macronutrients and spectrophotometry were employed to determine micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, and essential trace elements) in each meat type. The SPSS version 21.0 was used for the comparison of mean with T-Test and at probability level (p<0.05). Results: The results showed that the Tilapia meat have high protein content as compared to chicken which was recorded as (22.167±0.44 g) and (18.667 ± 0.66 g), respectively. The Tilapia meat has low amount of fat (g) content in all the tested samples as compared to chicken meat which was recorded as (2.5 ± 0.28 g) and (4.7 ± 0.43 g), respectively. The mean value of minerals in Tilapia and chicken meat samples was recorded as 1.33 ± 0.06 and 1.2 ± 0.053 g which is not significantly different from each-others. Tilapia meat have high amount of all the tested vitamins as compared to chicken. Tilapia fish meat demonstrated higher levels of high-quality protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, B3, B6 C and E and certain essential minerals, such as selenium, calcium, potassium, iron, sodium and iodine. Conclusions: It was concluded that due to distinctive nutritional attributes of fish and chicken meat, individuals can adapt their diets to meet specific health goals and achieve a balanced intake of essential nutrients.

Background: Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) in general and painful OIPN in particular is a debilitating late effect that severely affects cancer survivors’ quality of life and causes premature cessation of potentially lifesaving treatment. No preventive treatments and no effective treatment for chronic OIPN exist despite many attempts. One of several suggested mechanisms includes neuroinflammation as a contributing factor to OIPN. Fish oil containing long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) are precursors to specialized proresolving mediators that mediate the resolution of inflammation. Our primary hypothesis is that a high supplementation of n-3 LCPUFAs will lower the prevalence and severity of OIPN. Methods: The OxaNeuro project is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. We will include 120 patients eligible to receive adjuvant oxaliplatin after colorectal cancer surgery. Patients will receive fish oil capsules containing n-3 LCPUFAs or corn oil daily for 8 months. The primary endpoint is the prevalence of OIPN at 8 months defined as relevant symptoms, including one of the following: abnormal nerve conduction screening, abnormal vibration threshold test, abnormal skin biopsy, or abnormal pinprick test. Additional endpoints include the intensity and severity of OIPN-related neuropathic pain, patient-reported OIPN symptoms, quality of life, mental health symptoms, body composition, and cognitive evaluation. Furthermore, we will evaluate inflammatory biomarkers in blood samples and skin biopsies, including the potential OIPN biomarker neurofilament light protein (NfL) which will be measured before each cycle of chemotherapy. Discussion: If readily available fish oil supplementation alleviates OIPN prevalence and severity, it will significantly improve the lives of both cancer survivors and palliative cancer patients receiving oxaliplatin; it will improve their quality o

Periodontal disease is an oral disorder with high prevalence in cats from 2 years of age, resulting from an inflammatory response against bacterial plaque. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease and may include dental scaling, local application of perioceutics, tissue regeneration and/or even tooth extraction and periodontal surgery. As multimodal therapy is often required, new strategies have been developed to improve the therapeutic response in these patients. Adjuvant use of omega-3 fatty acids has been reported in humans with periodontal disease, but the current evidence of its effect in companion animals, especially cats, is still considered to be scarce and conflicting. This review describes the state of the art regarding feline periodontal disease and seeks to clarify the potential effect of omega-3 fatty acids on its clinical management in light of the evidence available in the current literature.

In early life, the intestinal microbiota undergoes a tremendous maturation and if disturbed this has been associated with negative effects on immune and brain development. Healthy microbiome maturation is supported by components like prebiotics like short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), which are present in infant formula milk to mimic human breast milk. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the additional effects of a dietary combination of scGOS:lcFOS and n-3 PUFAs to improve health as well as to prevent cow’s milk allergy (CMA) development. In healthy mice, the combination of scGOS:lcFOS and n-3 PUFAs altered the intestinal bacterial composition in a distinct manner compared to the effects of the compounds individually. Additionally, scGOS:lcFOS improved social behaviour and reduced anxiety-like and repetitive behaviour, however, the n-3 PUFA and the combined interventions had limited to no effect on the evaluated behaviours and immune system parameters. CMA development was partly prevented by scGOS:lcFOS or n-3 PUFAs in mice but no additional effect was observed by the combination. Splenic cytokine responses were reduced and caecal butyrate level was induced by scGOS:lcFOS which tended to be impaired when combined with n-3 PUFAs, indicating the individual effects seemed to be negatively impacted when combined. It could also suggest a possible interaction between the dietary components, which was evaluated by studying modulation of intestinal Pparɣ expression, physical and chemical interaction and modulation of intestinal bacterial fermentation. It is no option to leave scGOS:lcFOS or n-3 PUFAs out of formula milk but it is essential to evaluate individual components and combinations as they might act differently than expected.

An increased risk of morbidity and mortality is associated with acute pancreatitis (AP) brought on by hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). It is essential to locate the root cause as soon as possible and give those affected the attention they need. The treatment plan includes efforts to lower blood triglyceride levels and supportive care. HTG-induced AP has a similar clinical course to people with other types of acute pancreatitis. However, HTG-induced AP patients have significantly higher clinical severity and associated consequences. As a result, therapy and preventing sickness recurrence depend on a correct diagnosis. At the moment, there are no acknowledged standards for the treatment of HTG-induced AP. Some therapy approaches that effectively decrease serum triglycerides include fibric acids, apheresis/plasmapheresis, insulin, heparin, and omega-3 fatty acids. Following acute phase care, lifestyle modifications, including dietary and drug therapy, are essential for long-term HTG-induced AP control and relapse prevention. To create complete and efficient HTG-induced AP treatment guidelines, more study is required.

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a prevalent medical condition in patients with cardiometabolic risk factors and is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), if left undiagnosed and undertreated. Current guidelines identify HTG as a risk-enhancing factor and, as a result, recommend clinical evaluation and lifestyle-based interventions to address potential secondary causes of elevated triglyceride (TG) levels. For individuals with mild to moderate HTG at risk of ASCVD, statin therapy alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering medications known to decrease ASCVD risk are guideline-endorsed. In addition to lifestyle modifications, patients with severe HTG at risk of acute pancreatitis may benefit from fibrates, mixed formulation omega-3 fatty acids, and niacin; however, evidence does not support their use for ASCVD risk reduction in the contemporary statin era. Novel therapeutics including those that target apoC-III and ANGPTL3 have shown to be safe, well-tolerated, and effective for lowering TG levels. Given the growing burden of cardiometabolic disease and risk factors, public health and health policy strategies are urgently needed to enhance access to effective pharmacotherapies, affordable and nutritious food options, and timely health care services.

