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The detrimental effects on human health caused by air pollution show that being able to predict air quality is a task of utmost significance. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is seen as promising in this domain. The performances of state-of-the-art models in terms of prediction accuracy vary with different pollutants and are acceptable only for certain pollutants. This article uses machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models to predict the concentrations of six major air pollutants. Data are collected over eight months with 1400 daily instances from sensors deployed in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. As an intelligibly robust system, in this article a hybrid-ensemble model is proposed using a combination of ML models, specifically random forest, K-nearest neighbor (KNN), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and neural network (NN) models, namely, long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent units (GRUs), and convolutional NNs (CNNs). Here, a hybrid-ensemble learning model is created using five various ML models as weak learners. In previous ensemble models, a homogeneous group of weak learners are used; however, this work uses a heterogeneous group of weak learners. The prediction accuracy is compared using R2 score, absolute, squared, and root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs).

This article presents a location-invariant air pollution prediction model with good geographic generalizability. The model uses a Light GBR as part of a machine-learning framework to capture the spatial identification of air contaminants. Given the dynamic nature of air pollution, the model also uses a Random Forest to capture temporal dependencies in the data. Our model uses a transfer learning strategy to deal with location variability. The algorithm can learn concentration patterns because it has been trained on a vast dataset of air quality measurements from various locations. The trained model is then improved using information from a particular target site, customizing it to the features of the target area. Experiments are carried out on a comprehensive dataset containing air pollution measurements from various places to assess the efficacy of the proposed model. The recommended method performs better than standard models at forecasting air pollution levels, proving its dependability in various geographical settings. An interpretability analysis is also performed to learn about the variables affecting air pollution levels. We identify the geographical patterns associated with high pollutant concentrations by visualizing the learned representations within the model, giving important information for environmental planning and mitigation methods. The observations show that the model outperforms state-of-the-art forecasting based on RNNs and transformer-based models. The suggested methodology for forecasting air contaminants has the potential to improve air quality management and aid in decision-making across numerous regions. This helps safeguard the environment and public health by creating more precise and dependable air pollution forecast systems.

Depression is a common mental health disorder. According to a survey by the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), 1 in 5 adolescents tend to suffer from depression. Depression is characterized by persistent sadness and a lack of interest or enjoyment in their previously beneficial or enjoyable activities. Thus, as a counselor or therapist, self -preparation such as preparation in terms of skills, knowledge of depression issues and preparation in dealing with individuals with depressive illness is very important to help them rise again. The main concept of this paper discusses recommendations that can be referred to by counselors or therapists in dealing with clients who have mental health issues especially depression issues. Efforts in screening for depression issues and identifying the level of depression are also discussed in this paper. The researcher also used the method by making self -reflection based on observations, as well as reading the literature for this study. Thus, the implications of the discussion are also stated in this paper

There has been a recent surge of research about behavioral addictions; some of them focus specifically on internet pornography addiction. However, despite all efforts, it is still unable to identify when engaging in this behavior becomes pathological. Thus, this research was conducted to identify the effects of online pornography consumption between pornography motivation, sexual arousal and gratification on the tendencies towards Internet Pornography-Viewing Disorder (IPD). A total of 202 online pornography users were involved in this study through snowball sampling technique based on an online questionnaire that were distributed to online channels such as e-mail lists, and social media websites (e.g., Twitter, Facebook and WhatsApp) that specifically targeted to online pornography users. Results shows that there was significant positive correlation of watching pornography on all sexual attitudes on the tendencies towards IPD. Meanwhile, having sexual arousal while viewing online pornography reported as the main indicator to IPD. The results showed effects of watching online pornography on pornography motivation, sexual arousal and gratification which can be considered having reinforcing effects for the users. Thus, the results are in line with theoretical assumptions on IPD’s development, in which reinforcement received by Internet-pornography use is related to cue-reactivity and craving reactions.

