Search

Introduction: Risk scoring systems exist to predict perioperative blood transfusion risk in cardiac surgery, but none have been validated in the Australian or New Zealand population. The ACTA-PORT score was developed in the United Kingdom for this purpose. In this study, we validate and recalibrate the ACTA-PORT score in a large national database. Methods: We performed a retrospective validation study using data from the Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons Database between 1 September 2016 and 31 December 2018. The ACTA-PORT score was calculated using an equivalent of EuroSCORE I. Discrimination and calibration was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves, Brier scores, and calibration plots. ACTA-PORT was then recalibrated in a development set using logistic regression and the outcome of transfusion to develop new predicted transfusion rates, termed “AntiPORT”, using AusSCORE “all procedures” as the regional equivalent of EuroSCORE I. The accuracy of these new predictions was assessed as for ACTA-PORT. Results: 30 388 patients were included in the study at 37 Australian centres. The rate of red blood cell transfusion was 33%. Discrimination of ACTA-PORT was good but calibration was poor, with overprediction of transfusion (AUROC curve, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.75–0.76; Brier score, 0.19). The recalibrated AntiPORT showed significantly improved calibration in both development and validation sets without compromising discrimination (AUROC curve, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.75–0.76; Brier score, 0.18). Conclusions: The AntiPORT is the first red cell transfusion risk scoring system for cardiac surgery patients to be validated using Australian data. It is accurate and simple to calculate. The demonstrated accuracy of AntiPORT may help facilitate benchmarking and future research in patient blood management, as well as providing a useful tool to help clinicians target these resource-saving strategies.

To meet the ambitious objectives of biodiversity and climate conventions, the international community requires clarity on how these objectives can be operationalized spatially and how multiple targets can be pursued concurrently. To support goal setting and the implementation of international strategies and action plans, spatial guidance is needed to identify which land areas have the potential to generate the greatest synergies between conserving biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people. Here we present results from a joint optimization that minimizes the number of threatened species, maximizes carbon retention and water quality regulation, and ranks terrestrial conservation priorities globally. We found that selecting the top-ranked 30% and 50% of terrestrial land area would conserve respectively 60.7% and 85.3% of the estimated total carbon stock and 66% and 89.8% of all clean water, in addition to meeting conservation targets for 57.9% and 79% of all species considered. Our data and prioritization further suggest that adequately conserving all species considered (vertebrates and plants) would require giving conservation attention to ~70% of the terrestrial land surface. If priority was given to biodiversity only, managing 30% of optimally located land area for conservation may be sufficient to meet conservation targets for 81.3% of the terrestrial plant and vertebrate species considered. Our results provide a global assessment of where land could be optimally managed for conservation. We discuss how such a spatial prioritization framework can support the implementation of the biodiversity and climate conventions.

Introduction Falls have a multifactorial aetiology, which may limit the effectiveness of the common approach of exercise as the sole intervention strategy. Multifactorial interventions could be more effective in people at high risk of falling; however, the focus of such interventions has traditionally been quite narrow. This paper describes the design of a randomised controlled trial that will evaluate the effectiveness of an eHealth programme, which addresses cumulative effects of key fall-risk factors across the triad of physical, affective and cognitive functions on falls in older people. Methods and analysis 518 older people aged 65 years and over with high fall risk, defined as having a history of falls in the past 6 months, self-reported fear of falling or being aged 80 years or over, will be recruited via local advertisements, newsletters and presentations, and randomised to an intervention or health education control group. The intervention comprises balance exercise, cognitive-motor exercise and cognitive-behavioural therapy, with their dosage based on participant's baseline balance, executive function and mood. The primary outcome is the rate of falls in the 12 months after randomisation. Secondary outcomes at 6 and 12 months comprise programme adherence, healthcare use, physical activity, balance and mobility, cognitive function, psychological well-being, quality of life, health literacy and user experience and attitudes towards the programme. Data will be analysed following intention to treat to gauge real-world effectiveness. We will further determine complier averaged causal effects to correct for varying adherence and conduct economic analyses to gain insight into cost-effectiveness and cost-utility. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was obtained from the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Human Research Ethics Committee in December 2017. Outcomes will be disseminated via peer-reviewed articles, conference presentations, community events and

Recent improvements to GPU hardware and the symplectic N-body code GENGA allow for unprecedented resolution in simulations of planet formation. In this paper, we report results from high-resolution N-body simulations of terrestrial planet formation that are mostly direct continuation of our previous 10 Myr simulations (Woo et al. 2021a) until 150 Myr. By assuming that Jupiter and Saturn have always maintained their current eccentric orbits (EJS), we are able to achieve a reasonably good match to the current inner solar system architecture. However, due to the strong radial mixing that occurs in the EJS scenario, it has difficulties in explaining the known isotopic differences between bodies in the inner solar system, most notably between Earth and Mars. On the other hand, assuming initially circular orbits for Jupiter and Saturn (CJS) can reproduce the observed low degree of radial mixing in the inner solar system, while failing to reproduce the current architecture of the inner solar system. These outcomes suggest a possible paradox between dynamical structure and cosmochemical data for the terrestrial planets within the classical formation scenario.

