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This project describes all the steps carried out for the understanding, design and validation of an O-RAN/MEC environment implemented in a private network located at an airport, where, by means of slices, an allocation will be carried out of resources where users will be classified in one slice or another depending on the requirements they demand. All this, to maintain the quality of service of the system. At first, all the elements and architectures that will be used further in the work are foing to be explained. Some of there are private networks, the core network, the O-RAN network, physical channels, the MEC and artificial intelligence, more in particular DQN. Secondly, once the theoretical principles are comprehended, an xApp, a component of O-RAN, will be developed to perform this slicing process. Moreover, all the tools and frameworks applied to the project will also be described. Finally, an amulation and validation of all the aspects incorporated into this work will be performed with the intention of determining if the application of slicing on the users truly preserves the quality of services while providing a better dedicated version of the resources., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant

This report explores the integration of 5G cellular networks with Time-Sensitive Networks (TSN), focusing on network latencies. While mobile 5G networks offer high bandwidth and low latency, TSN is an IEEE standard-based wired solution used in real-time applications for deterministic data transmission with low latency and high reliability. Integrating TSN with 5G could significantly enhance scalability, particularly in industrial automation, by providing flexibility, efficiency, and responsiveness. When combining 5G capabilities with TSN, seamless communication across wired and wireless domains becomes achievable. 5G supports several Quality of Service (QoS) flows with different priorities that must map to TSN QoS to ensure smooth integration. To meet TSN's requirements for latency and jitter, effective traffic translation and forwarding between the networks are crucial. This thesis aims to address key questions regarding traffic translation, QoS implementation, and latency in both TSN and 5G networks. Through experiments and evaluations, we assess latency and network capabilities. Understanding these metrics is essential for devising effective integration strategies. Our findings indicate that integrating 5G with TSN is feasible for achieving low latencies for packet sizes below 128-bytes. However, as packet sizes increase, latencies and jitter rise significantly. This result indicates that Firecell 5G technology may have difficulties efficiently handling larger packet sizes without latency degradation. Additionally, leveraging QoS functionalities in the current version of OpenAirInterface (OAI), which forms the foundation of the utilized Firecell 5G, is currently unattainable. This thesis highlights the importance of implementing QoS functionalities to maintain low latencies and jitter in targeted network applications., Denna rapport undersöker den potentiella integrationen av 5G-mobilnät med tidskänsliga nätverk (TSN), med fokus på nätverksfördröjningar. Medan 5G-nät erbjuder hög bandbredd och låg fördröjning, är TSN en IEEE-standardiserad trådbunden teknik som används i realtidsapplikationer för deterministisk dataöverföring med låg fördröjning och hög tillförlitlighet. Att integrera TSN med 5G kan avsevärt förbättra skalbarheten, särskilt inom industriell automation, genom att erbjuda flexibilitet, effektivitet och låg fördröjning. Genom att kombinera 5G med TSN blir tidskänslig kommunikation över trådbundna och trådlösa nätverk möjligt. 5G stödjer flera kvalitetsnivåer för tjänster (QoS) med olika prioriteringar som måste anpassas till TSN:s QoS för att säkerställa en smidig integration. För att möta TSN:s krav på fördröjning och jitter är effektiv datahantering mellan nätverken avgörande. Denna avhandling behandlar centrala frågor kring datahantering, QoS-implementering och fördröjning i både TSN och 5G-nätverk. Genom experiment och utvärderingar får vi fram information om fördröjning och nätverkskapacitet i TSN-5G, vilket är avgörande för att utveckla effektiva integrationsstrategier. Våra resultat visar att integrationen av TSN-5G uppnår låg fördröjning för paketstorlekar under 128 byte. När paketstorleken ökar, ökar också fördröjning och jitter avsevärt. Resultaten visar att Firecell 5G-teknologin har svårigheter att effektivt hantera större paketstorlekar utan ökad fördröjning. Utöver detta är det för närvarande inte möjligt att använda QoS-funktioner i den nuvarande versionen av OpenAirInterface (OAI), vilket är mjukvaran Firecell 5G bygger på. Denna avhandling understryker vikten av att kunna implementera QoS-funktioner för att upprätthålla låg fördröjning och jitter i specifika nätverksapplikationer.

ObjectiveBoth obesity and synovitis are independently associated with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) progression. We examined whether synovitis mediates the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and KOA radiographic progression in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) cohort.DesignWe conducted a case-control study within the OAI. Cases (n = 315) were right knees with an increase of ≥1 Kellgren-Lawrence from baseline to 48 months of follow-up. Controls (n = 315) were right knees with no KL change. Cases and controls were matched by age, sex, race, and baseline KL. MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) at baseline and at 2 years was used for a semi-quantitative scoring (0-3) of effusion-synovitis and Hoffa-synovitis. Conditional logistic regression estimated associations between BMI and synovitis with KOA progression. Mediation analysis was used to assess the mediating effects of synovitis.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 61 years, 70.8% were women, and 87% were White. KOA progression was associated with higher BMI (adjusted OR 1.05; 95%CI 1.01-1.09) and effusion-synovitis relative to no effusion-synovitis (adjusted OR 2.2; 95%CI 1.6-3.1). Associations between effusion-synovitis worsening and KOA progression were more pronounced among obese individuals (OR 34.1; 95%CI 4.2-274.8; P = 0.001) compared to normal weight (OR 3.2; 95%CI 0.8-12.8, P=0.096) individuals. Effusion-synovitis at 2 years, but not at baseline, mediated the relationship between BMI and KOA progression over a 4-year period.ConclusionsWe found that effusion-synovitis worsening mediated the association between BMI and KOA progression and was associated with increased risk of KOA progression, particularly among obese individuals.

