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A king of Moab (a state centered in modern-day Jordan) named Muṣurī (written mMu-ṣur-i in Mesopotamian cuneiform) is mentioned in the royal inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian kings Esarhaddon (680–669 BCE) and Ashurbanipal (668–c. 630 BCE) as providing material resources to Esarhaddon and as participating in one of Ashurbanipal’s military campaigns (to Egypt). The name Muṣurī is often translated as “the Egyptian”. This paper is focused on how to understand the circumstance that a Moabite ruler is referred to with this ethnonym. After having presented the textual evidence in which Muṣurī is attested, and after having justified the translation of the name of Muṣurī as “the Egyptian”, some suggestions are put forward, either proceeding from the idea that Muṣurī was an ethnic Egyptian or from the idea that he was closely related to Egypt in some other way.

The goal of this thesis is to investigate if the absence of an idea of a family relation between Ruth the Moabitess and King David in the Books of Samuel can be used as circumstantial evidence that could help substantiate an argument for giving the Book of Ruth a late date, a late date meaning that the Book of Ruth would have been produced later than the Books of Samuel. This will be accomplished with a historical critical approach and the use of methods closely related to tradition criticism. By first studying explicit expressions of a family relation between Ruth and David in the Book of Ruth and First Chronicles, I conclude that these expressions are likely to be original in the text that they occur. This result shows that it may be possible to say something about the date of the whole Book of Ruth based on its expression of a family relation between Ruth and David. Then, by examining texts in the Books of Samuel that reference Moab and texts that present David and his family, I conclude that there is at least an expression of a friendly relationship between David's family and Moab in the Books of Samuel and also texts that may show signs of the removal of a genealogy. To explain these conclusions from the Books of Samuel I posit three different likely scenarios or explanations and evaluate them. The one scenario that best correspond to the texts consists of the idea that a so called proto-idea is the cause of the friendly relationship between David's family and Moab in the Books of Samuel. This proto-idea is a tradition of a nonspecific connection between David’s family, or perhaps the area around Bethlehem, and Moab. From these results I draw the final conclusion that both the family relations in the Book of Ruth between Ruth and David and the friendly relationship between David's family and Moab in the Books of Samuel is probably based on the proto-idea. Therefore, the absence of an idea of a family relation between Ruth and David in the Books of Samuel cannot

The Green River near the Upheaval Dome in Canyonlands National Park.

A view in Canyonlands National Park just east of Turk's Head. This view is looking southeast.

Background and aims Coeliac disease (CD) is triggered by an abnormal reaction to gluten. Peptides resulting from partially digested gluten of wheat, barley or rye cause inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa. Previous contradictory studies suggest that oats may trigger the abnormal immunological response in patients with CD. Monoclonal antibodies (moAbs) against the main immunotoxic 33-mer peptide (A1 and G12) react strongly against wheat, barley and rye but have less reactivity against oats. The stated aim of this study is to test whether this observed reactivity could be related to the potential toxicity of oats for patients with CD. Methods In the present study, different oat varieties, controlled for their purity and by their distinct protein pattern, were used to examine differences in moAb G12 recognition by ELISA and western blot. Immunogenicity of oat varieties was determined by 33-mer concentration, T cell proliferation and interferon γ production. Results Three groups of oat cultivars reacting differently against moAb G12 could be distinguished: a group with considerable affinity, a group showing slight reactivity and a third with no detectable reactivity. The immunogenicity of the three types of oats as well as that of a positive and negative control was determined with isolated peripheral blood mononuclear T cells from patients with CD by measurement of cell proliferation and interferon γ release. A direct correlation of the reactivity with G12 and the immunogenicity of the different prolamins was observed. Conclusions The results showed that the reactivity of the moAb G12 is proportional to the potential immunotoxicity of the cereal cultivar. These differences may explain the different clinical responses observed in patients suffering from CD and open up a means to identify immunologically safe oat cultivars, which could be used to enrich a gluten-free diet.

