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Studies published over the last four decades provide the basis for a systematic review of the impact of mentoring in higher education (HE) on student career development. We review 73 papers published between 1986 and 2023 and develop a framework to examine the relationships between mentoring approaches and career development outcomes. Here, we distinguish between different student populations (female students, under-represented groups). Notwithstanding an overall positive verdict on mentoring's career development potential, with particular emphasis on career choice and transitioning behaviour, the results are not always positive, and many nuances in the data are evident. At a time of increased concern about student transitions into the labour market, practical implications can be derived which may strengthen mentoring's benefits, e.g. the value of peer mentoring for female students, and cultural proximity of mentors for under-represented minority students pursuing Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) careers. Key research recommendations include:(1) developing novel impact indicators related to emotion such as career inspiration and passion; (2) examining under-researched impact indicators related to non-traditional student careers (e.g. entrepreneurial intentions), and employment and socioeconomic impact indicators; and (3) investigating the role of context and mentoring content and delivery modalities, in helping to explain inconsistent findings across the reviewed papers.

This study examines Shariah-compliant fund's financial performance compared to conventional funds based on managerial timing abilities. Compared with traditional fund managers' timing skills, the study focuses on the most neglected area of Shariah-compliant manager timing abilities, liquidity, and volatility timing abilities. The study uses 69 funds whose significant exposure is the equity between January 2010 and June 2022, consisting of three investment styles: equity, asset allocation, and balanced funds. The study incorporates volatility factors based on Busse (1999) and liquidity factors from Amihud (2002) into the Carhart (1997) four-factor model. The study found that Islamic fund managers have better liquidity and volatility timing skills than conventional fund managers. The results are robust for analyzing individual funds based on different liquidity measures. There is no substantial evidence that Islamic and traditional fund managers can predict market returns.

Bifenthrin is a (type I; III generation; non-cyano) synthetic pyrethroid used for both agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Due to its common use, it is widely reported from different parts of the world. Its use is on a continuous rise, which poses a significant risk to non-target organisms including fish. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to assess multiple biomarkers-based toxicological endpoints of bifenthrin-exposed Ctenopharyngodon idella, grass carp. The first part of the research evaluated the LC50 of bifenthrin against grass carp for 96 h, followed by investigating its effect on their biochemical profile [total protein; antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST); serum biochemical parameters including chloride, magnesium, sodium, potassium, albumin, total bilirubin, cholesterol, inorganic phosphate, total protein, and urea; DNA damage in term of tail length, %tail DNA, tail moment, and olive tail moment (OTM)], physiological disruption [whole body cortisol, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glucose], hematological profile [red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), platelets, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)], and behavioral inconsistencies (hyperactiveness, hypoactiveness, equilibrium loss, rapid swimming, adapting vertical position, jumping, etc.). At acute concentration bifenthrin exposure induced stress, evaluated in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), which led to different subtle changes in the behavioral, biochemical, and hematological profile of grass carp. The current study explicates risks posed by bifenthrin on fish with underlying the possible mechanism of toxicity and supports the necessity to investigate multiple biomarker

The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of stress on employees and their impact on turnover intentions. In the modern world, many industries and companies face various levels of challenges and obstacles in the workplace with their employees. The main problem facing the employer is the turnover of employees in the office, and the high-stress level can have a significant impact on the company's future growth. The study was descriptive in nature, and the survey method was applied to collect the data. A questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale was used for the collection of data from the respondents. Data were collected personally from the respondents and analysed through SPSS using Pearson correlation and regression analysis. The findings of the study suggest that the increase in employee stress levels leads to a decrease in employee performance levels and that stress significantly affects employee performance. Some limitations or problems encountered while doing this research are limited sample size and capacity access.

