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We propose a mathematical framework for designing robust networks of coupled phase-oscillators by leveraging a vulnerability measure proposed by Tyloo et. al that quantifies how much a small perturbation to a phase-oscillator's natural frequency impacts the system's global synchronized frequencies. Given a fixed complex network topology with specific governing dynamics, the proposed framework finds an optimal allocation of edge weights that minimizes such vulnerability measure(s) at the node(s) for which we expect perturbations to occur by solving a tractable semidefinite programming problem. We specify the mathematical model to high voltage electric grids where each node corresponds to a voltage phase angle associated with a bus and edges correspond to transmission lines. Edge weights are determined by the susceptance values along the transmission lines. In this application, frequency synchronization is increasingly challenged by the integration of renewable energy, yet is imperative to the grid's health and functionality. Our framework helps to alleviate this challenge by optimizing the placement of renewable generation and the susceptance values along the transmission lines., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is used as a plasticizer and arrives at the aquatic environment from different industries and can cause deleterious effects to fish. Great concern regarding the effects of these compounds in nature has evolved as a consequence to their endocrine-disrupting properties. Most of the studies on the endocrine-disrupting effects of chemicals in nature are based on their effects on the reproduction of fish and on changes in their genital structures. In the present study, the effect of exposure of female Channa striatus to DEP has been investigated. The treatment caused reduction in gonadosomatic index, ova diameter and fecundity. This may be due to the endocrine disrupting activity of this chemical. Histopathological examination of the ovary of DEP-exposed fish showed dose-dependent regressive changes as a result of estrogenic endocrine disruption. The present study strongly suggests that DEP induces endocrine disruption adversely affecting the reproductive potential of female Channa striatus.

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is used as a plasticizer and arrives at the aquatic environment from different industries and can cause deleterious effects to fish. Great concern regarding the effects of these compounds in nature has evolved as a consequence to their endocrine-disrupting properties. Most of the studies on the endocrine-disrupting effects of chemicals in nature are based on their effects on the reproduction of fish and on changes in their genital structures. In the present study, the effect of exposure of female Channa striatus to DEP has been investigated. The treatment caused reduction in gonadosomatic index, ova diameter and fecundity. This may be due to the endocrine disrupting activity of this chemical. Histopathological examination of the ovary of DEP-exposed fish showed dose-dependent regressive changes as a result of estrogenic endocrine disruption. The present study strongly suggests that DEP induces endocrine disruption adversely affecting the reproductive potential of female Channa striatus.

Speckle-based techniques have noteworthy applications in the field of material science, surface characterization, determining mechanical displacements, biological activity in diffuse layer, imaging through turbid layer etc. The passage of coherent light through a diffuse layer generates a random speckle pattern, which have the inherent feature of carrying information associated with the diffuse layer. Dynamic laser speckle associated with the displacements of scattering surface has prominent impacts in the study of biological activity inside the diffuse layer. Investigations are progressing in the direction of exploring the dynamical properties associated with speckled speckles and its applications in imaging and characterization scenarios. In this work, we theoretically and experimentally study the dynamical properties of speckles through a static scattering layer using intensity correlation. The displacement (transverse or angular) produced in the concealed scatterer generates the dynamic speckle pattern which is observed through a second static diffuser. We expect to find applications of this investigation into the tracking objects hidden in the diffuse layer, measuring biological activity in diffuse layer, displacement measurements, etc.