Purpose of reviewThe omega-3 fatty acids (n3-FAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have recently undergone testing for their ability to reduce residual cardiovascular (CV) risk among statin-treated subjects. The outcome trials have yielded highly inconsistent results, perhaps attributable to variations in dosage, formulation, and composition. In particular, CV trials using icosapent ethyl (IPE), a highly purified ethyl ester of EPA, reproducibly reduced CV events and progression of atherosclerosis compared with mixed EPA/DHA treatments. This review summarizes the mechanistic evidence for differences among n3-FAs on the development and manifestations of atherothrombotic disease.Recent findingsLarge randomized clinical trials with n3-FAs have produced discordant outcomes despite similar patient profiles, doses, and triglyceride (TG)-lowering effects. A large, randomized trial with IPE, a prescription EPA only formulation, showed robust reduction in CV events in statin treated patients in a manner proportional to achieved blood EPA concentrations. Multiple trials using mixed EPA/DHA formulations have not shown such benefits, despite similar TG lowering. These inconsistencies have inspired investigations into mechanistic differences among n3-FAs, as EPA and DHA have distinct membrane interactions, metabolic products, effects on cholesterol efflux, antioxidant properties, and tissue distribution. EPA maintains normal membrane cholesterol distribution, enhances endothelial function, and in combination with statins improves features implicated in plaque stability and reduces lipid content of plaques. Insights into reductions in residual CV risk have emerged from clinical trials using different formulations of n3-FAs. Among high-risk patients on contemporary care, mixed n3-FA formulations showed no reduction in CV events. The distinct benefits of IPE in multiple trials may arise from pleiotropic actions that correlate with on-treatment EPA levels

N-acyl taurines (NATs) are bioactive lipids with emerging roles in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The acyl chains of hepatic and biliary NATs are enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Dietary supplementation with a class of PUFAs, the omega-3 fatty acids, increases their cognate NATs in mice and humans. However, the synthesis pathway of the PUFA-containing NATs remains undiscovered. Here, we report that human livers synthesize NATs and that the acyl-chain preference is similar in murine liver homogenates. In the mouse, we found that hepatic NAT synthase activity localizes to the peroxisome and depends upon an active-site cysteine. Using unbiased metabolomics and proteomics, we identified bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) as the likely hepatic NAT synthase in vitro. Subsequently, we confirmed that BAAT knockout livers lack up to 90% of NAT synthase activity and that biliary PUFA-containing NATs are significantly reduced compared with wildtype. In conclusion, we identified the in vivo PUFA-NAT synthase in the murine liver and expanded the known substrates of the bile acidconjugating enzyme, BAAT, beyond classic bile acids to the synthesis of a novel class of bioactive lipids.

Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation and increased gut permeability. Here, we aim to evaluate the effect of a nutritional supplement on these parameters in subjects with overweight and obesity. A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 76 adults with overweight or obesity (BMI 28 to 40) and low-grade inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) between 2 and 10 mg/L). The intervention consisted of a daily intake of a multi-strain probiotic of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, 640 mg of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs), and 200 IU of vitamin D (n = 37) or placebo (n = 39), administered for 8 weeks. hs-CRP levels did not change post-intervention, other than an unexpected slight increase observed in the treatment group. Interleukin (IL)-6 levels decreased in the treatment group (p = 0.018). The plasma fatty acid (FA) levels of the arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio and n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.001) decreased, and physical function and mobility improved in the treatment group (p = 0.006). The results suggest that hs-CRP may not be the most useful inflammatory marker, but probiotics, n-3 FAs, and vitamin D, as non-pharmaceutical supplements, may exert modest effects on inflammation, plasma FA levels, and physical function in patients with overweight and obesity and associated low-grade inflammation., Funding agency:Pfizer Consumer Healthcare

For ages, indigenous small fish species have been important in food and nutritional security of poor communities in low income countries. Freshwater fish, in particular fatty fish species are attracting a great attention because they are good sources of health promoting long chain omega-3 fatty acids. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3), Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) are the main omega-3 PUFAs known to confer health benefits in humans if consumed in required amounts. While nutritionally valued, omega-3 PUFAs in fish are susceptible to oxidative damage during processing, transportation and subsequent storage. Lake Victoria sardines (Rastrineobola argentea), are rich source of chemically unstable omega-3 fatty acids DHA, DPA and EPA. Traditionally, sardines are preserved by sun drying, deep frying and smoking. Sardine products are transported, stored and marketed at ambient temperatures. Generally, uncontrolled and higher temperatures are known to increase vulnerability of polyunsaturated fatty acids to oxidation which in turn results into loss of nutritional and sensory qualities. This study investigated changes of fat acids in sun dried, deep fried and smoked sardines during storage. Lipolysis and the progressive hydroperoxides formation were monitored by free fatty acids (FFAs) and peroxide value (PV) respectively. None volatile secondary products of lipid oxidation were measured by thiobabituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flameionization detector (GC-FID). Deep fried sardines maintained the lowest and apparently stable PV, TBARS and FFAs. Proportions of saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased with time while that of monounsaturated fatty acids increased. Omega-3 fatty acids EPA, DPA and DHA decreased with increase in storage time. In 21 days of storage, DHA was oxidized beyond detectable levels in all sardine products. Gradual

The composition and activity of the intestinal microbial community structures can be beneficially modulated by nutritional components such as non‐digestible oligosaccharides and omega‐3 poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFAs). These components affect immune function, brain development and behaviour. We investigated the additive effect of a dietary combination of scGOS:lcFOS and n‐3 PUFAs on caecal content microbial community structures and development of the immune system, brain and behaviour from day of birth to early adulthood in healthy mice. Male BALB/cByJ mice received a control or enriched diet with a combination of scGOS:lcFOS (9:1) and 6% tuna oil (n‐3 PUFAs) or individually scGOS:lcFOS (9:1) or 6% tuna oil (n‐3 PUFAs). Behaviour, caecal content microbiota composition, short‐chain fatty acid levels, brain monoamine levels, enterochromaffin cells and immune parameters in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen were assessed. Caecal content microbial community structures displayed differences between the control and dietary groups, and between the dietary groups. Compared to control diet, the scGOS:lcFOS and combination diets increased caecal saccharolytic fermentation activity. The diets enhanced the number of enterochromaffin cells. The combination diet had no effects on the immune cells. Although the dietary effect on behaviour was limited, serotonin and serotonin metabolite levels in the amygdala were increased in the combination diet group. The combination and individual interventions affected caecal content microbial profiles, but had limited effects on behaviour and the immune system. No apparent additive effect was observed when scGOS:lcFOS and n‐3 PUFAs were combined. The results suggest that scGOS:lcFOS and n‐3 PUFAs together create a balance—the best of both in a healthy host.