Nilai reka corak motif ukiran kayu yang dihasilkan oleh pandai kraf Bajau Sama di Kota Belud merupakan satu keunikan yang terdapat pada rumpun Bajau di negeri Sabah. Kajian ini membincangkan nilai reka corak yang terdapat pada ukkil motif ukiran kayu Bajau yang bersubjekkan burung atau hidupan di udara sebagai sumber inspirasi. Subjek burung diapresiasikan sebagai reka corak motif ukiran kayu pada senjata tradisional Bajau Sama. Contohnya burung Pimping, ayam (manuk) dan naga. Kajian ini dapat memahami nilai apresiasi panday kahuy Bajau terhadap reka corak ukkil motif bersubjekkan burung dan hubung-kaitnya dengan nilai budaya masyarakat Bajau Sama di Kota Belud. Kajian ini melibatkan proses pengumpulan data primer dan data sekunder. Proses pengumpulan data primer melibatkan temubual bersama adiguru panday kahuy Bajau dan pemerhatian secara langsung terhadap motif ukiran yang dihasilkan. Manakala, pengumpulan data sekunder adalah melalui jurnal dan buku ilmiah berkaitan dengan seni ukiran di alam Melayu. Penulis merujuk teori prinsip seni kraf tradisional Melayu dan kaedah Semantic Differential sebagai proses membuat analisa terhadap motif ukiran kayu. Pemerhatian ini diharap dapat memberi satu pemahaman umum memandangkan kurangnya dokumentasi terhadap makna interpretasi seni ukiran kayu Bajau Sama terutamanya subjek burung.

The value of wood carving motifs design created by the Bajau Sama craftsmens in Kota Belud is one of the uniqueness inherited by the Bajau ethnic groups in Sabah. This study discusses the uniqueness of Bajau wood carving motifs design with a bird as its source of inspiration. The subject of birds is appreciated in the design of Bajau traditional weapons. Birds that are used include burung Pimping, roasters (manuk) and dragons (naga). This study interpretes the value of Bajau woodcarvers in the design of bird-based motifs and their relationship to the cultural value of the Bajau Sama community in Kota Belud. This study has applied the process of collecting primary and secondary data. The primary data involved interviews with Bajau woodcarvers and observation of the carved motifs. Meanwhile, secondary data were collected from rjournals and books related to the art of wood carving in Malay world. The authors apply the principles of traditional Malay art and craft and the Semantic Differential method in analyzing the wood carving motifs. This observation is expected to provide a general understanding in the effort to fill in the literature gap of documentation and interpretation of the Bajau Sama motifs design especially on the subject of bird.

Vitamin E consists of tocopherols and tocotrienols which are lipid-soluble compounds produced by plants with various beneficial medicinal properties. Tocotrienols have cholesterol-lowering and anticancer properties and alpha-tocotrienols can prevent inducible neurodegeneration. There is high variability in the level of vitamin E in the E. guineensis germplasm materials from Angola and Tanzania ranging from 300-1600 ppm, while the level is 500-1000 ppm in the commercial variety. However, the development of markers for tocotrienols rich oil palm is still very scarce and the understanding of the regulation of vitamin E biosynthesis is important for genetic improvement specifically nutritionally vitamin E rich oil palm. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the SNPs in the promoter of HGGT that associate with the high vitamin E in E. guineensis germplasm materials. Homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT) is an important vitamin E biosynthetic enzyme that catalyses the first committed step for tocotrienols biosynthesis. Sequence alignment of 14 accessions from Angola and Tanzania with varying levels of vitamin E content showed the presence of an SNP (-454) that associate with high vitamin E Angolan (AH) and Tanzanian (TH) palms and two SNPs, -781 and -113 unique to AH. Functional characterisation to determine the roles of SNPs in influencing HGGT promoter activity was carried out by reporter gene assay in mesocarp tissues bombarded with four different HGGT promoter constructs. The pBGWFS7 vector used for cloning the HGGT promoter fragments contains two reporter genes, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and GUS. The promoters were commercial DXP (COM), AH1, TH96 and a mutated derivative of COM (CM, g.-454A>G) produced by introducing the variant found in common in AH1 and TH96. The quantitative fluorometric GUS assay on GFP positive bombarded tissues shows that the lowest expression level was obtained from COM with GUS expression of 0.27 pmol MU min-1 mg protein-1