Includes Supplementary Material, Commercial cellular service providers are at the forefront of the paradigm shift from 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) to 5G New Radio (NR). The increase in throughput, provisioning of ultra-low latency, and greater reliability of 5G enable potential uses that no other wireless communication could support. The Department of Defense (DOD) is interested in 5G NR technologies, but the implementation of the architecture can be lengthy and costly. This capstone configured a 4G LTE network and a 5G non-standalone network using OpenAirInterface and software defined radios (SDRs). Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) cards were configured and introduced to user equipment and attached to the 4G LTE network. A gNodeB (gNB) was added to the 4G LTE network to establish the 5G non-standalone (NSA) network architecture (3GPP Option 3). The testbed developed in this research was able to connect the core to a commercial internet service provider and browse the internet using third-party applications. Our analysis educates future researchers on the challenges and lessons learned when implementing the OpenAirInterface 4G LTE and 5G NSA networks. This work also provides a better understanding of 4G LTE and 5G NSA OpenAirInterface software usability, flexibility, and scalability for potential use cases for the DOD., Chief Petty Officer, United States Navy, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

ObjectiveBoth obesity and synovitis are independently associated with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) progression. We examined whether synovitis mediates the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and KOA radiographic progression in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) cohort.DesignWe conducted a case-control study within the OAI. Cases (n = 315) were right knees with an increase of ≥1 Kellgren-Lawrence from baseline to 48 months of follow-up. Controls (n = 315) were right knees with no KL change. Cases and controls were matched by age, sex, race, and baseline KL. MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) at baseline and at 2 years was used for a semi-quantitative scoring (0-3) of effusion-synovitis and Hoffa-synovitis. Conditional logistic regression estimated associations between BMI and synovitis with KOA progression. Mediation analysis was used to assess the mediating effects of synovitis.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 61 years, 70.8% were women, and 87% were White. KOA progression was associated with higher BMI (adjusted OR 1.05; 95%CI 1.01-1.09) and effusion-synovitis relative to no effusion-synovitis (adjusted OR 2.2; 95%CI 1.6-3.1). Associations between effusion-synovitis worsening and KOA progression were more pronounced among obese individuals (OR 34.1; 95%CI 4.2-274.8; P = 0.001) compared to normal weight (OR 3.2; 95%CI 0.8-12.8, P=0.096) individuals. Effusion-synovitis at 2 years, but not at baseline, mediated the relationship between BMI and KOA progression over a 4-year period.ConclusionsWe found that effusion-synovitis worsening mediated the association between BMI and KOA progression and was associated with increased risk of KOA progression, particularly among obese individuals.

The implementation of fifth-generation (5G) communications technology is a global effort, with China leading the way. The Department of Defense has initiated efforts on 5G implementation from smart warehouses to virtual combat training; however, focus on the tactical communications level remains minimal. This thesis examines the feasibility of using OpenAirInterface Software Alliance (OSA) software to build a private mobile ad hoc 5G network for various military applications. First, we created a Fourth Generation/Long Term Evolution network utilizing commercial off-the-shelf equipment and software to operate the radio access network (RAN), software-defined radio, and an evolved packet core (EPC). Then we connected the EPC to an 802.11 network for internet access. We successfully configured a subscriber identification module and smartphone and attached it to the network for data services. Although the OSA software is robust and customizable, it is difficult to make changes, is restrictive in which user equipment (UE) can connect to the network, and does not reliably allow the UE to connect. The potential of OSA software for military applications is apparent but does not appear ready for field implementation. Going forward, we recommend researchers use this work to implement new software versions and test scalability to reassess the feasibility of OSA software., NCWDG, Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

[ES] Las dudas sobre la integridad y la seguridad de las comunicaciones móviles han impulsado el desarrollo de soluciones de código abierto para el despliegue de redes móviles. Una de estas alternativas se conoce como la alianza Open Air Interface, de la que es miembro la UPV. En este Trabajo Final de Grado se pretende desplegar una solución de red 5G Non-Standalone. Se utilizará equipamiento de última generación y se realizarán los cambios pertinentes al código abierto de Open Air Interface para optimizar su funcionamiento. Esto incluye la integración dentro de un USRP de propósito general del código necesario para desplegar una red privada 5G., [EN] Doubts about the integrity and security of mobile communications have prompted the development of open source solutions for the deployment of mobile networks. One of these alternatives is known as the Open Air Interface alliance, of which the UPV is a member. In this Final Degree Project, it is intended to deploy a 5G Non-Standalone network solution. Last generation equipment will be used and the pertinent changes will be made to the Open Air Interface open source to optimize its operation. This includes the integration into a general-purpose USRP of the code necessary to deploy a private 5G network.

[ES] Las dudas sobre la integridad y la seguridad de las comunicaciones móviles han impulsado el desarrollo de soluciones de código abierto para el despliegue de redes móviles. Una de estas alternativas se conoce como la alianza Open Air Interface, de la que es miembro la UPV. En este Trabajo Final de Grado se pretende desplegar una solución de red 5G Non-Standalone. Se utilizará equipamiento de última generación y se realizarán los cambios pertinentes al código abierto de Open Air Interface para optimizar su funcionamiento. Esto incluye la integración dentro de un USRP de propósito general del código necesario para desplegar una red privada 5G., [EN] Doubts about the integrity and security of mobile communications have prompted the development of open source solutions for the deployment of mobile networks. One of these alternatives is known as the Open Air Interface alliance, of which the UPV is a member. In this Final Degree Project, it is intended to deploy a 5G Non-Standalone network solution. Last generation equipment will be used and the pertinent changes will be made to the Open Air Interface open source to optimize its operation. This includes the integration into a general-purpose USRP of the code necessary to deploy a private 5G network.