BACKGROUND: In a randomized trial of DHA supplementation to lactating mothers who delivered preterm, there were significant increases in DHA status in the mother and her infant. OBJECTIVES: Our objective here was to characterize the mammary gland transcriptomes from the above study. We hypothesized that proinflammatory gene expression would be attenuated in the increased DHA group compared with the standard DHA group. METHODS: In the original trial, mothers delivering at <29 wk gestation at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center and intending to express their milk were randomly assigned to supplementation with 200 mg/d DHA (standard group: STD) or 1000 mg/d DHA (experimental group: EXP) within 7 d of delivery. Here, we conducted RNA-seq transcriptome analysis of n = 5 EXP and n = 4 STD extracellular mammary mRNA samples extracted from the fat layer of milk samples obtained 4 wk postenrollment. Transcripts were assessed for differential expression (false discovery rate adjusted P value <0.05) and clustering between EXP compared with STD groups. Ontological analysis of all differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed with Toppcluster. RESULTS: There were 409 DEGs. We observed 5 main groups of biological processes that were upregulated, including those associated with improved immune regulation and management of oxidative stress; and 3 main groups of biological processes that were downregulated, including 1 associated with immune dysregulation. For example, we observed upregulation of inflammation-inhibiting genes including NFKB inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA; fold-change (FC), adjusted P value: FC = 1.70, P = 0.007) and interleukin-18 binding protein (IL18BP: FC = 2.2, adjusted P = 0.02); and downregulation of proinflammatory genes including interleukin 7 receptor (IL7R: FC = -1.9, adjusted P = 0.02) and interleukin 1 receptor like 1 (IL1RL1: FC = -13.0, adjusted P = 0

Producción Científica, Increasing the levels of n-3 fatty acids (FA) in dairy products is an important goal in terms of enhancing the nutritional value of these foods for the consumer. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of linseed and algae oil supplements in ovine isoenergetic diets on healthy milk fatty acid composition, mainly n-3. Seventy-two Churra dairy ewes were divided and randomly assigned to four experimental treatments for 6 weeks. The treatments consisted of a TMR (40:60 forage:concentrate ratio) that varied according to the inclusion of different types of fat (23 g/100 g TMR): hydrogenated palm oil (control), linseed oil (LO), calcium soap of linseed oil (CaS-LO) and marine algae oil (AO). The most effective lipid supplement to increase n-3 FA in milk was AO. 22:6 n-3 and total n-3 PUFA content increased from 0.02 and 0.60% (control) to 2.63 and 3.53% (AO), respectively. All diets supplemented with n-3 FA diminished the content of saturated FA in milk and its atherogenic index, while the levels of trans-11 18:1 and cis-9 trans-11 18:2 significantly increased. Overall, the enhancement of n-3 FA in ewe’s milk would be advantageous for the manufacture of nutritionally improved cheeses., Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (Project AGL2016-75159-C2-1-R and Project AGL2016-75159-C2-2-R), Spanish National Research Council (Grant number 2020AEP070 and 20217AT002)

Background: There are few studies that look at the intake of all types of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) during the different stages of pregnancy along with a long-term neuropsychological follow-up of the child. This study aims to explore the association between maternal n-3 PUFA intake during two periods of pregnancy and the child’s neuropsychological scores at different ages. Methods: Prospective data were obtained for 2644 pregnant women recruited between 2004 and 2008 in population-based birth cohorts in Spain. Maternal n-3 PUFA intake during the first and third trimester of pregnancy was estimated using validated food frequency questionnaires. Child neuropsychological functions were assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant Development version one (BSID) at 1 year old, the McCarthy Scale of Children’s Abilities (MSCA) at 4 years old, and the Attention Network Test (ANT) at 7 years old. Data were analysed using multivariate linear regression models and adjusted for potential covariates, such as maternal social class, education, cohort location, alcohol consumption, smoking, breastfeeding duration, and energy intake. Results: Compared to participants in the lowest quartile (<1.262 g/day) of n-3 PUFA consumption during the first trimester, those in the highest quartile (>1.657 g/day) had a 2.26 points (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41, 4.11) higher MSCA general cognitive score, a 2.48 points (95% CI: 0.53, 4.43) higher MSCA verbal score, and a 2.06 points (95% CI: 0.166, 3.95) higher MSCA executive function score, and a 11.52 milliseconds (95% CI: −22.95, −0.09) lower ANT hit reaction time standard error. In the third pregnancy trimester, the associations were weaker. Conclusions: Positive associations between n-3 PUFA intake during early pregnancy and child neuropsychological functions at 4 and 7 years of age were found, and further clinical research is needed to confirm these findings.

Exposure to agricultural organic dusts have been well-documented to increase the risk of acute and chronic lung disease among individuals working in the farming and livestock industries. Particulates in organic dust, as well as gaseous compounds in some environments, are what contribute to the lung inflammation elicited upon exposure. As individuals in these industries are exposed to longer durations of agricultural organic dust, the risk increases for the development of chronic lung diseases, such as bronchitis, COPD, and cancer. In addition, these food deserts face restricted access to healthier dietary selections which can be directly correlated to their occupation and lower socioeconomic status. Although the farming industries have access to personal protective equipment, such as masks and ventilators to protect against exposures to dust, they are not always used and as such, additional intervention strategies to protect against these exposures are needed. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and their corresponding bioactive-lipid mediators, including resolvin D1 (RvD1), have been shown in the literature to elicit anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties making them a unique choice as a therapeutic strategy. The work presented in this dissertation identified the use of a DHA-rich diet as an effective intervention strategy to preemptively dampen a single dust-induced intranasal challenge in mice, providing evidence that dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids is efficient for mitigating the acute inflammatory effects associated with agricultural organic dust exposure. Furthermore, we present data supporting the hypothesis that chronic exposure to agricultural organic dust enhances lung carcinogenesis in mice as well as promotes metastatic properties including epithelial to mesenchymal transition within human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Moreover, this project provides evidence for the therapeutic use of RvD1’s syn

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with increased risk being associated with unresolved or chronic inflammation. Agricultural and livestock workers endure significant exposure to agricultural dusts on a routine basis; however, the chronic inflammatory and carcinogenic effects of these dust exposure is unclear. We have developed a chronic dust exposure model of lung carcinogenesis in which mice were intranasally challenged three times a week for 24 weeks, using an aqueous dust extract (HDE) made from dust collected in swine confinement facilities. We also treated mice with the omega-3-fatty acid lipid mediator, aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) to provide a novel therapeutic strategy for mitigating the inflammatory and carcinogenic effects of HDE. Exposure to HDE resulted in significant immune cell influx into the lungs, enhanced lung tumorigenesis, severe tissue pathogenesis, and a pro-inflammatory and carcinogenic gene signature, relative to saline-exposed mice. AT-RvD1 treatment mitigated the dust-induced inflammatory response but did not protect against HDE + NNK-enhanced tumorigenesis. Our data suggest that chronic HDE exposure induces a significant inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic response, whereas treatment with AT-RvD1 dampens the inflammatory responses, providing a strong argument for the therapeutic use of AT-RvD1 to mitigate chronic inflammation.