Ore was processed from 1956 to 1984 at Moab, Utah, USA. Interim cover placement on the tailings pile was completed in 1995 and in 1990 pumping of the water began from wells in the pile to the top of the pile to accelerate dewatering and consolidation. In 2000 a system of vertical band drains or wicks was installed, which penetrated the centre of the tailings pile in a triangular pattern. The wicks were connected to a manifold which allowed gravity drainage to a sump, and a small evaporation pond was constructed for the elimination of collected water. Excavation of the pile in 2010 cut into the wicks, several of which began to discharge pore water with a pH as low as 2.5 and high concentrations of ammonia, U and salts. A project was developed to safely handle the pore water while allowing excavation and conditioning activities to continue. Earthen berms of fine-grained tailings were constructed within the contaminated area near the base of the excavation to contain the pore water. Seven ponds were constructed capable of holding 2 400 000 l while preparations were made to eliminate the water. Groundwater contaminated with ammonia and U is pumped to a 1.6 ha lined pond on top of the tailings pile. The pond promotes evaporation to eliminate the water and acts as temporary storage until trucks withdraw the water and apply it on the tailings pile and roads in the contaminated areas for dust control. By October 2010 the amount of pore water was substantially reduced and most of the ponds were eliminated or consolidated into two ponds containing less than 380 000 l, and little additional pore water was encountered as at June 2011., Ore was processed from 1956 to 1984 at Moab, Utah, USA. Interim cover placement on the tailings pile was completed in 1995 and in 1990 pumping of the water began from wells in the pile to the top of the pile to accelerate dewatering and consolidation. In 2000 a system of vertical band drains or wicks was installed, which penetrated the centre of the tailings pile in a triangular pattern. The wicks were connected to a manifold which allowed gravity drainage to a sump, and a small evaporation pond was constructed for the elimination of collected water. Excavation of the pile in 2010 cut into the wicks, several of which began to discharge pore water with a pH as low as 2.5 and high concentrations of ammonia, U and salts. A project was developed to safely handle the pore water while allowing excavation and conditioning activities to continue. Earthen berms of fine-grained tailings were constructed within the contaminated area near the base of the excavation to contain the pore water. Seven ponds were constructed capable of holding 2 400 000 l while preparations were made to eliminate the water. Groundwater contaminated with ammonia and U is pumped to a 1.6 ha lined pond on top of the tailings pile. The pond promotes evaporation to eliminate the water and acts as temporary storage until trucks withdraw the water and apply it on the tailings pile and roads in the contaminated areas for dust control. By October 2010 the amount of pore water was substantially reduced and most of the ponds were eliminated or consolidated into two ponds containing less than 380 000 l, and little additional pore water was encountered as at June 2011.

On the Cray XT, aprun is the command to launch an application to a set of compute nodes reserved through the Application Level Placement Scheduler (ALPS). At the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), interactive aprun is disabled. That is, invocations of aprun have to go through the batch system. Batch scripts can and often do contain several apruns which either use subsets of the reserved nodes in parallel, or use all reserved nodes in consecutive apruns. In order to better understand how NERSC users run on the XT, it is necessary to associate aprun information with jobs. It is surprisingly more challenging than it sounds. In this paper, we describe those challenges and how we solved them to produce daily per-job reports for completed apruns. We also describe additional uses of the data, e.g. adjusting charging policy accordingly or associating node failures with jobs/users, and plans for enhancements.

The history of the development of U hydrometallurgy is reviewed and the selection of an optimum circuit for a particular orebody discussed. Leaching processes and the chemistry involved are considered for atmospheric in-situ, agitation, heap and bioleaching and for acid and alkaline carbonate pressure leaching at operations that include Beaverlodge, Key Lake and McLean Lake in Saskatchewan, Moab in Utah, Grants in New Mexico, Canon City in Colorado, Lisbon in Utah and the Dominion project in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. Processes for U recovery from acid leach solutions may involve weak- or strong-base extractants or organophosphates. Solvent extraction using D2EHPA/tertiary amine mixtures is employed for solutions containing significant ferric and chloride concentrations. Crud formation can occur where soluble silica is present. Recovery from alkaline leach solutions involves the use of strong base functionality resins and solvents. U precipitation from stripping solution may be carried out using an alkali such as NH4OH, MgO or NaOH, or by precipitation of UO4 with H2O2. Equipment selection, design and construction materials are discussed., The history of the development of U hydrometallurgy is reviewed and the selection of an optimum circuit for a particular orebody discussed. Leaching processes and the chemistry involved are considered for atmospheric in-situ, agitation, heap and bioleaching and for acid and alkaline carbonate pressure leaching at operations that include Beaverlodge, Key Lake and McLean Lake in Saskatchewan, Moab in Utah, Grants in New Mexico, Canon City in Colorado, Lisbon in Utah and the Dominion project in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. Processes for U recovery from acid leach solutions may involve weak- or strong-base extractants or organophosphates. Solvent extraction using D2EHPA/tertiary amine mixtures is employed for solutions containing significant ferric and chloride concentrations. Crud formation can occur where soluble silica is present. Recovery from alkaline leach solutions involves the use of strong base functionality resins and solvents. U precipitation from stripping solution may be carried out using an alkali such as NH4OH, MgO or NaOH, or by precipitation of UO4 with H2O2. Equipment selection, design and construction materials are discussed.