Building on authoritative studies on inspiration in the field of psychology (e.g. Thrash and Elliot, 2013; 2014), this study aims to clarify how entrepreneurial inspiration – an emotional state of personal attraction towards entrepreneurship – is created and how it affects entrepreneurial intentions. First, receptiveness to inspiration is introduced as a potential entrepreneurial feeling trait that constitutes a universal enabler of entrepreneurial inspiration alongside typically idiosyncratic inspirational triggers. Second, this study proposes to reinforce the theoretical base of the relation between entrepreneurial inspiration and entrepreneurial intentions by applying the Affect Infusion Model – AIM (Forgas, 1995) – and empirically testing its explanatory power. Hypotheses are tested through independent and dependent sample t-tests and hierarchical regression analyses with an interaction effect. Data originate from a pre-post course survey among 342 entrepreneurship students from various countries and institutions. The results confirm a positive relation between receptiveness to inspiration and entrepreneurial inspiration. Receptiveness to inspiration precedes and increases with entrepreneurial experience, suggesting that it can be both inborn and cultivated. In line with the AIM, entrepreneurial inspiration stimulates only the entrepreneurial aspirations of participants without entrepreneurial experience. Experienced individuals, on the other hand, derived more entrepreneurial inspiration from their courses, but this was not translated to higher entrepreneurial intentions. Instead, they could benefit from this inspiration in other ways proposed in the literature, such as enhanced opportunity recognition. This study provides much needed, theory-informed, insight into the formation of entrepreneurial inspiration. Furthermore, it is the first research to propose and test a specific theoretical underpinning of the relation between entrepreneurial inspiration and ent

At a time of growing interest in graduate entrepreneurship, this study focuses on the role of mentoring in developing students’ entrepreneurial careers in the Early Years of University (EYU). An integrated conceptual framework is presented that combines mentoring functions and entrepreneurial development (entrepreneurial intentions and nascent behaviour). Data from 18 student mentees who expressed an interest in starting their own businesses, and who were mentored by alumni entrepreneurs of a British University were analysed. Findings support the applicability of our framework in addressing the multifaceted nature of the mentoring functions, which include a range of knowledge development and socio-emotional functions such as entrepreneurial career development, specialist business knowledge, rolemodel presence and emotional support. The results contribute to understanding mentoring functions and entrepreneurial development in the EYU. Implications for the design of entrepreneurial mentoring programmes and avenues for future research are discussed.

At a time of growing interest in graduate entrepreneurship, this study focuses on the role of mentoring in developing students’ entrepreneurial careers in the Early Years of University (EYU). An integrated conceptual framework is presented that combines mentoring functions and entrepreneurial development (entrepreneurial intentions and nascent behaviour). Data from 18 student mentees who expressed an interest in starting their own businesses, and who were mentored by alumni entrepreneurs of a British University were analysed. Findings support the applicability of our framework in addressing the multifaceted nature of the mentoring functions, which include a range of knowledge development and socio-emotional functions such as entrepreneurial career development, specialist business knowledge, rolemodel presence and emotional support. The results contribute to understanding mentoring functions and entrepreneurial development in the EYU. Implications for the design of entrepreneurial mentoring programmes and avenues for future research are discussed.

Khaista Rahman,1,* Shahid Ullah Khan,2,* Shah Fahad,2,3 Ming Xian Chang,4,5 Aqleem Abbas,6 Wasim Ullah Khan,7 Lutfur Rahman,8 Zaheer Ul Haq,9 Ghulam Nabi,4,5 Dilfaraz Khan10 1College of Animal Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; 2College of Plant Sciences and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; 3Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Anbar, Pakistan; 4State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China; 5University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China; 6Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; 7School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; 8Molecular Systematics & Applied Ethno Botany Lab (MoSEL), Department of Biotechnology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; 9School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, China; 10Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Malaria, the exterminator of ~1.5 to 2.7 million human lives yearly, is a notorious disease known throughout the world. The eradication of this disease is difficult and a challenge to scientists. Vector elimination and effective chemotherapy for the patients are key tactics to be used in the fight against malaria. However, drug resistance and environmental and social concerns are the main hurdles in this fight against malaria. Overcoming these limitations is the major challenge for the 21st-century malarial researchers. Adapting the principles of nano-biotechnology to both vector control and patient therapy is th