Many commonly used chemotherapies induce mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac muscle, which leads to cardiotoxicity and heart failure later in life. Dietary long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) have demonstrated cardioprotective function in non-chemotherapy models of heart failure, potentially through the formation of LC n-3 PUFA-derived bioactive lipid metabolites. However, it is unknown whether dietary supplementation with LC n-3 PUFA can protect against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. To test this, 36 female ovariectomized C57BL/6J mice were randomized in a two-by-two factorial design to either a low (0 g/kg EPA + DHA) or high (12.2 g/kg EPA + DHA) LC n-3 PUFA diet, and received either two vehicle or two chemotherapy (9 mg/kg anthracycline + 90 mg/kg cyclophosphamide) tail vein injections separated by two weeks. Body weight and food intake were measured as well as heart gene expression and fatty acid composition. Heart mitochondria were isolated using differential centrifugation. Mitochondrial isolate oxylipin and N-acylethanolamide levels were measured by mass spectrometry after alkaline hydrolysis. LC n-3 PUFA supplementation attenuated some chemotherapy-induced differences (Myh7, Col3a1) in heart gene expression, and significantly altered various lipid species in cardiac mitochondrial preparations including several epoxy fatty acids [17(18)-EpETE] and N-acylethanolamines (arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA), suggesting a possible functional link between heart lipids and cardiotoxicity.

BackgroundThe Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends consuming ~225 g/wk of a variety of seafood providing >1.75 g/wk of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, however individual responses to treatment vary.ObjectiveThis study had three main objectives. First, to determine if a DGA-conforming diet (DGAD), in comparison to a typical American diet (TAD), can increase the omega-3 index (OM3I), i.e., the red blood cell mol% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Second, to identify factors explaining variability in the OM3I response to dietary treatment. Third to identify factors associated with the baseline OM3I.DesignThis is a secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind 8 wk dietary intervention of overweight/obese women fed an 8d rotating TAD (n = 20) or DGAD (n = 22) registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02298725. The DGAD-group consumed 240 g/wk of Atlantic farmed salmon and albacore tuna in three meals with an estimated EPA + DHA of 3.7 ± 0.6 g/wk. The TAD-group consumed ~160 g/wk of farmed white shrimp and a seafood salad containing imitation crab in three meal with an estimated EPA + DHA of 0.45 ± 0.05 g/wk. Habitual diet was determined at baseline, and body composition was determined at 0 and 8wks. Red blood cell fatty acids were measured at 0, 2 and 8 wk.ResultsAt 8 wk, the TAD-group OM3I was unchanged (5.90 ± 1.35-5.80 ± 0.76%), while the DGAD-group OM3I increased (5.63 ± 1.27-7.33 ± 1.36%; p < 0.001). In the DGAD-group 9 of 22 participants achieved an OM3I >8%. Together, body composition and the baseline OM3I explained 83% of the response to treatment variability. Baseline OM3I (5.8 ± 1.3%; n = 42) was negatively correlated to the android fat mass (p = 0.0007) and positively correlated to the FFQ estimated habitual (EPA+DHA) when expressed as a ratio to total dietary fat (p = 0.006).ConclusionsAn 8 wk TAD did not change the OM3I of ~6%, while a DGAD with 240 g/wk of salmon and

AIMS: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) generate diverse bioactive lipid mediators, which tightly regulate vascular inflammation. The effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation in cardiovascular prevention however remain controversial. In addition to direct dietary intake, fatty acid desaturases (FADS) determine PUFA levels. Increased arterial stiffness represents an independent predictor of mortality and cardiovascular events. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of PUFA intake, FADS1 genotype, and FADS expression with arterial stiffness. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional population-based cohort study of 1464 participants without overt cardiovascular disease was conducted. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Arterial stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), and the FADS1 locus variant was determined. Blood cell transcriptomics was performed in a subset of 410 individuals. Pulse wave velocity was significantly associated with the FADS1 locus variant. Differential associations between PWV and omega-3 PUFA intake were observed depending on the FADS1 genotype. High omega-3 PUFA intake attenuated the FADS1 genotype-dependent associations. Carriers of the minor FADS1 locus variant exhibited increased expression of FADS2, which is associated with PWV. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings point to FADS1 genotype-dependent associations of omega-3 PUFA intake on subclinical cardiovascular disease. These findings may have implications for identifying responders and non-responders to omega-3 PUFA supplementation and open up for personalized dietary counselling in cardiovascular prevention.

Purpose Trials aiming to lower homocysteine by B-vitamin supplementation have reported mixed results on slowing cognitive decline. We investigated if efficacy of B-vitamin supplementation is affected by baseline plasma omega-3 fatty acid levels. Methods This post-hoc analysis of the B-proof trial included 191 adults aged 65 years or older with baseline plasma total homocysteine >= 12 mu mol/L, randomly assigned to 400 mu g folic acid and 500 mu g vitamin B12 or placebo daily for 2 years. Global and domain-specific cognitive functioning were assessed at baseline and after 2 years. The effect of B-vitamin supplementation was analyzed according to tertiles of baseline plasma omega-3 fatty acids concentrations combined, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) individually using multiple linear regression analyses. Results The mean +/- SD age of the participants was 71.6 +/- 5.9 years and median [IQR] Mini-Mental State Examination was 29 [28-30]. The treatment effect of B-vitamins on global cognition was larger in participants in the high compared to the middle DHA tertile (difference in z-score, mean +/- SE 0.22 +/- 0.10, p = 0.03). There was no significant interaction between B-vitamin supplementation and combined omega-3 fatty acid (p = 0.49) and EPA (p = 0.99) tertiles. Similarly, the efficacy of B-vitamin treatment on domain-specific cognitive functioning did not link to omega-3 fatty acid, DHA, or EPA plasma levels. Conclusion This post-hoc analysis indicated that efficacy of B-vitamin supplementation in slowing cognitive decline relates to DHA status, with individuals with higher plasma DHA levels benefitting more from vitamin B12 and folic acid use. The results support earlier observations that positive effects of B-vitamins in cognitive ageing may be subgroup-specific.