On the Cray XT, aprun is the command to launch an application to a set of compute nodes reserved through the Application Level Placement Scheduler (ALPS). At the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), interactive aprun is disabled. That is, invocations of aprun have to go through the batch system. Batch scripts can and often do contain several apruns which either use subsets of the reserved nodes in parallel, or use all reserved nodes in consecutive apruns. In order to better understand how NERSC users run on the XT, it is necessary to associate aprun information with jobs. It is surprisingly more challenging than it sounds. In this paper, we describe those challenges and how we solved them to produce daily per-job reports for completed apruns. We also describe additional uses of the data, e.g. adjusting charging policy accordingly or associating node failures with jobs/users, and plans for enhancements.

Interesting rock formation in Arches National Park

The Colorado River below the area of Dead Horse State Park. This was taken from Thelma and Louise Point. It is also called Fossil Point.

Technical developments are described that have taken place in South Africa in single-lift, ultra-deep-level shaft systems. A rope-based system is described which is able to hoist from over 3 000 m depth in a single lift. The work required to obtain government mining authority approval to allow safe hoisting from these depths at lower rope design factors than previously legislated for is discussed. The development of suitable winding engines and control systems and of the special ropes required is described. Two systems for hoisting men, material and rock at 20 m/s have been successfully implemented in South Africa at the Elandsrand and Moab Au mines, and the methodology and legal framework have been accepted for Canadian shafts., Technical developments are described that have taken place in South Africa in single-lift, ultra-deep-level shaft systems. A rope-based system is described which is able to hoist from over 3 000 m depth in a single lift. The work required to obtain government mining authority approval to allow safe hoisting from these depths at lower rope design factors than previously legislated for is discussed. The development of suitable winding engines and control systems and of the special ropes required is described. Two systems for hoisting men, material and rock at 20 m/s have been successfully implemented in South Africa at the Elandsrand and Moab Au mines, and the methodology and legal framework have been accepted for Canadian shafts.

During its years of operation, the Moab processing facility accumulated around 10 500 000 t tailngs and contaminated soils in an unlined pile about 230 m from the Colorado River. The alternatives preferred by the US Department of Energy are to relocate the tailings on an alternative site away from the river and to remediate the groundwater in the long term; in the interim, a groundwater extraction and injection system is in operation to reduce the contaminant mass in groundwater discharging to the river. A conceptual hydrogeological model is presented, the nature of the groundwater contamination discussed, dewatering of the tailings fluid outlined and the extraction and freshwater injection described, including treatment of the exrtacted water in a solar evaporation pond., During its years of operation, the Moab processing facility accumulated around 10 500 000 t tailngs and contaminated soils in an unlined pile about 230 m from the Colorado River. The alternatives preferred by the US Department of Energy are to relocate the tailings on an alternative site away from the river and to remediate the groundwater in the long term; in the interim, a groundwater extraction and injection system is in operation to reduce the contaminant mass in groundwater discharging to the river. A conceptual hydrogeological model is presented, the nature of the groundwater contamination discussed, dewatering of the tailings fluid outlined and the extraction and freshwater injection described, including treatment of the exrtacted water in a solar evaporation pond.