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a promising method that continuously develop in application of agriculture and food quality assessment. EIS sensor probe can be design to support non-destructive assessment which improve the conventional destructive method. Rockmelon is one of fruits with high demands in Malaysia thus the quality attribute such as moisture content, maturity, storage period and Brix Index are important to ensure high standard production. However, it is hard to assess these quality attributes on site because of current method and equipment are destructive and time-consuming. The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of EIS to determine rock melonfruit postharvest quality parameters such as weight, moisture content and soluble solid content (SSC)using an impedance analyser board (AD5933) with a pair of electrocardiograms (ECG) electrodes at frequency range of 100 Hz to 100 kHz. The study shows that as the storage period is prolonged, the impedance value and moisture content of rockmelon are decreased while the weight-loss is increase but the SSC value shows inconstant pattern with storage period. The best frequency range of 400 Hz to 600 Hz was used to differentiate all samples based on their impedance value and storage period. The best prediction based on impedance value by linear regression model for storage period could be determined at frequency of 540 Hz with R2=0.93 and the root mean squareerror (RMSE)=2.48, while for moisture content is at 400 Hz frequency with R2= 0.81 and RMSE = 1.53. However, for SSC the impedance value could be determine using polynomial regression at frequency of 580Hz with R2= 0.63. From all these results, it indicates that electrical impedance properties have a good potential to develop a sensing system that can measure the rockmelon storage period, moisture content and weight without destructing the fruit.

This document will provide information about the approach that used to get the reading information from the wind blade in laboratory. This part is mainly focusing on getting a signal reading from a strain gauge to Arduino. The development of this project was based upon the requirement to study the effect of the turbulence that might affect the wind turbine blade. The investigation of the load that the blade experienced will then be analysed to ensure the wind turbine is able to maximise the production and also take into account the safety issues that arise according to the standard after project design constructing and implementation occurred in the real system. This document will show the details of the instruments and the design approach that enabled capturing of the load data in a controlled environment. In field testing, strain gauges on the root of turbine blades capture the blade flapwise and edgewise loading. This project focuses on development of a monitoring system to capture strain gauge data. To simplify the experiment, strain gauge are loaded in the controlled environment of a laboratory. A programme and a setup to implement this project has been developed at this. A results gathered in Chapter 4 Result and Analysis documented throughout this stage will be more reliable, proven and realistic if the content of this document is demonstrated on the real wind blade that located in Pilot Plant area. However, to develop the full functionality of this project, a person also needs to understand the transmitter and receiver aspects of the project. The establishment of the basic data logging for the main project was achieved based on the result collected.

Conventional air quality monitoring systems, such as gas analysers, are commonly used in many developed and developing countries to monitor air quality. However, these techniques have high costs associated with both installation and maintenance. One possible solution to complement these techniques is the application of low-cost air quality sensors (LAQSs), which have the potential to give higher spatial and temporal data of gas pollutants with high precision and accuracy. In this paper, we present DiracSense, a custom-made LAQS that monitors the gas pollutants ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). The aim of this study is to investigate its performance based on laboratory calibration and field experiments. Several model calibrations were developed to improve the accuracy and performance of the LAQS. Laboratory calibrations were carried out to determine the zero offset and sensitivities of each sensor. The results showed that the sensor performed with a highly linear correlation with the reference instrument with a response-time range from 0.5 to 1.7 min. The performance of several calibration models including a calibrated simple equation and supervised learning algorithms (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system or ANFIS and the multilayer feed-forward perceptron or MLP) were compared. The field calibration focused on O3 measurements due to the lack of a reference instrument for CO and NO2. Combinations of inputs were evaluated during the development of the supervised learning algorithm. The validation results demonstrated that the ANFIS model with four inputs (WE OX, AE OX, T, and NO2) had the lowest error in terms of statistical performance and the highest correlation coefficients with respect to the reference instrument (0.8 < r < 0.95). These results suggest that the ANFIS model is promising as a calibration tool since it has the capability to improve the accuracy and performance of the low-cost electrochemical sensor.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of impedance properties to determine rockmelon fruit postharvest quality parameters (storage period, moisture content and weight-loss) using an impedance analyser board (AD5933) with a pair of ECG electrodes at frequency range of 100 Hz to 100 kHz. The study shows that as the storage period is prolonged, the impedance value, weight, and moisture content of rockmelon are decreased. The best frequency range from 400 Hz to 600 Hz was used to differentiate all the samples based on their impedance value and storage period. The best prediction based on impedance value by linear regression model for storage period can be determine at frequency of 540 Hz with r² = 0.93 and the root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.48, while for moisture content is at 400 Hz frequency with r² = 0.81 and RMSE = 1.53. Prediction of soluble solid content with impedance value is by a polynomial equation at 580 Hz with r² =0.95. From all these results, it indicates that electrical impedance properties have a good potential to develop a sensing system that can measure the rockmelon storage period, moisture content, weight and SSC level without destructing the fruit.