Today, few clinicians are still convinced that lipids are sepsis risk factors in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. This dogma is principally based on old literature. This review deals with the most recent literature search that provided up-to-date data over the past ten years. Systematic research was performed on Pubmed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. The recent evidence does not justify the exclusion of lipid emulsions in patients receiving parenteral nutrition for fear of bloodstream infection risk. Moreover, lipids represent a substantial proportion of the energy source providing essential fatty acids, potentially improving clinical outcomes in patients often malnourished. Understanding the actual risk factors of sepsis during parenteral nutrition is necessary to optimize patient nutritional status and care and avoid essential fatty acid deficiency. There is an urgent need to make updated nutrition training available at all levels of medical education.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential not only for neurological development but also for a child's visual function. The greatest need for DHA occurs during intrauterine development and the first two years of life. The mother is a determining factor in the supply of these fatty acids to the child, as she is not able to elongate and desaturate the fatty acids. The objective of this work was to present a literature review based on the selection of articles published in scientific journals indexed in databases such as PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Google Scholar, focused on publications related to omega-3 fatty acids DHA, pregnancy and lactation, published in recent years. Studies indicate that, regardless of diet, every pregnant woman should receive a daily supplement of DHA, preferably obtained industrially through algae, avoiding the risk of contamination by heavy metals. In the absence of breast milk, it can produce a lack of this nutrient on the part of the newborn as well as disorders, especially in visual and cognitive development., Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, especialmente el ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), son esenciales no solo para el desarrollo neurológico sino también para la función visual de un niño. La mayor necesidad de DHA ocurre durante el desarrollo intrauterino y los primeros dos años de vida. La madre es un factor determinante en el aporte de estos ácidos grasos al niño, ya que no es capaz de alargar y desaturar los ácidos grasos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar una revisión bibliográfica basada en la selección de artículos publicados en revistas científicas indexadas en bases de datos como PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) y Google Scholar, centrada en publicaciones relacionadas con los ácidos grasos omega-3 DHA, embarazo y lactancia, publicadas en los últimos años. Los estudios indican que, independientemente de la dieta, toda mujer embarazada debe recibir un suplemento diario de DHA, preferiblemente obtenido industrialmente a través de algas, evitando el riesgo de contaminación por metales pesados. En ausencia de leche materna, puede producir una falta de este nutriente por parte del recién nacido así como trastornos, especialmente en el desarrollo visual y cognitivo., Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, especialmente o ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA), são essenciais não só para o desenvolvimento neurológico quanto para a função visual da criança. A maior necessidade e DHA ocorre durante o desenvolvimento intrauterino e nos primeiros dois anos de vida. A mãe é um fator determinante na oferta desses ácidos graxos para a criança, pois a mesma não tem capacidade de elongação e dessaturação dos ácidos graxos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar uma revisão da literatura a partir da seleção de artigos publicados em revistas científicas indexadas em bases de dados como PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Google Acadêmico, focada em publicações relacionadas os temas ácidos graxos ômega-3, DHA, gestação e lactação, publicados nos últimos anos. Os estudos indicam que, independentemente da dieta, toda gestante deve receber suplemento diário de DHA, preferencialmente obtido industrialmente através de algas, evitando-se o risco de contaminação por metais pesados. Na ausência de leite materno, pode produzir carência deste nutriente por parte do recém-nascido como também transtornos, principalmente no desenvolvimento visual e cognitivo.

The canning industry plays a crucial role in the sector of marine foods, but produces several organic wastes and effluents with reduced economic value that must be upgraded to comply with the circular bioeconomy principles. Initially, we have searched the best experimental conditions for the hydrolysis of upper and lower halves from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) heads by four commercial proteases (alcalase, papain, protamex and esperase). Then, optimal conditions were corroborated at 5 L pH-Stat reactor producing fish oil, bones and fish protein hydrolysates (FPH). Alcalase and esperase applied on upper head were the options that led to the largest volumes of oils recovered, and the highest degrees of hydrolysis, digestion yields and concentrations of protein in FPH. Fish oils showed an excellent content in omega-3 fatty acids, mainly the highly valued docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In the case of FPH, the proportion of human essential amino acids was higher than 40% and the average protein size in the interval 1400–1800 Da. Finally, these hydrolysates were incorporated, as source of protein material in substitution of commercial peptones, in two types of bacterial culture media (marine and Man-Rogosa-Sharpe, MRS). The bioproductions of the four bacteria assayed (two lactic acid bacteria and two marine probiotic bacteria) in the low-cost media formulated with tuna hydrolysates were generally similar or even higher than found in commercial broths. The whole of these results evidenced the validity of the present proposal, aimed to the integral production of valuable biocompounds, in order to contribute to a more sustainable tuna canning industry

Long-chain n-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) may prevent chemotherapy-induced hyperlipidemia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, compliance could be a problem and intake-biomarker correlations may be affected by bodyweight and blood transfusions. We assessed whole blood n-3 LCPUFA three times during the first 83 days of treatment in six 1-17-year-old children with ALL, who received 2.4-4.9 g/d n-3 LCPUFA depending on bodyweight. Mean compliance was 73%, which resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in blood n-3 LCPUFA irrespective of blood transfusions. The correlation between relative blood content of n-3 LCPUFA and intake in g/d across the study period was strong (r=0.76, p=0.001). When n-3 LCPUFA was expressed in absolute concentrations and intake per kg bodyweight the correlation decreased (r=0.39, p=0.164) and was driven by baseline values. Thus, relative content of n-3 LCPUFA in blood reflects fish oil compliance in children with ALL despite blood transfusions and differences in bodyweight.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), obtained from diet and dietary supplements, have been tested in clinical trials for the prevention or treatment of several diseases. n-3 PUFAs exert their effects by activation of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors. FFA1 receptor, expressed in the pancreas and brain, is activated by medium- to long-chain fatty acids. Despite some beneficial effects on cognition, the effects of n-3 PUFAs on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are not clearly understood. We examined the effects of FFA1 activation on BBB permeability in vitro, using rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMVEC), and in vivo, by assessing Evans Blue extravasation and by performing live imaging of brain microcirculation in adult rats. AMG837, a synthetic FFA1 agonist, produced a dose-dependent decrease in RBMVEC monolayer resistance assessed with Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS); the effect was attenuated by the FFA1 antagonist, GW1100. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that AMG837 produced a disruption in tight and adherens junction proteins. AMG837 increased Evans Blue content in the rat brain in a dose-dependent manner. Live imaging studies of rat brain microcirculation with miniaturized fluorescence microscopy (miniscope) showed that AMG837 increased extravasation of sodium fluorescein. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FFA1 receptor activation reduced RBMVEC barrier function and produced a transient increase in BBB permeability.