This is the first in-depth study of moats as a part of fortifications in Palestine from prehistoric times until the end of the Iron Age. The author proposes a relation between the shape of a moat and its function. This function was not always defensive since a moat could also protect a site against floods and be used as a quarry or a borrow-pit for other constructional enterprises. Other possible functions are also discussed. Moats in Palestine were usually not water-filled. A large number of moats is described and compared with moats in Palestine's neighbouring areas. They are related to other elements of fortifications as e.g. city walls, ramparts, glacis, bastions and towers. Moats appear in Palestine mainly during periods of high urbanisation, i.e. the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Several moats have been found around the rampart cities on the plains during the Middle Bronze Age while during the Iron Age most moats appear at hilltop sites. In the latter case they usually cut off a mountain ridge that would otherwise give enemies easy access to the site. Moats in ancient written sources and in ancient illustrations are briefly surveyed. These sources do not add much information to our knowledge of moats in ancient Palestine. There is only one passage in the Old Testament that clearly refers to a moat, Dan 9:25. The Hebrew word for 'moat' is derived from the Semitic root that also refers to moats in Aramaean and Akkadian texts, i.e. &rË. Other suggestions for Hebrew words in the Old Testament that may refer to moats are discussed and dismissed.

Several innovative erosion control measures were included in the tailings pile cover at Moab, Utah, designed to address long term climatic, geomorphological, hydrological and geotechnical concerns. These included the effects of a maximum flood, potential channel migration of the adjacent Colorado River and Moab Wash, potential rock falls and landslides, and migrating sand dunes. The measures included a rock armour cap, riprap protected tailings pile side slopes and drainage channels, rock aprons to minimise the potential for head cutting at the outlets for drainage channels, toe protection against scour, a buried rock wall, and a self-launching apron to protect from Colorado River migration. The techniques and methods used to design and size the erosion protection riprap and diversion channels, in accordance with Nuclear Regulatory Commission guidelines, are presented., Several innovative erosion control measures were included in the tailings pile cover at Moab, Utah, designed to address long term climatic, geomorphological, hydrological and geotechnical concerns. These included the effects of a maximum flood, potential channel migration of the adjacent Colorado River and Moab Wash, potential rock falls and landslides, and migrating sand dunes. The measures included a rock armour cap, riprap protected tailings pile side slopes and drainage channels, rock aprons to minimise the potential for head cutting at the outlets for drainage channels, toe protection against scour, a buried rock wall, and a self-launching apron to protect from Colorado River migration. The techniques and methods used to design and size the erosion protection riprap and diversion channels, in accordance with Nuclear Regulatory Commission guidelines, are presented.

Geomorphic, hydraulic and channel stability analyses were conducted at the tailings site to evaluate the lateral migration potential of the river within the 3-mile long reach which has the potential to endanger the stability of the tailings pile. It was found to be unlikely that the river would erode laterally into the tailings pile as the entrance to, and exit from, the valley are bedrock controlled. The hydraulic analysis of flows indicated that the combined effects of backwater generated by the downstream bedrock-controlled exit and overbank flows in Moab Marsh significantly reduce the stress on the right bank adjacent to the tailings pile at discharges greater than about 30 000 ft3/s. Modelled average flow velocities in the right overbank near the tailings pile were about 1 ft/s and the maximum predicted velocity at the base of the pile was about 1.6 ft/s. Computation of a Bank Work Index which considered both the magnitude and duration of the flows showed that over 95% of the total energy expended by the flows on the right channel bank occurred at flows less than 40 000 ft3/s. The effects of extreme flood events on bank erosion and hence lateral channel migration towards the pile are therefore expected to be minimal., Geomorphic, hydraulic and channel stability analyses were conducted at the tailings site to evaluate the lateral migration potential of the river within the 3-mile long reach which has the potential to endanger the stability of the tailings pile. It was found to be unlikely that the river would erode laterally into the tailings pile as the entrance to, and exit from, the valley are bedrock controlled. The hydraulic analysis of flows indicated that the combined effects of backwater generated by the downstream bedrock-controlled exit and overbank flows in Moab Marsh significantly reduce the stress on the right bank adjacent to the tailings pile at discharges greater than about 30 000 ft3/s. Modelled average flow velocities in the right overbank near the tailings pile were about 1 ft/s and the maximum predicted velocity at the base of the pile was about 1.6 ft/s. Computation of a Bank Work Index which considered both the magnitude and duration of the flows showed that over 95% of the total energy expended by the flows on the right channel bank occurred at flows less than 40 000 ft3/s. The effects of extreme flood events on bank erosion and hence lateral channel migration towards the pile are therefore expected to be minimal.