Induction of persistent antibody responses by vaccination is generally thought to depend on efficient help by T follicular helper cells. Since the T helper cell response to HIV Env may not be optimal, we explored the possibility of improving the HIV Env antibody response to virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines by recruiting T helper cells induced by commonly used licensed vaccines to provide help for Env-specific B cells. B cells specific for the surface protein of a VLP can internalize the entire VLP and thus present peptides derived from the surface and core proteins on their major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. This allows T helper cells specific for the core protein to provide intrastructural help for B cells recognizing the surface protein. Consistently, priming mice with an adjuvanted Gag protein vaccine enhanced the HIV Env antibody response to subsequent booster immunizations with HIV VLPs. To harness T helper cells induced by the licensed Tetanolpur vaccines, HIV VLPs that contained T helper cell epitopes of tetanus toxoid were generated. Tetanol-immunized mice raised stronger antibody responses to immunizations with VLPs containing tetanus toxoid T helper cell epitopes but not to VLPs lacking these epitopes. Depending on the priming immunization, the IgG subtype response to HIV Env after the VLP immunization could also be modified. Thus, harnessing T helper cells induced by other vaccines appears to be a promising approach to improve the HIV Env antibody response to VLP vaccines.

Drawing on entrepreneurship education (EE) theory, this article examines the role of learning and inspiration in developing students’ entrepreneurial intentions in the First Year in Higher Education. This addresses the paucity of research on early university experiences of EE and their influence on entrepreneurial intentions. Using a longitudinal survey of business students at a British university, the authors identify four scenarios related to the participation/non-participation in EE and subsequent increase or decrease of entrepreneurial intentions. A sub-set of those surveyed are interviewed (n = 49) to better understand how their university experience has influenced their entrepreneurial intentions. Findings suggest that the influence of EE is variable, in some cases even leading to a decrease in entrepreneurial intentions. The results contribute to theories of EE and intentions in the early stages of higher education. The authors discuss implications for theory and practice.

Muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer is one of the most lethal cancers and its detection at the time of transurethral resection remains limited and diagnostic methods are urgently needed. We have developed a muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) model of the bladder using porcine bladder scaffold and the human bladder cancer cell line 5637. The progression of implanted cancer cells to muscle invasion can be monitored by measuring changes in the spectrum of endogenous fluorophores such as reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide (NADH) and flavins. We believe this could act as a useful tool for the study of fluorescence dynamics of developing muscle invasive bladder cancer in patients.

Suliman Khan,1 Ghulam Nabi,2 Muhammad Naeem,3 Liaqat Ali,4 Peter A Silburn,1,5 George D Mellick1 1Clinical Neuroscience Group, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia; 2Department of Animal Sciences, 3Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 4Saidu Medical College, Saidu Sharif Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 5The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) occurs in all races and cultures, and population-related differences in frequency may provide etiological clues. The present study was designed to explore the prevalence of PD and Parkinsonism in Pakistan, the world’s sixth most populous country, for which no published prevalence data are available.Methods: We conducted a three-phase door-to-door survey in two districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, to assess the prevalence of PD and Parkinsonism in a sample of 4,000 individuals aged 50 years and above.Results: We identified 14 cases of Parkinsonism, eleven with a diagnosis of idiopathic PD. The overall prevalence estimates were 1.7/100 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9-2.46) for Parkinsonism and 1.28/100 (95% CI: 0.6-1.94) for PD in persons aged 65 years and above. The age-standardized prevalence of PD (aged 65 years and above), normalized to the USA population in 2000, was 1.33/100, which is similar to that observed in other human populations. Of the total 14 cases, five were newly diagnosed and four had a family history of PD.Conclusion: The estimated prevalence rates in Pakistan are similar to those observed in other human populations. The frequency of familial Parkinsonism is also equivalent to previous estimates. Keywords: Parkinsonism, Parkinson’s disease, door-to-door survey