In September and October 2015, Equatorial Asia experienced the most intense biomass burning episodes over the past two decades. These events, mostly enhanced by the extremely dry weather associated with the occurrence of strong El Ninõ conditions, resulted in the transnational transport of hazardous pollutants from the originating sources in Indonesian Borneo and Sumatra to the highly populated Malaysian Peninsula. Quantifying the population exposure form this event is a major challenge, and only two model-based studies have been performed to date, with limited evaluation against measurements. This manuscript presents a new data set of 49 monitoring stations across Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo active during the 2015 haze event, and performs the first comparative study of PM 10 (particulate matter with diameter < 10 m) and carbon monoxide (CO) against the output of a state-of-the-art regional model (WRF-Chem). WRF-Chem presents high skills in describing the spatio-temporal patterns of both PM 10 and CO and thus was applied to estimate the impact of the 2015 wildfires on population exposure. This study showed that more than 60% of the population living in the highly populated region of the Greater Klang Valley was systematically exposed to unhealthy/hazardous air quality conditions associated with the increased pollutant concentrations from wildfires and that almost 40% of the Malaysian population was on average exposed to PM 10 concentrations higher than 100 ;g m -3 during September and October 2015.

PCR-driven overlap extension is a simple and versatile tool in performing site-directed mutagenesis. This technique contains two stages of PCR. The first stage is the initial PCR to generate mutated gene segments that overlapped, which are then used as a DNA template in the second stage PCR to produce full length product with the site-directed mutation. The internal primer serves to introduce nucleotide substitution for site-directed mutagenesis by complementary 3’ ends on the intermediate segments. The full-length product amplied by the flanking primers in the second stage PCR includes the restriction enzyme sites for inserting the product into an expression vector for cloning purposes.

Open biomass burning in Peninsula Malaysia, Sumatra, and parts of the Indochinese region is a major source of transboundary haze pollution in the Southeast Asia. To study the influence of haze on rainwater chemistry, a short-term investigation was carried out during the occurrence of a severe haze episode from March to April 2014. Rainwater samples were collected after a prolonged drought and analyzed for heavy metals and major ion concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. The chemical composition and morphology of the solid particulates suspended in rainwater were examined using a scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The dataset was further interpreted using enrichment factors (EF), statistical analysis, and a back trajectory (BT) model to find the possible sources of the particulates and pollutants. The results show a drop in rainwater pH from near neutral (pH 6.54) to acidic (

Malaysian Borneo has a lower population density and is an area known for its lush rainforests. However, changes in pollutant profiles are expected due to increasing urbanisation and commercial-industrial activities. This study aims to determine the variation of surface O3 concentration recorded at seven selected stations in Malaysian Borneo. Hourly surface O3 data covering the period 2002 to 2013, obtained from the Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE), were analysed using statistical methods. The results show that the concentrations of O3 recorded in Malaysian Borneo during the study period were below the maximum Malaysian Air Quality Standard of 100 ppbv. The hourly average and maximum O3 concentrations of 31 and 92 ppbv reported at Bintulu (S3) respectively were the highest among the O3 concentrations recorded at the sampling stations. Further investigation on O3 precursors show that sampling sites located near to local petrochemical industrial activities, such as Bintulu (S3) and Miri (S4), have higher NO2/NO ratios (between 3.21 and 5.67) compared to other stations. The normalised O3 values recorded at all stations were higher during the weekend compared to weekdays (unlike its precursors) which suggests the influence of O3 titration by NO during weekdays. The results also show that there are distinct seasonal variations in O3 across Borneo. High surface O3 concentrations were usually observed between August and September at all stations with the exception of station S7 on the east coast. Majority of the stations (except S1 and S6) have recorded increasing averaged maximum concentrations of surface O3 over the analysed years. Increasing trends of NO2 and decreasing trends of NO influence the yearly averaged maximum of O3 especially at S3. This study also shows that variations of meteorological factors such as wind speed and direction, humidity and temperature influence the concentration of surface O3.