[ES] Las dudas sobre la integridad y la seguridad de las comunicaciones móviles han impulsado el desarrollo de soluciones de código abierto para el despliegue de redes móviles. Una de estas alternativas se conoce como la alianza Open Air Interface, de la que es miembro la UPV. En este Trabajo Final de Grado se pretende desplegar una solución de red 5G Non-Standalone. Se utilizará equipamiento de última generación y se realizarán los cambios pertinentes al código abierto de Open Air Interface para optimizar su funcionamiento. Esto incluye la integración dentro de un USRP de propósito general del código necesario para desplegar una red privada 5G., [EN] Doubts about the integrity and security of mobile communications have prompted the development of open source solutions for the deployment of mobile networks. One of these alternatives is known as the Open Air Interface alliance, of which the UPV is a member. In this Final Degree Project, it is intended to deploy a 5G Non-Standalone network solution. Last generation equipment will be used and the pertinent changes will be made to the Open Air Interface open source to optimize its operation. This includes the integration into a general-purpose USRP of the code necessary to deploy a private 5G network.

[ES] Las dudas sobre la integridad y la seguridad de las comunicaciones móviles han impulsado el desarrollo de soluciones de código abierto para el despliegue de redes móviles. Una de estas alternativas se conoce como la alianza Open Air Interface, de la que es miembro la UPV. En este Trabajo Final de Grado se pretende desplegar una solución de red 5G Non-Standalone. Se utilizará equipamiento de última generación y se realizarán los cambios pertinentes al código abierto de Open Air Interface para optimizar su funcionamiento. Esto incluye la integración dentro de un USRP de propósito general del código necesario para desplegar una red privada 5G., [EN] Doubts about the integrity and security of mobile communications have prompted the development of open source solutions for the deployment of mobile networks. One of these alternatives is known as the Open Air Interface alliance, of which the UPV is a member. In this Final Degree Project, it is intended to deploy a 5G Non-Standalone network solution. Last generation equipment will be used and the pertinent changes will be made to the Open Air Interface open source to optimize its operation. This includes the integration into a general-purpose USRP of the code necessary to deploy a private 5G network.

The European Train Control System (ETCS) relies today on the 2nd generation cellular system GSM-R. GSM-R obsolescence has triggered the evolution of the current European Railway Traffic Management System (ERTMS) to the Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS), under development. FRMCS considers the use of several radio access technologies in parallel such as Wi-Fi, LTE, Satellite and 5G. Testing new communication systems along railway tracks is time and money consuming. Consequently, it is important to develop a zero-on-site-testing approach thanks to the development of emulation platforms. These platforms, combining hardware and software, are able to reproduce in laboratory real railway infrastructure behavior and scenarios. This paper presents the EMULRADIO4RAIL platforms, developed in the framework of Shift2Rail program and gives examples of results obtained.

[ES] Las dudas sobre la integridad y la seguridad de las comunicaciones móviles han impulsado el desarrollo de soluciones de código abierto para el despliegue de redes móviles. Una de estas alternativas se conoce como la alianza Open Air Interface, de la que es miembro la UPV. En esta tesina de máster se ha completado el despliegue de una red privada habilitada para 5G sobre un núcleo de red 4G. Para ello, se ha trabajado intensamente principalmente en la interfaz radio, así como en la validación del despliegue y el análisis del rendimiento. Los resultados muestran una gran robustez del sistema, así como una baja latencia, lo que permite abordar demostraciones que requieren una gran capacidad. Este trabajo se ha realizado en colaboración con otro estudiante de máster, más centrado en la parte del núcleo de red, y junto con el técnico de laboratorio responsable del Campus 5G de Valencia. Aunque el trabajo se ha completado con éxito según lo especificado, el sistema debe continuar evolucionando hasta que el despliegue 5G se complete. Para ello, ya se está trabajando en la integración del gNodeB específico de 5G y en la conformación de la interfaz Xn., [EN] Doubts about the integrity and security of mobile communications have fuelled the development of open source solutions for the deployment of mobile networks. One of these alternatives is known as the Open Air Interface alliance, of which the UPV is a member. In this master's thesis, the deployment of a 5G-enabled non-standalone network over a 4G network core has been completed. For this, intense work has been carried out mainly on the radio interface, as well as on deployment validation and performance analysis. The results show a great robustness of the system, as well as a low latency, which allows demonstrations that require high capacity to be addressed. This work has been carried out in collaboration with another master's student, more focused on the core network part, and together with the laboratory technician in charge of the Valencia 5G Campus. Although the work has been successfully completed as specified, the system must continue to evolve until the 5G deployment is complete. For this, some work is already underway on the integration of the 5G-specific gNodeB and on the conformation of the Xn interface.

[ES] Los problemas derivados de la seguridad en las comunicaciones y la guerra comercial por la 5G, han llevado a muchos operadores a la necesaria transición hacia redes móviles basadas en código abierto. En este marco, este trabajo final de grado tiene como objetivo evaluar la alternativa O-RAN y estudiar su aplicación junto con la red de Open Air Interface, para el despliegue y puesta en práctica de redes privadas 5G de código abierto., [EN] The problems derived from communication security and the commercial war for 5G, have led many operators to the necessary transition to mobile networks based on open source. Within this framework, this final degree project aims to evaluate the O-RAN alternative and study its application together with an Open Air Interface network, for the deployment and implementation of open source private 5G networks.