Background: There are few studies that look at the intake of all types of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) during the different stages of pregnancy along with a long-term neuropsychological follow-up of the child. This study aims to explore the association between maternal n-3 PUFA intake during two periods of pregnancy and the child’s neuropsychological scores at different ages. Methods: Prospective data were obtained for 2644 pregnant women recruited between 2004 and 2008 in population-based birth cohorts in Spain. Maternal n-3 PUFA intake during the first and third trimester of pregnancy was estimated using validated food frequency questionnaires. Child neuropsychological functions were assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant Development version one (BSID) at 1 year old, the McCarthy Scale of Children’s Abilities (MSCA) at 4 years old, and the Attention Network Test (ANT) at 7 years old. Data were analysed using multivariate linear regression models and adjusted for potential covariates, such as maternal social class, education, cohort location, alcohol consumption, smoking, breastfeeding duration, and energy intake. Results: Compared to participants in the lowest quartile (<1.262 g/week) of n-3 PUFA consumption during the first trimester, those in the highest quartile (>1.657 g/week) had a 2.26 points (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41, 4.11) higher MSCA general cognitive score, a 2.48 points (95% CI: 0.53, 4.43) higher MSCA verbal score, and a 2.06 points (95% CI: 0.166, 3.95) higher MSCA executive function score, and a 11.52 milliseconds (95% CI:-22.95,-0.09) lower ANT hit reaction time standard error. In the third pregnancy trimester, the associations were weaker. Conclusions: Positive associations between n-3 PUFA intake during early pregnancy and

Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is a brain injury caused by oxygen deprivation to the brain due to birth asphyxia or reduced cerebral blood perfusion, and it often leads to lifelong limiting sequelae such as cerebral palsy, seizures, or mental retardation. HI remains one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide, and current therapies are limited. Hypothermia has been successful in reducing mortality and some disabilities, but it is only applied to a subset of newborns that meet strict inclusion criteria. Given the unpredictable nature of the obstetric compli-cations that contribute to neonatal HI, prophylactic treatments that prevent, rather than rescue, HI brain injury are emerging as a therapeutic alternative. Nutraceuticals are natural compounds present in the diet or used as dietary supplements that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or antiapoptotic properties. This review summarizes the preclinical in vivo studies, mostly conducted on rodent models, that have investigated the neuroprotective properties of nutraceuticals in preventing and reducing HI-induced brain damage and cognitive impairments. The natural products reviewed include polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, plant-derived compounds (tanshinones, sulforaphane, and capsaicin), and endogenous compounds (melatonin, carnitine, creatine, and lactate). These nutraceuticals were administered before the damage occurred, either to the mothers as a dietary supplement during pregnancy and/or lactation or to the pups prior to HI induction. To date, very few of these nutritional interventions have been investigated in humans, but we refer to those that have been successful in reducing ischemic stroke in adults. Overall, there is a robust body of preclinical evidence that supports the neuroprotective properties of nutraceuticals, and these may represent a safe and inexpensive nutritional strategy for the prevention of neonatal HI encephalopathy.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most prevalent hematological malignancy. Currently, this disease is still considered incurable since most MM patients become refractory or suffer from repeated relapses after initial therapeutic successes, particularly due to the development of drug resistance during chemotherapy. Therefore, it remains an urgent need for developing novel drugs or combination therapeutic strategies to combat chemoresistance for MM treatment. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which are largely contained in fish or fish oils and have been traditionally used as nutrients additives in regular food, were found to show direct anticancer effects in various cancer types including MM. Importantly, these unique fatty acids were reported to selectively kill patient-derived primary MM cells but showed almost no effect on normal cells. The work in this thesis provides insights into a rational and effective strategy using DHA or EPA in combination with chemotherapy bortezomib to overcome chemoresistance in MM cells, potentially guiding their future usage in clinics during chemotherapy. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms relevant for the cell-killing effects of DHA/EPA and their combination treatment with bortezomib in MM cells were comprehensively investigated, which extends our understanding of bortezomib-associated resistance and provides novel therapeutic targets for overcoming chemoresistance in MM.

Selon l’organisation mondiale de la santé, 50 millions de personnes vivent avec la démence, où la maladie d’Alzheimer représente 60 à 70% de ces cas. Être porteur de l’allèle epsilon 4 de l’apolipoprotéine E (APOE4) est le principal facteur de risque génétique de la maladie d’Alzheimer tardive. Des études ont montré qu'une alimentation riche en acides gras (AG) oméga-3 comme l'acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) et l'acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) peut réduire le risque de développer la maladie d'Alzheimer tardive. Cependant, l'avantage de la consommation d'AG oméga-3 n'est pas observé chez les porteurs de l'APOE4. De plus, des études ont démontré que le cerveau peut capter les AG lorsqu’ils sont estérifiés sous forme de lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) ou lorsqu’ils ne sont pas estérifiés (FFA). Ainsi, notre hypothèse de recherche est qu’après avoir consommé des suppléments d’AG oméga-3 pendant six mois, l’augmentation de la concentration d’AG oméga-3 plasmatiques des porteurs de l’APOE4 n’augmente pas dans les LPC et FFA plasmatique par rapport aux non-porteurs de l’APOE4. Pour étudier cette hypothèse, nous avons analysé les concentrations plasmatiques de DHA et d'EPA dans les LPC, les phosphatidylcholines (PC), les phosphatidyléthanolamines (PE), les FFA, les triglycérides (TG) et les esters de cholestérol (CE). Les lipides totaux dans le plasma ont été extraits, puis séparés en CE, TG, FFA et phospholipides totaux en utilisant une chromatographie sur couche mince (CCM). Les PL ont par la suite été séparés en PE, PC et LPC en utilisant une deuxième plaque de CCM. Après avoir été convertis en ester méthylique d'AG, les AG méthylés ont été analysés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Après six mois de supplémentation en AG oméga-3, les concentrations plasmatiques de DHA et d'EPA ont augmenté dans tous les compartiments plasmatiques analysés. De plus, il y avait une tendance à ce que le DHA dans les CE soit plus élevé chez les porteurs de l'APOE4 comparativement aux non-po, According to world health organization, 50 million individuals live with dementia, where Alzheimer’s disease represents 60 to 70% of those cases. Carrying the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele (APOE4) is the main genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have found that consuming a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. However, the benefit of consuming omega-3 fatty acids is not seen in APOE4 carriers. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that brain can take-in fatty acids in the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and free fatty acid (FFA) compartments. Therefore, we hypothesized that after consuming omega-3 fatty acid supplements for six months, APOE4 carriers’ plasma omega-3 fatty acid levels would not increase in the LPC and FFA plasma lipid compartments compared to non-carriers of the APOE4. To investigate this, we analysed DHA and EPA concentrations in the following plasma lipid compartments: LPC, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), FFA, triglyceride (TG) and cholesteryl esters (CE). Firstly, lipids were extracted from the plasma and then separated into CE, TG, FFA, and PL using thin layer chromatography. PL were further separated into PE, PC and LPC using a second thin layer chromatography plate. The fatty acids in the separated lipid compartments were converted to fatty acid methyl ester to be analysed using gas chromatography. In the current study, post-omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for six months, plasma DHA and EPA levels increased in all the lipid compartments analyzed. Additionally, there was a genotype trend for DHA in CE, where APOE4 carriers had higher levels of DHA compared to non-carriers before and after omega-3 supplementation. When comparing ΔDHA and ΔEPA (pre – post concentration) in the different lipid compartments between low and high body mass index (BMI) groups (<25.2