INTRODUCTION: One in three people aged 65 years and over fall each year. The health, economic and personal impact of falls will grow substantially in the coming years due to population ageing. Developing and implementing cost-effective strategies to prevent falls and mobility problems among older people is therefore an urgent public health challenge. StandingTall is a low-cost, unsupervised, home-based balance exercise programme delivered through a computer or tablet. StandingTall has a simple user-interface that incorporates physical and behavioural elements designed to promote compliance. A large randomised controlled trial in 503 community-dwelling older people has shown that StandingTall is safe, has high adherence rates and is effective in improving balance and reducing falls. The current project targets a major need for older people and will address the final steps needed to scale this innovative technology for widespread use by older people across Australia and internationally. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This project will endeavour to recruit 300 participants across three sites in Australia and 100 participants in the UK. The aim of the study is to evaluate the implementation of StandingTall into the community and health service settings in Australia and the UK. The nested process evaluation will use both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore uptake and acceptability of the StandingTall programme and associated resources. The primary outcome is participant adherence to the StandingTall programme over 6 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been obtained from the South East Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC reference 18/288) in Australia and the North West- Greater Manchester South Research Ethics Committee (IRAS ID: 268954) in the UK. Dissemination will be via publications, conferences, newsletter articles, social media, talks to clinicians and consumers and meetings with health departments/managers. TRIA

This data repository contains the results of the NatureMap ( naturemap.earth/) conservation prioritization effort. The maps were created by jointly optimizing biodiversity and NCPs such as carbon and/or water. Maps are supplied at both 10km and 50km resolution and all maps that aim to find priority areas for all species considered in the analysis, utilize a series of representative sets. The ranks for each layer are area-specific and can be used to extract summary statistics by simple subsetting. For example, to obtain the top 30% of land area for biodiversity and carbon, one needs to create a mask of all areas lower than a value of 30 from the respective ranked layers. For convenience two files are supplied that contain the fraction of land area per grid cell times 1000. Multiplying those with the cell area (100km2, respectively 2500km2) gives the exact amount of land area in a given grid cell. These are labelled "globalgrid_mollweide_**km.tif " can be used to create masks for the priority maps. The geographic projection is World Mollweide Equal Area projection.

To meet the ambitious objectives of biodiversity and climate conventions, countries and the international community require clarity on how these objectives can be operationalized spatially, and multiple targets be pursued concurrently1. To support governments and political conventions, spatial guidance is needed to identify which areas should be managed for conservation to generate the greatest synergies between biodiversity and nature’s contribution to people (NCP). Here we present results from a joint optimization that maximizes improvements in species conservation status, carbon retention and water provisioning and rank terrestrial conservation priorities globally. We found that, selecting the top-ranked 30% (respectively 50%) of areas would conserve 62.4% (86.8%) of the estimated total carbon stock and 67.8% (90.7%) of all clean water provisioning, in addition to improving the conservation status for 69.7% (83.8%) of all species considered. If priority was given to biodiversity only, managing 30% of optimally located land area for conservation may be sufficient to improve the conservation status of 86.3% of plant and vertebrate species on Earth. Our results provide a global baseline on where land could be managed for conservation. We discuss how such a spatial prioritisation framework can support the implementation of the biodiversity and climate conventions.

For security and justice professionals (e.g., police officers, lawyers, judges), the thousands of peer-reviewed articles on nonverbal communication represent important sources of knowledge. However, despite the scope of the scientific work carried out on this subject, professionals can turn to programs, methods, and approaches that fail to reflect the state of science. The objective of this article is to examine (i) concepts of nonverbal communication conveyed by these programs, methods, and approaches, but also (ii) the consequences of their use (e.g., on the life or liberty of individuals). To achieve this objective, we describe the scope of scientific research on nonverbal communication. A program (SPOT; Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques), a method (the BAI; Behavior Analysis Interview) and an approach (synergology) that each run counter to the state of science are examined. Finally, we outline five hypotheses to explain why some organizations in the fields of security and justice are turning to pseudoscience and pseudoscientific techniques. We conclude the article by inviting these organizations to work with the international community of scholars who have scientific expertise in nonverbal communication and lie (and truth) detection to implement evidence-based practices.