The Moab uranium tailings pile is located on alluvial silty sand and sandy silt deposits near channels which discharge into the Colorado River. Technical evaluation is being undertaken of the reclamation plan, including surface water hydrology, erosion protection, geomorphology of the Colorado River, radon attenuation, seismicity, faulting, salt dissolution and subsidence, and oil, gas and potash resource development. The option of transporting the tailings to another site was also considered, but costs were found to be higher with no public health or environmental benefit., The Moab uranium tailings pile is located on alluvial silty sand and sandy silt deposits near channels which discharge into the Colorado River. Technical evaluation is being undertaken of the reclamation plan, including surface water hydrology, erosion protection, geomorphology of the Colorado River, radon attenuation, seismicity, faulting, salt dissolution and subsidence, and oil, gas and potash resource development. The option of transporting the tailings to another site was also considered, but costs were found to be higher with no public health or environmental benefit.

Of 70 recognised marine evaporite deposits in the USA, 61 contain gypsum, 67 anhydrite, 28 halite, 7 bitter salts (sylvite, carnallite or langbeinite) and 1 polyhalite. Most extensive and with the greatest total thickness are those of the mid-continent Permian basin; other thick deposits are the Louann Salt, probably Jurassic, in the Gulf Coast basin, the Pennsylvanian Paradox basin evaporites and the Silurian Salina Group deposits in the Michigan and Appalachian basins, while salts of Cretaceous and Tertiary age are also significant. Most non-marine evaporites are of Quaternary or Tertiary age, earlier deposits being rare and unimportant commercially; since the early Tertiary the Great Basin in the west has hosted a large number of closed-basin drainage systems which have deposited a wide variety of mineral assemblages. They are economic sources of Na and Na-Ca carbonate and bicarbonate minerals, sodium sulphate, halite and borates, while at some the concentrations of aqueous potassium, boron, lithium, bromine, iodine and magnesium allow their recovery from brines. Important Quaternary deposits are Searles Lake and Death Valley in California and Great Salt Lake in Utah, with major Tertiary deposits in the Green River Formation in Colorado and Wyoming. Commercial products of evaporites and brines include salt from 5 major marine basins and Great Salt Lake, potash from the Carlsbad district of New Mexico, Moab in Utah, Great Salt Lake and Searles Lake, gypsum from most marine basins, sulphur from environments such as salt domes, soda ash (Na2CO3) from trona in Green River Basin, Wyoming, and Searles Lake, Na2SO4 and Li from Searles Lake and other brines, borax from California, and Mg, Br and I from sea water and brines in Michigan, Utah, Arkansas and Oklahoma., Of 70 recognised marine evaporite deposits in the USA, 61 contain gypsum, 67 anhydrite, 28 halite, 7 bitter salts (sylvite, carnallite or langbeinite) and 1 polyhalite. Most extensive and with the greatest total thickness are those of the mid-continent Permian basin; other thick deposits are the Louann Salt, probably Jurassic, in the Gulf Coast basin, the Pennsylvanian Paradox basin evaporites and the Silurian Salina Group deposits in the Michigan and Appalachian basins, while salts of Cretaceous and Tertiary age are also significant. Most non-marine evaporites are of Quaternary or Tertiary age, earlier deposits being rare and unimportant commercially; since the early Tertiary the Great Basin in the west has hosted a large number of closed-basin drainage systems which have deposited a wide variety of mineral assemblages. They are economic sources of Na and Na-Ca carbonate and bicarbonate minerals, sodium sulphate, halite and borates, while at some the concentrations of aqueous potassium, boron, lithium, bromine, iodine and magnesium allow their recovery from brines. Important Quaternary deposits are Searles Lake and Death Valley in California and Great Salt Lake in Utah, with major Tertiary deposits in the Green River Formation in Colorado and Wyoming. Commercial products of evaporites and brines include salt from 5 major marine basins and Great Salt Lake, potash from the Carlsbad district of New Mexico, Moab in Utah, Great Salt Lake and Searles Lake, gypsum from most marine basins, sulphur from environments such as salt domes, soda ash (Na2CO3) from trona in Green River Basin, Wyoming, and Searles Lake, Na2SO4 and Li from Searles Lake and other brines, borax from California, and Mg, Br and I from sea water and brines in Michigan, Utah, Arkansas and Oklahoma.