This study explores the Terengganu and Kelantan Peranakan Chinese foodways with special reference to two types of foods: daily and ancestral prayer foods.The principal focus is to illustrate the negotiation of identity through foodways as well as internal contradictions arising from this process of identity negotiation.These two groups of Peranakan Chinese are largely the product of acculturation by the local Malays through socio-cultural interactions, though the Kelantan Peranakan Chinese are also acculturated by the local Thai community.Their daily and ancestral prayer foods display contrasting identities that stem from the negotiating of their acculturated and primordial identities.The former displays a strong local cultural influence, while the latter displays a strong Chinese cultural influence. However, despite the pervasive influence of localisation in their daily foods, elements of hybridisation are visible in some occasionally prepared food items.Meanwhile, localised and hybrid food items are included in their ancestral prayer foods, which are supposed to express their primordial Chinese identity.These internal contractions illustrate the complexity of the negotiation of identity through foodways within a cross-cultural context.

Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant that is widely used as a model organism in plant biology especially in agricultural technology. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard (Brassicaceae) family, which offers important advantages for basic research in genetics and molecular biology. It is important to identify the best source of light to be applied when growing Arabidopsis in the greenhouse based on their growth performance and for further uses in Arabidopsis research and seed production. The objectives of this experiment were to achieve one complete life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana by using one media and to study the effect of source of light on the growth performance of A. thaliana (Col-0) in UPM Transgenic Greenhouse. The sources of light used in this study were Fluorescent light and LED light. The plantswere successfully grown in the greenhouse and produced hundreds of healthy seeds. However it took about 5 months which is longer than typical period (~2 months) to complete 1 life cycle. Through this study, it was found that there were significant effect of light source and significant difference between the 2 treatments that had been applied to the growth performance of A. thaliana in UPM Transgenic Greenhouse in term of leaf area and chlorophyll content. Treatment 2, which is the LED light is recommended to be used as the source of light in greenhouse for better growth of A. thaliana. The plant grown under the exposure of LED light showed the highest growth rate and highest value of chlorophyll content.

Kajian tentang pembinaan identiti satu-satu komuniti semakin penting kepada negara berbilang bangsa, termasuk Malaysia. Tesis ini memberi tumpuan kepada bagaimana komuniti Cina Peranakan Kelantan mengidentifikasikan diri mempunyai kesan besar ke atas isu perpaduan di Malaysia dan di Kelantan khususnya. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengekalan dan perubahan identiti komuniti Cina Peranakan Kelantan di Kampung Pasir Parit, Pasir Mas, yang telah berakulturasi dengan penduduk di persekitaran mereka. Peranakan Cina adalah kumpulan sub-etnik Cina yang unik di Malaysia. Mereka adalah hasil akulturasi yang berpunca daripada interaksi sosial dengan orang Melayu. Akulturasi dalam konteks kajian ini merujuk kepada penerimaan dalam kalangan golongan peranakan ini ciri budaya golongan dominan. Akibat akulturasi itu, Cina Peranakan di Malaysia dianggap orang Cina totok sebagai ’separuh Cina separuh Melayu’. Mereka sebenarnya telah membentuk komuniti hibrid yang berkembang secara tersendiri. Tesis ini meneliti identiti orang Cina di Malaysia dengan menggunakan konsep epistemologi dengan metodologinya membahagikan mereka kepada kategori mengikut sifat pengetahuan. Dua kategori tulisan itu telah diidentifikasi dan dibezakan kepada jenis pengetahuan “author-oriented” dan “actor-oriented”. Dapatan juga diperoleh daripada temu bual mendalam (150 responden), Perbincangan Kumpulan Berfokus (100 orang) dan menyedia borang soal selidik (100 borang) yang telah dijalankan penulis di Kampung Pasir Parit, Pasir Mas. Dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan kewujudan komuniti Cina Peranakan Kelantan boleh dikaitkan dengan kombinasi tiga faktor.

We present results from the OP3 campaign in Sabah during 2008 that allow us to study the impact of local emission changes over Borneo on atmospheric composition at the regional and wider scale. OP3 constituent data provide an important constraint on model performance. Treatment of boundary layer processes is highlighted as an important area of model uncertainty. Model studies of land-use change confirm earlier work, indicating that further changes to intensive oil palm agriculture in South East Asia, and the tropics in general, could have important impacts on air quality, with the biggest factor being the concomitant changes in NOx emissions. With the model scenarios used here, local increases in ozone of around 50 per cent could occur. We also report measurements of short-lived brominated compounds around Sabah suggesting that oceanic (and, especially, coastal) emission sources dominate locally. The concentration of bromine in short-lived halocarbons measured at the surface during OP3 amounted to about 7 ppt, setting an upper limit on the amount of these species that can reach the lower stratosphere.