[ES] Entre los numerosos avances tecnológicos que guían el desarrollo de las redes 5G, uno de los más destacados guarda relación con la arquitectura del núcleo de red. La virtualización de las funciones de red (NFV) y las redes definidas por software (SDN) son los modelos cuya aplicación permite llevar a cabo despliegues económicos de núcleos de red modulares y fácilmente escalables que desbloqueen el verdadero potencial de la nueva generación de comunicaciones móviles. Este nuevo paradigma es también la clave para lograr establecer un ecosistema abierto e interoperable de redes móviles. Este Trabajo Final de Grado (TFG) se centra en la implementación de núcleos de red LTE y 5G funcionales sobre equipos de propósito general mediante las plataformas de código abierto OpenAirInterface y Open5GCore, con el objetivo de validarlos para su despliegue en una red privada. Se analizan las posibilidades de ambas soluciones y se desarrolla el procedimiento seguido para su configuración. Tras ello, se diseña un escenario para comparar sus prestaciones, integrándolos con una red de acceso radio para conectar dispositivos móviles comerciales y sometiéndolos a una serie de pruebas mediante la herramienta de evaluación de núcleos de red Landslide., [EN] Among the many technological advances that guide the development of 5G networks, one of the most prominent relates to the architecture of the network core. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined networking (SDN) are the models whose application enables cost-effective deployments of modular and easily scalable network cores that unlock the true potential of the new generation of mobile communications. This new paradigm is also the key to establishing an open and interoperable ecosystem of mobile networks. This Bachelor¿s Thesis focuses on the implementation of functional LTE and 5G network cores on general-purpose equipment using the open source platforms OpenAirInterface and Open5GCore, aiming to validate them for their deployment in a private network. The possibilities of both solutions are analyzed, and the procedure followed for their configuration is developed. After that, a scenario is designed to compare their performance, integrating them with a radio access network to connect commercial mobile devices and subjecting them to a series of tests using the Landslide network core evaluation tool.

[ES] Entre los numerosos avances tecnológicos que guían el desarrollo de las redes 5G, uno de los más destacados guarda relación con la arquitectura del núcleo de red. La virtualización de las funciones de red (NFV) y las redes definidas por software (SDN) son los modelos cuya aplicación permite llevar a cabo despliegues económicos de núcleos de red modulares y fácilmente escalables que desbloqueen el verdadero potencial de la nueva generación de comunicaciones móviles. Este nuevo paradigma es también la clave para lograr establecer un ecosistema abierto e interoperable de redes móviles. Este Trabajo Final de Grado (TFG) se centra en la implementación de núcleos de red LTE y 5G funcionales sobre equipos de propósito general mediante las plataformas de código abierto OpenAirInterface y Open5GCore, con el objetivo de validarlos para su despliegue en una red privada. Se analizan las posibilidades de ambas soluciones y se desarrolla el procedimiento seguido para su configuración. Tras ello, se diseña un escenario para comparar sus prestaciones, integrándolos con una red de acceso radio para conectar dispositivos móviles comerciales y sometiéndolos a una serie de pruebas mediante la herramienta de evaluación de núcleos de red Landslide., [EN] Among the many technological advances that guide the development of 5G networks, one of the most prominent relates to the architecture of the network core. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined networking (SDN) are the models whose application enables cost-effective deployments of modular and easily scalable network cores that unlock the true potential of the new generation of mobile communications. This new paradigm is also the key to establishing an open and interoperable ecosystem of mobile networks. This Bachelor¿s Thesis focuses on the implementation of functional LTE and 5G network cores on general-purpose equipment using the open source platforms OpenAirInterface and Open5GCore, aiming to validate them for their deployment in a private network. The possibilities of both solutions are analyzed, and the procedure followed for their configuration is developed. After that, a scenario is designed to compare their performance, integrating them with a radio access network to connect commercial mobile devices and subjecting them to a series of tests using the Landslide network core evaluation tool.

[ES] Los problemas derivados de la seguridad en las comunicaciones y la guerra comercial por la 5G, han llevado a muchos operadores a la necesaria transición hacia redes móviles basadas en código abierto. En este marco, este trabajo final de grado tiene como objetivo evaluar la alternativa O-RAN y estudiar su aplicación junto con la red de Open Air Interface, para el despliegue y puesta en práctica de redes privadas 5G de código abierto., [EN] The problems derived from communication security and the commercial war for 5G, have led many operators to the necessary transition to mobile networks based on open source. Within this framework, this final degree project aims to evaluate the O-RAN alternative and study its application together with an Open Air Interface network, for the deployment and implementation of open source private 5G networks.

[ES] Las dudas sobre la integridad y la seguridad de las comunicaciones móviles han impulsado el desarrollo de soluciones de código abierto para el despliegue de redes móviles. Una de estas alternativas se conoce como la alianza Open Air Interface, de la que es miembro la UPV. En esta tesina de máster se ha completado el despliegue de una red privada habilitada para 5G sobre un núcleo de red 4G. Para ello, se ha trabajado intensamente principalmente en la interfaz radio, así como en la validación del despliegue y el análisis del rendimiento. Los resultados muestran una gran robustez del sistema, así como una baja latencia, lo que permite abordar demostraciones que requieren una gran capacidad. Este trabajo se ha realizado en colaboración con otro estudiante de máster, más centrado en la parte del núcleo de red, y junto con el técnico de laboratorio responsable del Campus 5G de Valencia. Aunque el trabajo se ha completado con éxito según lo especificado, el sistema debe continuar evolucionando hasta que el despliegue 5G se complete. Para ello, ya se está trabajando en la integración del gNodeB específico de 5G y en la conformación de la interfaz Xn., [EN] Doubts about the integrity and security of mobile communications have fuelled the development of open source solutions for the deployment of mobile networks. One of these alternatives is known as the Open Air Interface alliance, of which the UPV is a member. In this master's thesis, the deployment of a 5G-enabled non-standalone network over a 4G network core has been completed. For this, intense work has been carried out mainly on the radio interface, as well as on deployment validation and performance analysis. The results show a great robustness of the system, as well as a low latency, which allows demonstrations that require high capacity to be addressed. This work has been carried out in collaboration with another master's student, more focused on the core network part, and together with the laboratory technician in charge of the Valencia 5G Campus. Although the work has been successfully completed as specified, the system must continue to evolve until the 5G deployment is complete. For this, some work is already underway on the integration of the 5G-specific gNodeB and on the conformation of the Xn interface.