Wick drains were designed to prevent increased seepage to groundwater following closure of the facility, in Utah, and to achieve the 90% consolidation required before placement of the final cap. Around 360 000 m of vertical wicks were installed in a triangular pattern on 3 m centres by specifically equipped track-mounted excavators. Each vertical wick was tied into a horizontal wick feeding into a drainage collection trench. The designed surcharge load consisted of sand ranging in depth from 6 m at the centre of the impoundment to 2 m at the edges, but funding limitations prevented the full load from being applied and the centre received only 1-2 m depth of sand. Performance of the wicks was better than predicted for the surcharge load used, but the required degree of consolidation will not be achieved in the required 18 months., Wick drains were designed to prevent increased seepage to groundwater following closure of the facility, in Utah, and to achieve the 90% consolidation required before placement of the final cap. Around 360 000 m of vertical wicks were installed in a triangular pattern on 3 m centres by specifically equipped track-mounted excavators. Each vertical wick was tied into a horizontal wick feeding into a drainage collection trench. The designed surcharge load consisted of sand ranging in depth from 6 m at the centre of the impoundment to 2 m at the edges, but funding limitations prevented the full load from being applied and the centre received only 1-2 m depth of sand. Performance of the wicks was better than predicted for the surcharge load used, but the required degree of consolidation will not be achieved in the required 18 months.

Projects featured are those with the potential to produce over 250 000 oz/a Au that are due to be commissioned within the next five years. Sukhoi Log in Russia, at feasibility stage, is planned to produce 1 500 000 oz/a Au by open pit mining and gravity, flotation and cyanidation. Also with feasibility studies complete, Bajo la Alumbrera in Argentina should produce 762 000 oz/a Au and 197 000 t/a Cu from an open pit by flotation, Las Cristinas in Venezuela 380 000 oz/a from an open pit by flotation and carbon in pulp, Pipeline in Nevada 330 000 oz/a from an open pit by carbon in leach and Kemess in British Columbia 259 000 oz/a plus 36 000 t/a Cu. Lihir in Papua New Guinea, which is raising finance, should produce 687 000 oz/a Au from an open pit by pressure oxidation and carbon in leach, Amantaytau in Uzbekistan, at feasibility/financing stage, 320 000 oz/a from open pit and underground, and McDonald and Seven-Up Pete in Montana, at permitting stage, 300 000 oz/a from an open pit by heap leaching. Of projects under construction, South Deep in Transvaal will produce an estimated 530 000 oz/a Au from an underground mine by cyanidation, Kumtor in Kirghizia 500 000 oz/a from an open pit by cyanidation, Zarafshan in Uzbekistan 450 000 oz/a by heap leaching of stockpiles, Meikle in Nevada 400 000 oz/a from an underground mine by pressure oxidation and carbon in leach, Sadiola in Mali 350 000 oz/a from an open pit, Fort Knox in Alaska 330 000 oz/a from an open pit by cyanidation and Moab in Transvaal 316 000 oz/a from an underground mine by cyanidation. The Target project in the Orange Free State is at a very early stage and has a number of different development scenarios., Projects featured are those with the potential to produce over 250 000 oz/a Au that are due to be commissioned within the next five years. Sukhoi Log in Russia, at feasibility stage, is planned to produce 1 500 000 oz/a Au by open pit mining and gravity, flotation and cyanidation. Also with feasibility studies complete, Bajo la Alumbrera in Argentina should produce 762 000 oz/a Au and 197 000 t/a Cu from an open pit by flotation, Las Cristinas in Venezuela 380 000 oz/a from an open pit by flotation and carbon in pulp, Pipeline in Nevada 330 000 oz/a from an open pit by carbon in leach and Kemess in British Columbia 259 000 oz/a plus 36 000 t/a Cu. Lihir in Papua New Guinea, which is raising finance, should produce 687 000 oz/a Au from an open pit by pressure oxidation and carbon in leach, Amantaytau in Uzbekistan, at feasibility/financing stage, 320 000 oz/a from open pit and underground, and McDonald and Seven-Up Pete in Montana, at permitting stage, 300 000 oz/a from an open pit by heap leaching. Of projects under construction, South Deep in Transvaal will produce an estimated 530 000 oz/a Au from an underground mine by cyanidation, Kumtor in Kirghizia 500 000 oz/a from an open pit by cyanidation, Zarafshan in Uzbekistan 450 000 oz/a by heap leaching of stockpiles, Meikle in Nevada 400 000 oz/a from an underground mine by pressure oxidation and carbon in leach, Sadiola in Mali 350 000 oz/a from an open pit, Fort Knox in Alaska 330 000 oz/a from an open pit by cyanidation and Moab in Transvaal 316 000 oz/a from an underground mine by cyanidation. The Target project in the Orange Free State is at a very early stage and has a number of different development scenarios.