The optical redox ratio as a measure of cellular metabolism is determined by an altered ratio between endogenous fluorophores NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Although reported for other cancer sites, differences in optical redox ratio between cancerous and normal urothelial cells have not previously been reported. Here, we report a method for the detection of cellular metabolic states using flow cytometry based on autofluorescence, and a statistically significant increase in the redox ratio of bladder cancer cells compared to healthy controls. Urinary bladder cancer and normal healthy urothelial cell lines were cultured and redox overview was assessed using flow cytometry. Further localisation of fluorescence in the same cells was carried out using confocal microscopy. Multiple experiments show correlation between cell type and redox ratio, clearly differentiating between healthy cells and cancer cells. Based on our preliminary results, therefore, we believe that this data contributes to current understanding of bladder tissue fluorescence and can inform the design of endoscopic probes. This approach also has significant potential as a diagnostic tool for discrimination of cancer cells among shed urothelial cells in voided urine, and could lay the groundwork for an automated system for population screening for bladder cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men. The current prevalent diagnosis method, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening test, has low sensitivity, specificity and is poor at predicting the grade of disease. Thus, new biomarkers are urgently needed to improve the PCa diagnosis and staging for the management of patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the first voided urinary sample after massage for biomarker discovery for PCa. In this work, untargeted metabolomic profiling of the first voided urinary sample after massage from 28 confirmed prostate cancer patients, 20 benign enlarged prostate patients and 6 healthy volunteers was performed using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Single and multiple peptide protein and cross-linking molecules were identified using PEAKS software. Analytical and diagnostic performance was tested using the Student's t test, Benjamini Hochberg correction and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Using differential display analysis to compare peptides and cross-linking molecules of urinary samples between patients with benign, enlarged prostate and malignant cancer, we identified multiple peptides derived from osteopontin (SPP1) and prothrombin (F2) that are lower in PCa patients than in benign and enlarged prostate. The diagnosis accuracies of SPP1 and F2 peptides are 0.65-0.77 and 0.68-0.72, respectively. In addition to this, there are significant differences between PCa and benign/enlarged prostate patients in pyridinoline (PYD) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) (p value = 0.001). Differences also, as shown in the excretion of these molecules for different stages of PCa (p value = 0.04) as the level of DPD and DPD/PYD ratio, were high in patients with locally advanced tumours. The study underscores the importance of proteomics analysis, and our results demonstrate that a urinary-based in depth proteomic approach allows the potentia

This study examines the career motivation and job satisfaction of 150 public primary school teachers of Pakistan administrative Kashmir who have chosen teaching as a career. So, they were asked questions about factors influencing to choosing teaching as career perceptions, major expectations and five factors of job satisfaction which include work, promotion, salary, co-worker and supervision. A profile of the participants was then developed by analyzing their responses in quantitative way as being descriptive, statistical, and inductive steps. It has been examined that both extrinsic and intrinsic motivations play a role when individuals choose teaching as a career but most of the primary teachers choose teaching career for intrinsic reasons such as they always wanted to become a teacher as they wanted to do something for nation through this profession. But they are moderate in term of job satisfaction. Keywords: Motivation, Teaching Career, Job satisfaction, Primary Teachers and AJ&K

This is a comprehensive study to compare the performance, achievements and effectiveness of government versus private primary schools in rural areas of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Different measures, focusing on overall performance were taken for this comparison. To check the performance of both public and private schools, a survey was conducted through questionnaires for four stakeholders, Head Master, Teachers, Parents and Students. The predominant findings show that Private schools perform better than public schools in maximum measures of performance except a few which have been taken in this study, but both public and private schools in Azad Jammu & Kashmir face a number challenges. Both sectors still deprive of quality of human and material resources for the provision of standard education. Keywords: Private Schools, Public School, Performance, Comparison, and AJ&K

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine under-researched psychological and environmental factors related to entrepreneurial motivation and intention. This helps us to explore the links between risk perception (risk as opportunity and risk as threat), economic context (in a recession), entrepreneurial motivation (personal attitudes and perceived behavioral control) and intention for new venture creation. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 619 individuals from two European countries, Spain and Great Britain, is studied. A range of control variables have been considered, including demographics, human/social capital and country effects. Structural equation modeling is used to analyze the relationships among the model constructs. Findings – The structural model broadly holds and adequately fits the data. Entrepreneurial risk perception is strongly linked with entrepreneurial motivation. Entrepreneurial motivation, in turn, is strongly linked with entrepreneurial intention. It suggests, therefore, an indirect effect of risk perception on intentions. Economic context is also linked with risk perception and entrepreneurial intentions. Research limitations/implications – Results from this exploratory study suggest a role of risk perception in establishing the entrepreneurial intention of individuals. Therefore, greater attention should be paid to this element in entrepreneurship education programs. Similarly, perceptions about the economic (recessionary) environment and its relationship with risk perception also have to be taken into account, with the purpose of letting students understand the possibilities that are present in a recessionary situation. Originality/value – This is the first time that perceptions about risk and the economic context are tested within the theory of planned behavior