We present results fromtheOP3 campaign in Sabah during 2008 that allowus to study the impact of localemission changes over Borneo on atmospheric composition at the regional andwider scale. OP3 constituentdata provide an important constraint onmodel performance. Treatment of boundary layer processes is highlighted as an important area of model uncertainty.Model studies of land-use change confirm earlierwork, indicating that further changes to intensive oil palm agriculture in South EastAsia, and the tropics ingeneral, could have important impacts on air quality, with the biggest factor being the concomitantchanges in NO x emissions. With the model scenarios used here, local increases in ozone of around 50per cent could occur. We also report measurements of short-lived brominated compounds aroundSabah suggesting that oceanic (and, especially, coastal) emission sources dominate locally. The concentrationof bromine in short-lived halocarbons measured at the surface during OP3 amounted to about7 ppt, setting an upper limit on the amount of these species that can reach the lower stratosphere.

We present results fromtheOP3 campaign in Sabah during 2008 that allowus to study the impact of local emission changes over Borneo on atmospheric composition at the regional andwider scale. OP3 constituent data provide an important constraint onmodel performance.Treatment of boundary layer processes is highlighted as an important area of model uncertainty.Model studies of land-use change confirm earlier work, indicating that further changes to intensive oil palm agriculture in South EastAsia, and the tropics in general, could have important impacts on air quality, with the biggest factor being the concomitant changes in NOx emissions. With the model scenarios used here, local increases in ozone of around 50 per cent could occur. We also report measurements of short-lived brominated compounds around Sabah suggesting that oceanic (and, especially, coastal) emission sources dominate locally. The concentration of bromine in short-lived halocarbons measured at the surface during OP3 amounted to about 7 ppt, setting an upper limit on the amount of these species that can reach the lower stratosphere.

We present results from the OP3 campaign in Sabah during 2008 that allowus to study the impact of local emission changes over Borneo on atmospheric composition at the regional and wider scale. OP3 constituent data provide an important constraint on model performance. Treatment of boundary layer processes is highlighted as an important area of model uncertainty. Model studies of land-use change confirm earlier work, indicating that further changes to intensive oil palm agriculture in South East Asia, and the tropics in general, could have important impacts on air quality, with the biggest factor being the concomitant changes in NOx emissions. With the model scenarios used here, local increases in ozone of around 50 per cent could occur. We also report measurements of short-lived brominated compounds around Sabah suggesting that oceanic (and, especially, coastal) emission sources dominate locally. The concentration of bromine in short-lived halocarbons measured at the surface during OP3 amounted to about 7 ppt, setting an upper limit on the amount of these species that can reach the lower stratosphere.

Early detection of defects in commercial piping system is important in preventing enormous and expensive repair due to large unprecedented failure caused by corrosion, blockage or structural deformation. Over the years, various non-destructive inspection methods were used within the multimillion oil and gas industry to prevent losses of both human and money. Most of the research has been done within the solid isotropic media by mean of studying the ultrasonic guided test. The dispersive nature of propagation within solid media requires great experience from technicians in interpreting the signals acquired through the available sensors. There is an inevitable need for industry to interpret the signal easier with available artificial intelligent techniques; however this would require more data for training. In this research, the time domain reflectometry will be investigated for various acoustic wave reflections from defects within a pipeline system by means of 3-dimensional finite element modelling and experimental procedures. Artificial defects of different sizes will also be modelled to understand the propagation of acoustic wave within the pipe. An incident wave will be introduced at a point along the pipe and the travelling path of longitudinal wave within the pipe will be studied. The potential implementation of local mesh refinement in commercially available FE packages is considered and discussed in the context of the choices open to the modellers. The outcome of the techniques and information will be a significant improvement in FE modelling of acoustic wave in non-isotropic media. This method will be the potential solution to the current prediction method used in Support Vector Machine by simply reducing the needs to have physical experimental data of defects. Modelling of various defects and failures can be done with the method presented in this thesis, as an input to a greater work within non-destructive testing in pipe. In the experiment, we have validate