[ES] Los problemas derivados de la seguridad en las comunicaciones y la guerra comercial por la 5G, han llevado a muchos operadores a la necesaria transición hacia redes móviles basadas en código abierto. En este marco, este trabajo final de grado tiene como objetivo evaluar la alternativa O-RAN y estudiar su aplicación junto con la red de Open Air Interface, para el despliegue y puesta en práctica de redes privadas 5G de código abierto., [EN] The problems derived from communication security and the commercial war for 5G, have led many operators to the necessary transition to mobile networks based on open source. Within this framework, this final degree project aims to evaluate the O-RAN alternative and study its application together with an Open Air Interface network, for the deployment and implementation of open source private 5G networks.

[ES] Entre los numerosos avances tecnológicos que guían el desarrollo de las redes 5G, uno de los más destacados guarda relación con la arquitectura del núcleo de red. La virtualización de las funciones de red (NFV) y las redes definidas por software (SDN) son los modelos cuya aplicación permite llevar a cabo despliegues económicos de núcleos de red modulares y fácilmente escalables que desbloqueen el verdadero potencial de la nueva generación de comunicaciones móviles. Este nuevo paradigma es también la clave para lograr establecer un ecosistema abierto e interoperable de redes móviles. Este Trabajo Final de Grado (TFG) se centra en la implementación de núcleos de red LTE y 5G funcionales sobre equipos de propósito general mediante las plataformas de código abierto OpenAirInterface y Open5GCore, con el objetivo de validarlos para su despliegue en una red privada. Se analizan las posibilidades de ambas soluciones y se desarrolla el procedimiento seguido para su configuración. Tras ello, se diseña un escenario para comparar sus prestaciones, integrándolos con una red de acceso radio para conectar dispositivos móviles comerciales y sometiéndolos a una serie de pruebas mediante la herramienta de evaluación de núcleos de red Landslide., [EN] Among the many technological advances that guide the development of 5G networks, one of the most prominent relates to the architecture of the network core. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined networking (SDN) are the models whose application enables cost-effective deployments of modular and easily scalable network cores that unlock the true potential of the new generation of mobile communications. This new paradigm is also the key to establishing an open and interoperable ecosystem of mobile networks. This Bachelor¿s Thesis focuses on the implementation of functional LTE and 5G network cores on general-purpose equipment using the open source platforms OpenAirInterface and Open5GCore, aiming to validate them for their deployment in a private network. The possibilities of both solutions are analyzed, and the procedure followed for their configuration is developed. After that, a scenario is designed to compare their performance, integrating them with a radio access network to connect commercial mobile devices and subjecting them to a series of tests using the Landslide network core evaluation tool.

[ES] Los problemas derivados de la seguridad en las comunicaciones y la guerra comercial por la 5G, han llevado a muchos operadores a la necesaria transición hacia redes móviles basadas en código abierto. En este marco, este trabajo final de grado tiene como objetivo evaluar la alternativa O-RAN y estudiar su aplicación junto con la red de Open Air Interface, para el despliegue y puesta en práctica de redes privadas 5G de código abierto., [EN] The problems derived from communication security and the commercial war for 5G, have led many operators to the necessary transition to mobile networks based on open source. Within this framework, this final degree project aims to evaluate the O-RAN alternative and study its application together with an Open Air Interface network, for the deployment and implementation of open source private 5G networks.

[ES] Entre los numerosos avances tecnológicos que guían el desarrollo de las redes 5G, uno de los más destacados guarda relación con la arquitectura del núcleo de red. La virtualización de las funciones de red (NFV) y las redes definidas por software (SDN) son los modelos cuya aplicación permite llevar a cabo despliegues económicos de núcleos de red modulares y fácilmente escalables que desbloqueen el verdadero potencial de la nueva generación de comunicaciones móviles. Este nuevo paradigma es también la clave para lograr establecer un ecosistema abierto e interoperable de redes móviles. Este Trabajo Final de Grado (TFG) se centra en la implementación de núcleos de red LTE y 5G funcionales sobre equipos de propósito general mediante las plataformas de código abierto OpenAirInterface y Open5GCore, con el objetivo de validarlos para su despliegue en una red privada. Se analizan las posibilidades de ambas soluciones y se desarrolla el procedimiento seguido para su configuración. Tras ello, se diseña un escenario para comparar sus prestaciones, integrándolos con una red de acceso radio para conectar dispositivos móviles comerciales y sometiéndolos a una serie de pruebas mediante la herramienta de evaluación de núcleos de red Landslide., [EN] Among the many technological advances that guide the development of 5G networks, one of the most prominent relates to the architecture of the network core. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined networking (SDN) are the models whose application enables cost-effective deployments of modular and easily scalable network cores that unlock the true potential of the new generation of mobile communications. This new paradigm is also the key to establishing an open and interoperable ecosystem of mobile networks. This Bachelor¿s Thesis focuses on the implementation of functional LTE and 5G network cores on general-purpose equipment using the open source platforms OpenAirInterface and Open5GCore, aiming to validate them for their deployment in a private network. The possibilities of both solutions are analyzed, and the procedure followed for their configuration is developed. After that, a scenario is designed to compare their performance, integrating them with a radio access network to connect commercial mobile devices and subjecting them to a series of tests using the Landslide network core evaluation tool.