Extending from Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behaviour, this paper develops a more integrated entrepreneurial intention model. This incorporates the role of culture, along with motivations, skills and knowledge of the entrepreneurial environment. The cross-cultural applicability of the model is tested across two different countries, Great Britain and Spain, on a total sample of 1005. Partial Least Squares technique is used to try and overcome limitations of previous research. The model broadly holds for both countries. Implications for public decision makers and entrepreneurship education are discussed. In particular, enhancing the level of knowledge and awareness about entrepreneurship would increase self-efficacy perceptions and, hence, entrepreneurial intentions, Este trabajo, partiendo del enfoque de Acción Planificada (Ajzen), desarrolla un modelo más integrado de intención emprendedora, incorporando el papel de la cultura, las motivaciones, habilidades y conocimiento empresarial. La aplicabilidad transcultural del modelo se prueba analizando dos países diferentes (Gran Bretaña y España), en una muestra de 1005 individuos. Se utilizan Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales para superar las limitaciones de anteriores investigaciones. El modelo en general es válido para los dos países, derivándose implicaciones para la toma de decisiones y la educación emprendedora. En particular, mejorar el conocimiento y la toma de conciencia sobre el emprendimiento aumentaría la percepción de autoeficacia y, por lo tanto, las intenciones emprendedoras

Background Targeting of protein antigens to dendritic cells (DC) via the DEC205 receptor enhances presentation of antigen-derived peptides on MHC-I and MHC-II molecules and, in the presence of costimulatory signals, antigen-specific immune responses. The immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA vaccination can also be enhanced by fusing the encoded antigen to single chain antibodies directed against DEC205. To further improve this strategy, we evaluated different toll-like receptor ligands (TLR) and CD40 ligands (CD40L) as adjuvants for DNA vaccines encoding a DEC205-single-chain antibody fused to the ovalbumin model antigen or HIV-1 Gag and assessed the priming efficacy of DNA in a DNA prime adenoviral vector boost immunization regimen. Results Mice were primed with the adjuvanted DEC-205 targeted DNA vaccines and boosted with adenoviral vectors encoding the same antigens. CD8+ T cell responses were determined after the adenoviral booster immunization, to determine how well the different DNA immunization regimens prime for the adenoviral boost. In the absence of adjuvants, targeting of DNA-encoded ovalbumin to DCs suppressed CD8+ T-cell responses after the adenoviral booster immunization. CD8+ T-cell responses to the DEC205 targeted DNA vaccines increased only slightly by adding either the TLR-9 ligand CpG, the TLR-3 ligand Poly I:C, or CD40 ligand expression plasmids. However, the combination of both TLR-ligands led to a strong enhancement of CD8+ T-cell responses compared to a non-targeted DNA vaccine. This finding was confirmed using HIV Gag as antigen. Conclusion Although DNA prime adenoviral vector boost immunizations belong to the strongest inducers of cytotoxic T cell responses in different animal models and humans, the CD8+ T cell responses can be further improved by targeting the DNA encoded antigen to DEC205 in the presence of synergistic TLR ligands CpG and Poly I:C.