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is evolving from a technology that can only aid rapid prototyping, to one that can be used to directly manufacture large-scale, real-world equipment. Gravity Separation Spirals (GSS) are vital to the mining industry for separating mineral-rich slurry into its different density components. In order to overcome inherent drawbacks of the traditional mould base manufacturing methods, including significant tooling costs, limited customisation and worker exposure to hazardous materials, a 3D printer is under development to directly print spirals. By embedding small Internet of Things (IoT) sensors inside the GSS, it is possible to remotely determine the operation conditions, predict faults, and use collected data to optimise production output. This work presents a 3D printed strain sensor, which can be directly printed into the GSS. This approach uses a carbon-based conductive filament to print a strain gauge on top of a Polylactic Acid (PLA) base material. Printed sensors have been tested using an Instron E10000 testing machine with an optical extensometer to improve accuracy. Testing was conducted by both loading and unloading conditions to understand the effect of hysteresis. Test results show a near-linear relationship between strain and measured resistance, and show a 6.05% increase in resistance after the test, which indicates minor hysteresis. Moreover, the impact of viscoelastic behaviour is identified, where the resistance response lags the strain. Results from both conductive and non-conductive material show the impact of the conductive carbon upon the tensile strength, which will help to inform future decisions about sensor placement.

The essential contribution of nature to addressing climate change provides an opportunity to strengthen the links between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity. As we move towards the next Conferences of the Parties of both Conventions, there is a need to assess explicitly the role of nature in helping to meet the goals of these agreements efficiently and effectively. This series of reports aims to shed light on this topic by assessing the potential contribution that achieving biodiversity conservation targets can make to climate change mitigation. By doing so, it aims to provide both context and mandate for discussions under both Conventions on the role of nature-based solutions in climate change mitigation and links to biodiversity conservation action.

Extensive ecosystem restoration is increasingly seen as being central to conserving biodiversity and stabilizing the climate of the Earth. Although ambitious national and global targets have been set, global priority areas that account for spatial variation in benefits and costs have yet to be identified. Here we develop and apply a multicriteria optimization approach that identifies priority areas for restoration across all terrestrial biomes, and estimates their benefits and costs. We find that restoring 15% of converted lands in priority areas could avoid 60% of expected extinctions while sequestering 299 gigatonnes of CO2—30% of the total CO2 increase in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. The inclusion of several biomes is key to achieving multiple benefits. Cost effectiveness can increase up to 13-fold when spatial allocation is optimized using our multicriteria approach, which highlights the importance of spatial planning. Our results confirm the vast potential contributions of restoration to addressing global challenges, while underscoring the necessity of pursuing these goals synergistically.

In the late stages of terrestrial planet formation, pairwise collisions between planetary-sized bodies act as the fundamental agent of planet growth. These collisions can lead to either growth or disruption of the bodies involved and are largely responsible for shaping the final characteristics of the planets. Despite their critical role in planet formation, an accurate treatment of collisions has yet to be realized. While semi-analytic methods have been proposed, they remain limited to a narrow set of post-impact properties and have only achieved relatively low accuracies. However, the rise of machine learning and access to increased computing power have enabled novel data-driven approaches. In this work, we show that data-driven emulation techniques are capable of classifying and predicting the outcome of collisions with high accuracy and are generalizable to any quantifiable post-impact quantity. In particular, we focus on the dataset requirements, training pipeline, and classification and regression performance for four distinct data-driven techniques from machine learning (ensemble methods and neural networks) and uncertainty quantification (Gaussian processes and polynomial chaos expansion). We compare these methods to existing analytic and semi-analytic methods. Such data-driven emulators are poised to replace the methods currently used in N-body simulations, while avoiding the cost of direct simulation. This work is based on a new set of 14,856 SPH simulations of pairwise collisions between rotating, differentiated bodies at all possible mutual orientations.

© 2019 International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction I.A.A.R.C. All rights reserved. Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is an emerging technology, not only as a prototyping technology, but also to manufacture complete products. Gravity Separation Spirals (GSS) are used in the mining industry to separate slurry into different density components. Currently, spirals are manufactured using moulded polyurethane on fibreglass substructure, or injection moulding. These methods incur significant tooling cost and lead times making them difficult to customise, and they are labour-intensive and can expose workers to hazardous materials. Thus, a 3D printer is under development that can print spirals directly, enabling mass customisation. Furthermore, sensors can be embedded into spirals to measure the operational conditions for predictive maintenance, and to collect data that can improve future manufacturing processes. The localisation of abrasive wear in the GSS is an essential factor in optimising parameters such as suitable material, print thickness, and infill density and thus extend the lifetime and performance of future manufactured spirals. This paper presents the details of a wear sensor, which can be 3D printed directly into the spiral using conductive material. Experimental results show that the sensor can both measure the amount of wear and identify the location of the wear in both the horizontal and vertical axes. Additionally, it is shown that the accuracy can be adjusted according to the requirements by changing the number and spacing of wear lines.