The most significant and advanced metal mining projects which are currently under evaluation or development are discussed. Details are included of location, status, start date, capital cost, metal output, ore output, type of operation and proven and probable reserves. The gold projects covered are: Lihir in Papua New Guinea, Moab in Transvaal, Meikle in Nevada, Fort Knox and Alaska-Juneau in Alaska, McDonald/Seven-Up Pete in Montana, Kemess, Eskay Creek and Fish Lake in British Columbia and Refugio in Chile. Copper projects are: El Abra, Radomiro Tomic, Zaldivar, Quebrada Blanca, La Candelaria, Cerro Colorado and Mantoverde in Chile, Bajo de la Alumbrera in Argentina, Quellaveco in Peru and Louvicourt in Quebec. Nickel projects are: Mount Keith and Yakabindie in Western Australia, Loma de Hierro in Venezuela, Raglan in Quebec and McCreedy East in Ontario. The zinc operations covered are: Century in Queensland, Lisheen and Galmoy in Ireland, McArthur River in Northern Territory, Izok Lake in Northwest Territories, Perkoa in Burkina Faso, Grevet in Quebec, Iscaycruz in Peru, Bougrine in Tunisia and Chessy in France. One platinum project, Hartley in Zimbabwe, is also included., The most significant and advanced metal mining projects which are currently under evaluation or development are discussed. Details are included of location, status, start date, capital cost, metal output, ore output, type of operation and proven and probable reserves. The gold projects covered are: Lihir in Papua New Guinea, Moab in Transvaal, Meikle in Nevada, Fort Knox and Alaska-Juneau in Alaska, McDonald/Seven-Up Pete in Montana, Kemess, Eskay Creek and Fish Lake in British Columbia and Refugio in Chile. Copper projects are: El Abra, Radomiro Tomic, Zaldivar, Quebrada Blanca, La Candelaria, Cerro Colorado and Mantoverde in Chile, Bajo de la Alumbrera in Argentina, Quellaveco in Peru and Louvicourt in Quebec. Nickel projects are: Mount Keith and Yakabindie in Western Australia, Loma de Hierro in Venezuela, Raglan in Quebec and McCreedy East in Ontario. The zinc operations covered are: Century in Queensland, Lisheen and Galmoy in Ireland, McArthur River in Northern Territory, Izok Lake in Northwest Territories, Perkoa in Burkina Faso, Grevet in Quebec, Iscaycruz in Peru, Bougrine in Tunisia and Chessy in France. One platinum project, Hartley in Zimbabwe, is also included.

The South African-based Anglo American Corp. (AAC) is the world's largest mining group. AAC dominates the mining industries of South Africa and Botswana and is very important in Namibia, Zimbabwe and Zambia. It has recently recommenced prospecting in Tanzania. The current operations, developments and planned investments of AAC in Southern Africa and elsewhere are discussed. These include: the Venetia diamond mine, the Landau coal mine, the Columbus stainless steel joint venture, the Namakwa Sands project and the Moab gold mine, all in South Africa; copper projects in Mantos Blancas, Mantoverde and Collahuasi in Chile, Quellaveco in Peru and ZCCM's operations in Zambia; diamond projects in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and Tanzania; gold, platinum, nickel and coal projects; and current exploration areas., The South African-based Anglo American Corp. (AAC) is the world's largest mining group. AAC dominates the mining industries of South Africa and Botswana and is very important in Namibia, Zimbabwe and Zambia. It has recently recommenced prospecting in Tanzania. The current operations, developments and planned investments of AAC in Southern Africa and elsewhere are discussed. These include: the Venetia diamond mine, the Landau coal mine, the Columbus stainless steel joint venture, the Namakwa Sands project and the Moab gold mine, all in South Africa; copper projects in Mantos Blancas, Mantoverde and Collahuasi in Chile, Quellaveco in Peru and ZCCM's operations in Zambia; diamond projects in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and Tanzania; gold, platinum, nickel and coal projects; and current exploration areas.