[ES] El cambio climático tiene un fuerte impacto sobre nuestro ecosistema y afecta a todos y cada uno de los seres vivos del planeta. En concreto, el incremento en la temperatura de mares y océanos, causa un gran perjuicio en la vida de los peces. Esto no solo les afecta a ellos, sino que también condiciona nuestra alimentación. Se ha podido demostrar, mediante diversos estudios, que los niveles del ácido graso poliinsaturado omega 3 en los pescados, se están viendo reducidos considerablemente y, dado que se trata de uno de los ácidos grasos esenciales en nuestra alimentación, su suministro es vital para el correcto funcionamiento de nuestro organismo. Por este motivo, se buscan fuentes alternativas de omega 3 que garanticen su presencia en nuestra dieta. Mediante este trabajo de búsqueda bibliográfica se ha recabado información en relación a los diferentes fenómenos que han llevado a la reducción del contenido en omega 3 en el pescado, así como una búsqueda detallada del aporte en este ácido graso ofrecido por diversas especies de pescados. Además, se ha querido resaltar productos alimenticios que pueden estar presentes en nuestra dieta, diferentes al pescado, que también pueden aportar esos requerimientos necesarios en omega 3. Por último, se han puesto de manifiesto diversas alternativas a las citadas, como los suplementos alimenticios o nuevos productos que pueden suplir estas carencias a largo plazo., [EN] Climate change is having a great impact in our ecosystem, affecting every living being in our planet. Concretely, the raising temperature in seas and oceans, is causing a huge prejudice in fishes¿ lives. However this not only affects them, in addition, this conditions our feeding. With the help of various studies, it has been proved that omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in fish, are significantly being reduced, and, due to the fact that it is one of the essential fatty acids of our feeding, its supply is vitally for the correct function of our human organism. For that reason, there¿s a research of omega 3 alternative sources, which will guarantee its presence in our diet. Through this bibliographic search work, information has been collected, in relation to the different phenomena that have caused the reduction on omega 3 levels in fish, as well as a detail research of the input of this fatty acid offered by diverse fish species. Moreover, it has been highlighted different food products that might be found in our diet, apart from fish, that can also supply us with omega 3 needs. Lastly, it has brought up different alternatives from the previous ones, such as food supplements or new products that in a long term, could supply this lack.

BACKGROUND: Although epidemiological studies suggest a protective role of B vitamins and omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids in cognitive decline, findings from intervention studies are conflicting. Mechanistic studies suggest that the ω-3 (n-3) fatty acid status can modulate the effects of B vitamins on cognitive decline. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the interaction between baseline ω-3 fatty acid statuses and folic acid treatment on cognitive decline in a placebo-controlled trial [FACIT (Folic Acid and Carotid Intima-media Thickness)]. METHODS: This post hoc analysis included 791 older adults aged 50-70 y with plasma total homocysteine ≥13 µmol/L and ≤26 µmol/L and serum vitamin B12 ≥200 pmol/L. Participants received 800 µg folic acid or placebo daily for 3 y. Global cognitive functioning and domain-specific functioning (episodic memory, information processing speed, executive functioning) were assessed at baseline and after 3 y. The effect of the folic acid supplementation was analyzed according to tertiles of baseline ω-3 fatty acid concentrations using linear multiple regression. RESULTS: The mean ± SD age of the study population was 60.2 ± 5.6 y, and the mean ± SD Mini-Mental State Examination score was 28.6 ± 1.5. The treatment effect of folic acid was significantly larger in participants in the low compared to high ω-3 fatty acid tertile for global cognition (difference in z-score: mean ± SE = 0.16 ± 0.059; P < 0.01). Regarding domain-specific functioning, similar results were observed for information processing speed (mean ± SE = 0.167 ± 0.068; P = 0.01). There were no overall interactions between folic acid treatment and ω-3 fatty acid tertiles for episodic memory (P = 0.14) and executive functioning (P = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: This post hoc analysis revealed that the efficacy of folic acid treatment on cognitive functioning is dependent on the ω-3 fatty acid status. Individuals with a lower ω-3 fatty acid status at baseline benefited from folic acid treatment, while

PurposeOmega-3 (n-3) fatty acid supplementation is used to treat systemic inflammatory diseases, but the role of n-3 in the pathophysiology and therapy of dry eye disease (DED) is not definitive. We evaluated the relationship of systemic n-3 levels with signs and symptoms at baseline in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study.MethodsBlood samples from participants at baseline were analyzed for n-3 and n-6, measured as relative percentage by weight among all fatty acids in erythrocytes. Symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index. Signs including conjunctival staining, corneal staining, tear breakup time (TBUT), and Schirmer's test with anesthesia were also evaluated.ResultsThere was no correlation between the systemic n-3 levels and DED symptoms. When the associations with signs of DED were assessed, lower DHA levels were associated with higher conjunctival staining, with mean scores of 3.31, 2.96, and 2.82 for low, medium, and high levels of DHA, respectively (linear trend P=0.007). None of the other signs were associated with DHA or the other measures of n-3.ConclusionPrevious studies have found varying results on the role of n-3 supplementation with the signs and symptoms of DED. Among patients with DED enrolled in the DREAM Study, lower systemic n-3 levels were not associated with worse symptoms and most signs of DED.

Oxidative stress and inflammation have been recognized as important contributors to the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may regulate the antioxidant signaling pathway and modulate inflammatory processes. They also influence hepatic lipid metabolism and physiological responses of other organs, including the heart. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies demonstrate that there is an association between moderate intake of the omega-6 PUFA linoleic acid and lower risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), most likely as a result of lower blood cholesterol concentration. Current evidence suggests that increasing intake of arachidonic acid (up to 1500 mg/day) has no adverse effect on platelet aggregation and blood clotting, immune function and markers of inflammation, but may benefit muscle and cognitive performance. Many studies show that higher intakes of omega-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are associated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases characterized by elevated inflammation, including CVDs. This is because of the multiple molecular and cellular actions of EPA and DHA. Intervention trials using EPA + DHA indicate benefit on CVD mortality and a significant inverse linear dose–response relationship has been found between EPA + DHA intake and CVD outcomes. In addition to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, omega-3 fatty acids are considered to regulate platelet homeostasis and lower risk of thrombosis, which together indicate their potential use in COVID-19 therapy