[ES] Las dudas sobre la integridad y la seguridad de las comunicaciones móviles han impulsado el desarrollo de soluciones de código abierto para el despliegue de redes móviles. Una de estas alternativas se conoce como la alianza Open Air Interface, de la que es miembro la UPV. En esta tesina de máster se ha completado el despliegue de una red privada habilitada para 5G sobre un núcleo de red 4G. Para ello, se ha trabajado intensamente principalmente en la interfaz radio, así como en la validación del despliegue y el análisis del rendimiento. Los resultados muestran una gran robustez del sistema, así como una baja latencia, lo que permite abordar demostraciones que requieren una gran capacidad. Este trabajo se ha realizado en colaboración con otro estudiante de máster, más centrado en la parte del núcleo de red, y junto con el técnico de laboratorio responsable del Campus 5G de Valencia. Aunque el trabajo se ha completado con éxito según lo especificado, el sistema debe continuar evolucionando hasta que el despliegue 5G se complete. Para ello, ya se está trabajando en la integración del gNodeB específico de 5G y en la conformación de la interfaz Xn., [EN] Doubts about the integrity and security of mobile communications have fuelled the development of open source solutions for the deployment of mobile networks. One of these alternatives is known as the Open Air Interface alliance, of which the UPV is a member. In this master's thesis, the deployment of a 5G-enabled non-standalone network over a 4G network core has been completed. For this, intense work has been carried out mainly on the radio interface, as well as on deployment validation and performance analysis. The results show a great robustness of the system, as well as a low latency, which allows demonstrations that require high capacity to be addressed. This work has been carried out in collaboration with another master's student, more focused on the core network part, and together with the laboratory technician in charge of the Valencia 5G Campus. Although the work has been successfully completed as specified, the system must continue to evolve until the 5G deployment is complete. For this, some work is already underway on the integration of the 5G-specific gNodeB and on the conformation of the Xn interface.

This paper presents a description of a new emulation platform to help decrease expenses for the development of a new train-to-ground communication system for railways, which is one of the objectives of the Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking. This emulator will interface with the T2G communication prototypes at IP layer and will consider many railway-specific services, perturbations and physical layer scenarios. It will combine modern approaches for testing like hardware-in-the-loop and software-in-the-loop in order to mimic railways environment and radio access technologies on an efficient way. In this paper we explain all these aspects, beginning with the railway particular circumstances to be taken into account and ending with an explanation of the approach for the development of the emulator.

The GRCM research group (http: www.grcm.tsc.upc.edu) is implementing a 4G / 5G mobile communications testbed based in Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networks (SDN) techniques. In this context, a LTE base station, using Software Defined Radio (SDR) techniques based on URSP devices and the OpenAirInterface software, has been set up as part of the testbed., The mobile communications is a sector in constant technological evolution to keep pace with a continuous increasing users demand, especially for data and video services. Currently, the LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology, the fourth generation of mobile communications or commonly known as 4G, constitutes the state-of-the-art technology deployed by commercial operators to offer mobile broadband services with speeds in the tens of Mb/s. The Mobile Communications Research Group at the Signal Theory and Communications Department of the UPC counts with an experimental testbed of a private, small-scale LTE network deployed as a SDR (Software Defined Radio) platform empowered by the OpenAirInterface (OAI) software. In this context, the purpose of this project is to get familiar with the operation and main features of the testbed and study in detail the functionality and performance of the Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms supported by OAI for the management of the data connectivity services. Accordingly, two separated studies have been conducted, the first to evaluate the operation of the OAI and its supporting management and monitoring tools and the other to study different QoS functionalities, namely, support for activation of default and dedicated bearers with different QoS attributes, admission control and scheduling mechanisms., Las comunicaciones móviles son un sector en continua evolución tecnológica para poder mantener el ritmo de la creciente demanda de los usuarios, especialmente para los servicios de datos y video. Actualmente, la tecnología LTE (Long Term Evolution), la cuarta generación de comunicaciones móviles o comúnmente conocida como 4G, la tecnología de última generación desplegada por los operadores comerciales para ofrecer servicios de banda ancha móvil con velocidades de decenas de Mb/s. El grupo de Investigación en Comunicaciones Móviles del Departamento de Teoría del Señal y Comunicaciones de la UPC dispone de un testbed experimental de una red LTE privada a pequeña escala desplegada como plataforma SDR (Software Defined Radio) habilitada con el software OpenAirInterface (OAI). En este contexto, la finalidad del proyecto es familiarizarse con el funcionamiento y principales características del testbed y estudiar con detalle las funcionalidades y rendimiento de los mecanismos de Calidad de Servicio (QoS) respaldados por OAI para la gestión de servicios de conectividad de datos. En consecuencia, se han realizado dos estudios de manera separada, el primero para evaluar el funcionamiento de OAI y sus herramientas de gestión y monitorización, y el otro para estudiar diferentes funcionalidades de QoS, es decir, soporte para la activación de servicios portadores EPS (Evolved Packet System) por defecto y dedicados con diferentes parámetros de Qos, el control de admisión i mecanismos de scheduling., Les comunicacions mòbils són un sector en continua evolució tecnològica per poder mantenir el ritme de la creixent demanda dels usuaris, especialment pels serveis de dades i vídeo. Actualment, la tecnologia LTE (Long Term Evolution), la quarta generació de comunicacions mòbils o comunament coneguda com 4G, la tecnologia d?última generació desplegada pels operadors comercials per oferir serveis de banda ampla mòbil amb velocitats de desenes de Mb/s. El Grup de Recerca en Comunicacions Mòbils (GRCM) del Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions de la UPC disposa d?un testbed experimental d?una xarxa privada LTE a petita escala desplegada com a plataforma SDR (Software Defined Radio) habilitada amb el software OpenAirInterface (OAI). En aquest context, la finalitat del projecte és familiaritzar-se amb el funcionament i les principals característiques del testbed i estudiar amb detall les funcionalitats i el rendiment dels mecanismes de Qualitat de Servei (QoS) suportats per OAI per la gestió dels serveis connectivitat de dades. Conseqüentment, s?han realitzat dos estudis de manera separada, el primer per avaluar el funcionament de OAI i les seves eines de gestió i monitorització, i l?altre per estudiar diferents funcionalitats de QoS, és a dir, suport per l?activació de serveis portadors EPS (Evolved Packet System) per defecte i dedicats amb diferents paràmetres de Qos, el control d?admissió i mecanismes de scheduling.

