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Cybersecurity governance influences the quality of strategic decision-making to ensure cyber risks are managed effectively. Board of Directors are the decisions-makers held accountable for managing this risk; however, they lack adequate and efficient information necessary for making such decisions. In addition to the myriad of challenges they face, they are often insufficiently versed in the technology or cybersecurity terminology or not provided with the correct tools to support them to make sound decisions to govern cybersecurity effectively. A different approach is needed to ensure BoDs are clear on the approach the business is taking to build a cyber resilient organization. This systematic literature review investigates the existing risk measurement instruments, cybersecurity metrics, and associated models for supporting BoDs. We identified seven conceptual themes through literature analysis that form the basis of this study's main contribution. The findings showed that, although sophisticated cybersecurity tools exist and are developing, there is limited information for Board of Directors to support them in terms of metrics and models to govern cybersecurity in a language they understand. The review also provides some recommendations on theories and models that can be further investigated to provide support to Board of Directors.

PURPOSE: We explored differences in changes in medical student empathy in the third year of medical school between volunteers at JeffHOPE, a multisite medical student-run free clinic of Sidney Kimmel Medical College (SKMC), and nonvolunteers. METHOD: Volunteerism and leadership experience at JeffHOPE were documented for medical students in the Class of 2015 (n = 272) across their medical educations. Students completed the Jefferson Scale of Empathy at the beginning of medical school and at the end of the third year. Students who reported participation in other Jefferson-affiliated clinics (n = 44) were excluded from this study. Complete data were available for 188 SKMC students. RESULTS: Forty-five percent of students (n = 85) volunteered at JeffHOPE at least once during their medical educations. Fifteen percent of students (n = 48) were selected for leadership positions involving weekly clinic participation. Nonvolunteers demonstrated significant decline in empathy in medical school ( P = 0.009), while those who volunteered at JeffHOPE at least once over the course of their medical educations did not show any significant decline ( P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that medical students may benefit from volunteering at student-run free clinics to care for underserved populations throughout medical school.