Using capture fishery-derived fish oil and fishmeal in aquafeeds is unsustainable. This study mimicked semi-intensive shrimp ponds, including primary producers, in mesocosm tanks. Fatty acid mass balances were computed to distinguish between diet-based and primary production-based LC-PUFA contributions to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production and meat quality. Performance and body fatty acid composition were compared of shrimp fed a commercial diet containing fish oil and fishmeal (control), with a fishmeal- and fish oil-free diet (low LC-PUFA diet: LOW). Six mesocosms were each stocked with 60 juvenile shrimp and randomly assigned to the two diets. After an 8-week grow-out period, biomass production, survival and proximate body composition were similar between diets. Control shrimp contained twice as much LC-PUFA and omega-3 fatty acids than LOW shrimp. Large quantitative losses (85%) were found in both treatments of the LC-PUFA-precursors alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) that were being used as energy source by the shrimp instead for LC-PUFA synthesis. Whereas losses were also observed for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the control group, there was a gain for these components in the LOW tanks. LOW shrimp sourced at least 32% of their total EPA gain and 15% of their total DHA gain from the algal-based food web. This quantitative analysis of the fate of major dietary fatty acids strongly suggests that the pond's primary production can provide shrimp additional LC-PUFA. Finding a balance between LC-PUFA contribution through formulated feed and natural production seems possible and deserves further research.

Altres ajuts: Fundació La Caixa LCF/TR/CI17/10020018 i LCF/PR/HA17/52170001; Canadian Institutes of Health Research MOP-142231; Wings for Life Spinal Cord Research Foundation, Red de Terapia Celular (TERCEL), Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature of the response to CNS trauma. It is also an important hallmark of various neurodegenerative diseases in which inflammation contributes to the progression of pathology. Inflammation in the CNS can contribute to secondary damage and is therefore an excellent therapeutic target for a range of neurological conditions. Inflammation in the nervous system is complex and varies in its fine details in different conditions. It involves a wide variety of secreted factors such as chemokines and cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and different cell types that include resident cell of the CNS, as well as immune cells recruited from the peripheral circulation. Added to this complexity is the fact that some aspects of inflammation are beneficial, while other aspects can induce secondary damage in the acute, subacute and chronic phases. Understanding these aspects of the inflammatory profile is essential for developing effective therapies. Bioactive lipids constitute a large group ofmolecules that modulate the initiation and the resolution of inflammation. Dysregulation of these bioactive lipid pathways can lead to excessive acute inflammation, and failure to resolve this by specialized pro-resolution lipid mediators can lead to the development of chronic inflammation. The focus of this review is to discuss the effects of bioactive lipids in spinal cord trauma and their potential for therapies.

The world’s ever-growing population presents a major challenge in providing sustainable food options and in reducing pressures on the Earth’s agricultural land and freshwater resources. Current estimates suggest that agriculture contributes ~30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Additionally, there is an increased demand for animal protein, the production of which is particularly polluting. Therefore, the climate-disrupting potential of feeding the planet is likely to substantially worsen in the future. Due to the nutritional value of animal-based protein, it is not a simple solution to recommend a wholesale reduction in production/consumption of animal proteins. Rather, employing strategies which result in the production of low carbon animal protein may be part of the solution to reduce the GHGs associated with our diets without compromising diet quality. We suggest that farmed mussels may present a partial solution to this dilemma. Mussel production has a relatively low GHG production and does not put undue pressure on land or fresh water supplies. By drawing comparisons to other protein sources using the Australian Food and Nutrient Database and other published data, we demonstrate that they are a sustainable source of high-quality protein, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, phytosterols, and other key micronutrients such as B-12 and iron. The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge on the health benefits and potential risks of increasing the consumption of farmed mussels.

Given an increasing focus on environmental sustainability, microbial oils have been suggested as an alternative to petroleum-based products. However, microbial oil production relies on the use of costly sugar-based feedstocks. Substrate limitation, elevated costs, and risk of contamination have sparked the search for alternatives to sugar-based platforms. Volatile fatty acids are generated during anaerobic digestion of organic waste and are considered a promising substrate for microbial oil production. In the present study, two freshwater and one marine microalga along with two thraustochytrids were evaluated for their potential to produce lipids when cultivated on volatile fatty acids generated from food waste via anaerobic digestion using a membrane bioreactor. Freshwater microalgae Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Chlorella sorokiniana synthesized lipids rich in palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2). This composition corresponds to that of soybean and jatropha oils, which are used as biodiesel feedstock. Production of added-value polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) mainly omega-3 fatty acids was examined in three different marine strains: Aurantiochytrium sp. T66, Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, and Crypthecodinium cohnii. Only Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 seemed promising, generating 43.19% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 13.56% docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in total lipids. In summary, we show that A. protothecoides, C. sorokiniana, and Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 can be used for microbial oil production from food waste material.

Our group built a genetic risk score (GRS) of the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to an omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) supplementation in Caucasian Canadians that explained 21.53% of the TG variance. The objective was to refine the GRS by fine mapping and to test its association with the TG response in young Mexican adults. A total of 191 participants underwent a 6-week n-3 FA supplementation providing 2.7g/day of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 103 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. A stepwise regression adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) was used to select the strongest SNPs to include in the genetic risk model. A GRS was calculated from the sum of at-risk alleles. The contribution of the GRS to the TG response was assessed by ANCOVA with age, sex, and BMI included in the model. Several differences in allele frequency were observed between Canadians and Mexicans. Five lead SNPs were included in the genetic risk model, in which the GRS accounted for 11.01% of the variance of the TG response (p < 0.0001). These findings highlight the important contribution of genetic factors to the heterogeneity of the TG response to an n-3 FA supplementation among Mexicans.

A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) by our group identified 13 loci associated with the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) supplementation. This study aimed to test whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the IQCJ, NXPH1, PHF17 and MYB genes are associated with the plasma TG response to an n-3 FA supplementation. Methods: A total of 208 subjects followed a 6-week n-3 FA supplementation of 5 g/day of fish oil (1.9-2.2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.1 g of docosahexaenoic acid). Measurements of plasma lipids were made before and after the supplementation. Sixty-seven tagged SNPs were selected to increase the density of markers near GWAS hits. Results: In a repeated model, independent effects of the genotype and the gene-supplementation interaction were associated with plasma TG. Genotype effects were observed with two SNPs of NXPH1, and gene-diet interactions were observed with ten SNPs of IQCJ, four SNPs of NXPH1 and three SNPs of MYB. Positive and negative responders showed different genotype frequencies with nine SNPs of IQCJ, two SNPs of NXPH1 and two SNPs of MYB. Conclusion: Fine mapping in GWAS-associated loci allowed the identification of SNPs partly explaining the large interindividual variability observed in plasma TG levels in response to an n-3 FA supplementation.