As the release of 5G gets closer, different technologies appear aiming to make a difference in this next generation of mobile communications. A proposed way to achieve more capacity for end-users in 5G is aggregating Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and allowing users to connect to both at the same time. There are different technologies that aggregate LTE and WLAN, but in this project we focus only on one: LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA). In this thesis we study how offloading WLAN beacons to LTE can improve its performance due to the higher efficiency that LTE brings. This offloading allows to remove overhead from WiFi and UEs using LWA can achieve higher capacities. This investigation has been performed using OpenAirInterface, a software tool used to simulate and emulate LTE networks.

The rapid growth of digital learning resources has brought forward a number of issues concerning availability, distribution and use. Altogether, the issues are a mix of interplaited technological and pedagogical considerations. Some of those issues, mainly related to repositories and the distribution of digital learning resources, are examined and described in this article. A particular focus is put on how resources can be described and indexed using metadata, and on how access to digital learning resources can be improved and facilitated through federation and/or harvesting of metadata in order to tie several repositories together to provide a service that offers one single access point. The study also examined how this single point of access can be moved closer to the user (i.e. to the environment where digital learning resources are used) through simple federation of the service, enabling access to the network of repositories from any virtual learning environment. The study was carried out by experiments connected to a real-life case. The study concludes in several suggestions for how access to digital learning resources can be enhanced, as well as in the identifications of a couple of new issues that need to be addressed by future research., MjukIs

The rapid growth of digital learning resources (sometimes referred to as Learning Objects) has brought forward a number of issues concerning availability, distribution and use. Issues that are a mix of interplaited technological and pedagogical considerations. Some of those issues, mainly related to repositories and the distribution of digital learning resources, are described and examined in this article. A particular focus is put on how resources can be described and indexed using metadata, and on how access to digital learning resources can be improved and facilitated through federation and/or harvesting of metadata in order to tie several repositories together to provide a service that offers one single entry point for access. The study also examined how this single point of entry can be moved closer to the user (i.e. to the environment where digital learning resources are intended to be used) through simple federation of the service, enabling access to the network of repositories from any virtual learning environment. The study is carried out through experiments connected to a real-life case. The study concludes in several suggestions for how access to digital learning resources can be enhanced, as well as in the identifications of a couple of new issues that need to be addressed by future research.

This paper illustrates five metadata standard developments for differing user constituencies and business domains. Applications supported by metadata are discussed in relation to users groups, information resources and core business activities. Presentation focusses on information organisation analogous to methods also employed in Libraries and archiving. The examples are AGLS, METS, OAI, ONIX and AGLS. The example studies show problems and solutions for use in practice. With development ongoing, certain conditions have to be present for metadata to be a greater asset.

Originally established to merely publish electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) as well as postdoctoral theses, the edoc server at Humboldt University Berlin (http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/) has become the service platform for scholarly publications of all types. It is an integral part of the university's information infrastructure which also contains a teaching management system, a virtual library portal, and a media portal. During the past years the edoc server has become the central place for electronic publishing within the university. On the basis of a hosting concept, the Electronic Publishing Group which is in charge of the edoc server also provides its publishing services for external authors, editors and institutions likewise. And being a DINI certified document and publication server, the technological components and the organisational workflows developed for the edoc server exemplify other scholarly publishing servers. As a joint group formed by the Computer and Media Service and the University Library of Humboldt University the Electronic Publishing Group deals with all issues associated with scholarly electronic publishing, including technical, library, and legal aspects. Combining the development of publishing tools and services with its routine operation the group consists of permanent and project funded staff. This paper describes the edoc server at Humboldt University and details on both the technical and non-technical parts of the entire publishing service., Peer Reviewed

El acceso a las fuentes de información científico-técnica es la piedra angular de los procesos de generación de nuevos conocimientos científicos, y factor clave en el desarrollo de la sociedad del Siglo XXI. La eliminación de las barreras económicas y de reproducción que supone la restricción del acceso a la información por parte de los principales grupos editoriales de difusión científica, constituye un reto para la comunidad científica internacional. El presente trabajo recoge la importancia de las iniciativas para el acceso abierto a la información científica y académica como agente propiciador del cambio. Se analiza la estructura y funcionamiento de los repositorios de información, así como la creación del protocolo OAI-PMH como facilitador de la interoperabilidad entre los diferentes repositorios, en el contexto de la Web Semántica.

El acceso a las fuentes de información científico-técnica es la piedra angular de los procesos de generación de nuevos conocimientos científicos, y factor clave en el desarrollo de la sociedad del Siglo XXI. La eliminación de las barreras económicas y de reproducción que supone la restricción del acceso a la información por parte de los principales grupos editoriales de difusión científica, constituye un reto para la comunidad científica internacional. El presente trabajo recoge la importancia de las iniciativas para el acceso abierto a la información científica y académica como agente propiciador del cambio. Se analiza la estructura y funcionamiento de los repositorios de información, así como la creación del protocolo OAI-PMH como facilitador de la interoperabilidad entre los diferentes repositorios, en el contexto de la Web Semántica.