Background: Shear wave imaging (SWI) is a new ultrasound technique whose application facilitates quantitative tissue elasticity assessment during transrectal ultrasound biopsies of the prostate gland. The aim of this study was to determine whether SWI quantitative data can differentiate between benign and malignant areas within prostate glands in men suspected of prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: We conducted a protocol-based, prospective, prebiopsy quantitative SWI of prostate glands in 50 unscreened men suspected of prostate cancer between July 2011 and May 2012. The ultrasound image of whole prostate gland was arbitrarily divided into 12 zones for sampling biopsies, as is carried out in routine clinical practice. Each region was imaged by grey scale and SWI imaging techniques. Each region was further biopsied irrespective of findings of grey scale or SWI on ultrasound. Additional biopsies were taken if SWI abnormal area was felt to be outside of these 12 zones. Quantitative assessment of SWI abnormal areas was obtained in kilopascals (kPa) from abnormal regions shown by SWI and compared with histopathology. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios were calculated for SWI (histopathology was a reference standard). Results: Fifty patients, with a mean age of 69 ± 6.2 years, were recruited into the study. Thirty-three (66 ) patients were diagnosed with PCa, while an additional 4 (8 ) had atypia in at least one of the 12 prostate biopsies. Thirteen (26 ) patients had a benign biopsy. Data analysed per core for SWI findings showed that for patients with PSA <20 μg/L, the sensitivity and specificity of SWI for PCa detection were 0.9 and 0.88, respectively, while in patients with PSA >20 μg/L, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.93 and 0.93, respectively. In addition, PCa had significantly higher stiffness values compared to benign tissues (p <0.05), with a trend toward stiffness differences in different Gleason grades

Background Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been used as a diagnostic modality with known added value in multi-parametric MRI (mp-MRI) characterisation of prostate cancers (PCa). Several methods have been applied to analyse DCE MRI data. The purpose of this study is to assess the ability of mp-MRI for detecting grade of prostate carcinomas in comparison to pathology using heuristic model-free parametric evaluation (wash-in and wash-out slope, etc.) provided by Tissue 4D (Siemens Multi-Modality Work Platform). Method 21 patients with histologically proven prostate cancer who were scanned at 3T mp-MRI and opted for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were recruited in this study. Post-prostatectomy pathology reports were considered as reference standard. The pathology specimens were processed by a special method to ensure exact orientation between imaging and slices of section during histopathology. Multi-parametric MRI data including conventional T1 and T2 weighted imaging (T1WI and T2WI), DWI and DCE-MRI was recorded. DCE-MRI was analysed in Tissue 4D using the two different methods: tofts model (Ktrans, kep values and the colour-distribution map for the perfusion parameters); wash-in and –out rates, which were calculated according to the parametric time-concentration curves. Results There are 46 lesions detected in pathology of 21 prostatectomy specimen and mp-MRI correctly picked up 33 of them. Smaller lesions (2mm and less) with Gleason grade 3+4 were not identified by DCE-MRI. There was a strong trend towards a positive correlation between grade of cancer and enhancement rate as assessed by toft model. Conclusion DCE-MRI with the two difference methods could predict aggressiveness of prostate cancers more than 2mm in size. Smaller lesions and those with Gleason score 7 and less could still be a challenge for multiparamteric MRI detection method.

Background To develop patient-specific 3T MRI data based rapid prototyping molds for sectioning prostatectomy specimens that would facilitate comparison between histopathology, in vivo MRI and Shear Wave Elastography (SWE). Method Post-radical prostatectomy specimens were fixed in formalin and sectioned in similar orientation to T2-weighted MR scanning. This was facilitated by the use of mold prepared in biomedical software Mimics (Materialise, Belgium) and CAD software Solidworkds (Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corp., USA) through 3-D segmentation, reconstruction and rapid prototyping. The specimens were sliced with a single blade and the resultant MRI images defined tissue blocks were used for histopathology analysis. The multi-parametric MRI data, SWE and histological sectioning were compared to assess prostate cancer characteristics. Results The prostatectomy specimen slices were very uniform in thickness with good quality histological sectioning. A number of cancer foci were picked up with some of them significant disease (Gleason grade 7 and more). Multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI), quantitative SWE data as measured in kilopascals and histopathology comparison showed good correspondence between the three images. Conclusion The method described here allows a reliable orientation and comparison between imaging (mp-MRI, SWE) and histology of prostatectomy specimens and paves the way for the translation of imaging biomarkers, especially detection of significant cancers.