Originally established to merely publish electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) as well as postdoctoral theses, the edoc server at Humboldt University Berlin (http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/) has become the service platform for scholarly publications of all types. It is an integral part of the university's information infrastructure which also contains a teaching management system, a virtual library portal, and a media portal. During the past years the edoc server has become the central place for electronic publishing within the university. On the basis of a hosting concept, the Electronic Publishing Group which is in charge of the edoc server also provides its publishing services for external authors, editors and institutions likewise. And being a DINI certified document and publication server, the technological components and the organisational workflows developed for the edoc server exemplify other scholarly publishing servers. As a joint group formed by the Computer and Media Service and the University Library of Humboldt University the Electronic Publishing Group deals with all issues associated with scholarly electronic publishing, including technical, library, and legal aspects. Combining the development of publishing tools and services with its routine operation the group consists of permanent and project funded staff. This paper describes the edoc server at Humboldt University and details on both the technical and non-technical parts of the entire publishing service., Peer Reviewed, Digital Spectrum, 2006, pp 219-228, 10th International Conference on Electronic Publishing - ELPUB2006, Bansko, Bulgaria, 14.06.2006 - 16.06.2006

Originally established to merely publish electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) as well as postdoctoral theses, the edoc server at Humboldt University Berlin (http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/) has become the service platform for scholarly publications of all types. It is an integral part of the university's information infrastructure which also contains a teaching management system, a virtual library portal, and a media portal. During the past years the edoc server has become the central place for electronic publishing within the university. On the basis of a hosting concept, the Electronic Publishing Group which is in charge of the edoc server also provides its publishing services for external authors, editors and institutions likewise. And being a DINI certified document and publication server, the technological components and the organisational workflows developed for the edoc server exemplify other scholarly publishing servers. As a joint group formed by the Computer and Media Service and the University Library of Humboldt University the Electronic Publishing Group deals with all issues associated with scholarly electronic publishing, including technical, library, and legal aspects. Combining the development of publishing tools and services with its routine operation the group consists of permanent and project funded staff. This paper describes the edoc server at Humboldt University and details on both the technical and non-technical parts of the entire publishing service., Peer Reviewed, Digital Spectrum, 2006, pp 219-228, 10th International Conference on Electronic Publishing - ELPUB2006, Bansko, Bulgaria, 14.06.2006 - 16.06.2006

El proyecto OAC (Open Archives Cataloger) tiene como objetivo mejorar la gestión de metadatos documentales para grandes corpora de textos multilingües y permitir su almacenamiento en repositorios distribuidos. Con este fin, se ha realizado una implementación del protocolo OAI-PMH para el servidor web Zope, que incluye el repertorio completo de funciones: proveedor de datos, recolector de metadatos, pasarela estática y proveedor de servicios., OAC (Open Archives Cataloger) is a project aimed at improving metadata management for large corpora of multilingual texts, allowing document storage in distributed repositories. The main technical contribution is the implementation of the OAI-PMH protocol for the Zope web server, including the full repertory of functions: data provider, metadata harvester, static repository gateway, and service provider.

El proyecto OAC (Open Archives Cataloger) tiene como objetivo mejorar la gestión de metadatos documentales para grandes corpora de textos multilingües y permitir su almacenamiento en repositorios distribuidos. Con este fin, se ha realizado una implementación del protocolo OAI-PMH para el servidor web Zope, que incluye el repertorio completo de funciones: proveedor de datos, recolector de metadatos, pasarela estática y proveedor de servicios., OAC (Open Archives Cataloger) is a project aimed at improving metadata management for large corpora of multilingual texts, allowing document storage in distributed repositories. The main technical contribution is the implementation of the OAI-PMH protocol for the Zope web server, including the full repertory of functions: data provider, metadata harvester, static repository gateway, and service provider.

A Digital Library (DL) is an electronic information storage system focused on meeting the information seeking needs of its constituents. As modern DLs often stay in synchronization with the latest progress of technologies in all fields, interoperability among DLs is often hard to achieve. With the advent of the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) and Open Digital Libraries (ODL), lightweight protocols show a promising future in promoting DL interoperability. Furthermore, DL is envisaged as a network of independent components working collaboratively through simple standardized protocols. Prior work with ODL shows the feasibility of building componentized DLs with techniques that are a precursor to web services designs. In our study, we elaborate the feasibility to apply web services to DL design. DL services are modeled as a set of web services offering information dissemination through the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). Additionally, a flexible DL user interface assembly framework is offered in order to build DLs with customizations and personalizations. Our hypothesis is proven and demonstrated in the PhysNet reengineering project.

Achieving interoperability between digital libraries and visualization tools is a difficult problem. To solve this problem, a version of the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) Protocol for Metadata Harvesting called VIDI is proposed. It is a lightweight protocol, which contains only 5 request verbs -- Identify, ListMetadataFormats, ListVisdataFormats, ListTransformers, and RequestResultSet. It is extended from the OAI protocol, which enables its simplicity and wider acceptability. It is flexible, which avoids a rigid architecture in implementation. It is general, so it can apply to all kinds of Visualization Systems and Digital Libraries. But most importantly, it reaches our goal of enabling operability between Visualization Systems and Digital Libraries. The protocol design and implementation details are given. Two prototype systems are implemented to demonstrate the above features. Implementation details are given about ENVISION-ODL and ENVISION-MARIAN. Analysis, evaluation, and conclusions reinforce the discussion of the benefits of VIDI.

At the time of writing only seven Australian universities had research archives compliant with the Open Access Initiative (OAI) standards. The University of Tasmania proposes a coordinated push by all computer science departments through offering a start-up service that will enable each computer science department in every university in Australia, New Zealand, PNG, East Timor, and the University of the South Pacific to have an OAI presence. Research evidence shows that putting preprints and postprints of research papers on an OAI-compliant server increases the average citation rate by at least 300%, and the readership by a greater factor. 100% coverage in the Australasian region will increase the profile of computer science research in the region. It will also make the same research more accessible to those institutions with smaller budgets, thereby assisting them in their mission.

This document proposes the urgent establishment of an eprint website for the University of Tasmania, and corresponding policies. A prototype website temporarily codenamed UTasER can be viewed at http://eprints.comp.utas.edu.au/ from within the University intranet.

This document proposes the urgent establishment of an eprint website for the University of Tasmania, and corresponding policies. A prototype website temporarily codenamed 'UTasER' can be viewed at http://eprints.comp.utas.edu.au/ from within the University intranet.