During their formation and early evolution, rocky planets undergo multiple global melting events due to accretionary collisions with other protoplanets. The detection and characterization of their post-collision afterglows (magma oceans) can yield important clues about the origin and evolution of the solar and extrasolar planet population. Here, we quantitatively assess the observational prospects to detect the radiative signature of forming planets covered by such collision-induced magma oceans in nearby young stellar associations with future direct imaging facilities. We have compared performance estimates for near- and mid-infrared instruments to be installed at ESO's Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), and a potential space-based mission called Large Interferometer for Exoplanets (LIFE). We modelled the frequency and timing of energetic collisions using \textit{N}-body models of planet formation for different stellar types, and determine the cooling of the resulting magma oceans with an insulating atmosphere. We find that the probability of detecting at least one magma ocean planet depends on the observing duration and the distribution of atmospheric properties among rocky protoplanets. However, the prospects for detection significantly increase for young and close stellar targets, which show the highest frequencies of giant impacts. For intensive reconnaissance with a K band (2.2 $\mu m$) ELT filter or a 5.6 $\mu m$ LIFE filter, the $\beta$ Pictoris, Columba, TW Hydrae, and Tucana-Horologium associations represent promising candidates for detecting a molten protoplanet. Our results motivate the exploration of magma ocean planets using the ELT and underline the importance of space-based direct imaging facilities to investigate and characterize planet formation and evolution in the solar vicinity., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, 6 tables; accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics; associated blog article at https://medium.com/@irene.bonati/spotting-protoplanet-collision-afterglows-in-the-stellar-neighbourhood-f3b65572ec2

We present the results of a process to attempt to identify 100 questions that, if answered, would make a substantial difference to terrestrial and marine landscape restoration in Europe. Representatives from a wide range of European governmental and non-governmental conservation organisations, universities, independent ecologists and land managers compiled 677 questions relating to all aspects of European landscape restoration for nature and people. The questions were shortlisted by an email vote, followed by a two-day workshop, to produce the final list of 100 questions. Many of the final questions evolved through a process of modification and combination as the workshop progressed. The questions are divided into eight sections: conservation of biodiversity; connectivity, migration and translocations; delivering and evaluating restoration; natural processes; ecosystem services; social and cultural aspects of restoration; policy and governance; and economics. We anticipate that these questions will help identify new directions for researchers and policy-makers and assist funders and programme managers in allocating funds and planning projects, resulting in improved understanding and implementation of landscape-scale ecological restoration in Europe.

© The Author(s) 2017. Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-Tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.

© 2017 International Union of Psychological Science.Inequalities between men and women are common and well-documented. Objective indexes show that men are better positioned than women in societal hierarchies-there is no single country in the world without a gender gap. In contrast, researchers have found that the women-are-wonderful effect-that women are evaluated more positively than men overall-is also common. Cross-cultural studies on gender equality reveal that the more gender egalitarian the society is, the less prevalent explicit gender stereotypes are. Yet, because self-reported gender stereotypes may differ from implicit attitudes towards each gender, we reanalysed data collected across 44 cultures, and (a) confirmed that societal gender egalitarianism reduces the women-are-wonderful effect when it is measured more implicitly (i.e. rating the personality of men and women presented in images) and (b) documented that the social perception of men benefits more from gender egalitarianism than that of women.

Introduction: In order to prevent falls, older people should exercise for at least 2 h per week for 6 months, with a strong focus on balance exercises. This article describes the design of a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a home-based exercise programme delivered through a tablet computer to prevent falls in older people. Methods and analysis: Participants aged 70 years or older, living in the community in Sydney will be recruited and randomly allocated to an intervention or control group. The intervention consists of a tailored, home-based balance training delivered through a tablet computer. Intervention participants will be asked to complete 2 h of exercises per week for 2 years. Both groups will receive an education programme focused on health-related information relevant to older adults, delivered through the tablet computer via weekly fact sheets. Primary outcome measures include number of fallers and falls rate recorded in weekly fall diaries at 12 months. A sample size of 500 will be necessary to see an effect on falls rate. Secondary outcome measures include concern about falling, depressive symptoms, health-related quality of life and physical activity levels (in all 500 participants); and physiological fall risk, balance, functional mobility, gait, stepping and cognitive performance (in a subsample of 200 participants). Adherence, acceptability, usability and enjoyment will be recorded in intervention group participants over 2 years. Data will be analysed using the intention-to-treat principle. Secondary analyses are planned in people with greater adherence. Economic analyses will be assessed from a health and community care provider perspective. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval was obtained from UNSW Ethics Committee in December 2014 (ref number HC#14/266). Outcomes will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at international conferences.

Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones—they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE’s uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling—in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions.

To provide context for the diversification of archosaurs-the group that includes crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds-we generated draft genomes of three crocodilians: Alligator mississippiensis (the American alligator), Crocodylus porosus (the saltwater crocodile), and Gavialis gangeticus (the Indian gharial). We observed an exceptionally slow rate of genome evolution within crocodilians at all levels, including nucleotide substitutions, indels, transposable element content and movement, gene family evolution, and chromosomal synteny. When placed within the context of related taxa including birds and turtles, this suggests that the common ancestor of all of these taxa also exhibited slow genome evolution and that the comparatively rapid evolution is derived in birds. The data also provided the opportunity to analyze heterozygosity in crocodilians, which indicates a likely reduction in population size for all three taxa through the Pleistocene. Finally, these data combined with newly published bird genomes allowed us to reconstruct the partial genome of the common ancestor of archosaurs, thereby providing a tool to investigate the genetic starting material of crocodilians, birds, and dinosaurs.

Background: Weight gain that commonly accompanies smoking cessation can undermine a person's attempt to quit and increase the risk for metabolic disorders. Research indicates that obese smokers have more weight concerns and gain more weight after quitting than non-obese smokers, yet little is known about possible reasons for these outcomes. We sought to gain an understanding of obese smokers' experiences of quitting and their attitudes and beliefs about the association between smoking and weight gain. Methods: In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with obese smokers who called a state tobacco quitline. Interviewers elicited discussion of obese smokers' thoughts about smoking, the effects of quitting on change in weight, challenges they faced with quitting, and how quitlines might better serve their needs. Results: Participants (n = 29) discussed their fear of gaining weight after quitting, their beliefs about smoking and their weight and significant experiences related to quitting. Participants' awareness of weight gain associated with quitting was based on prior experience or observation of others who quit. Most viewed cessation as their primary goal and discussed other challenges as being more important than their weight, such as managing stress or coping with a chronic health condition. Although weight gain was viewed as less important than quitting, many talked about changes they had made to mitigate the anticipated weight gain. Conclusions: Weight gain is a concern for obese smokers interested in quitting. Understanding the relative importance of body weight and other challenges related to smoking cessation can help tailor interventions for the specific group of smokers who are obese and interested in smoking cessation.

Source: Scopus

Sudden oak death, caused by the water mold Phytophthora ramorum, is a plant disease responsible for the death of hundreds of thousands of oak and tanoak trees. Some foliar hosts play a major role in the epidemiology of this disease. Upon infection by P. ramorum, these foliar hosts express non-fatal leaf lesions from which large amounts of inoculum can be produced and spread to neighboring host individuals, including oak species. Umbellularia californica (California bay laurel) may be one of the most important foliar hosts of sudden oak death due its observed ability to produce inoculum and its high abundance in the woodlands of coastal California. While previous research on susceptibility to P. ramorum in U. californica has shown significant variability among trees, with more resistant individuals in northern areas of its range, little is known about the causes or extent of this variability. Here, we ask three research questions: (1) How does susceptibility vary among U. californica individuals and P. ramorum isolates? (2) Are U. californica phenotype and genotype related to susceptibility? (3) What factors influence disease expression in nature?

This chapter presents results of a scenario-building exercise, designed to explore future trends in forest biodiversity in four forest areas, and the potential implications for policy development and implementation. An expert consultation conducted in a workshop environment identified 11 principal pressures responsible for biodiversity loss in Latin America, namely land-cover change, fire, invasive species, browsing animals, pollution, mining, development of infrastructure (roads, pipelines, dams), logging/fuelwood extraction, habitat fragmentation, climate change and loss of keystone species and ecological structures. The relative importance of these different pressures was assessed in each of four study areas, namely Central Veracruz (Mexico), the Highlands of Chiapas (Mexico), Rio Maule-Cobquecura (Region VII, Chile) and Los Muermos-Ancud (Region X, Chile). Scores were generated for each area describing both variation in intensity of the pressures over time and their potential impacts on different components of biodiversity. The scoring process was used to support development of three scenario narratives for each area, namely business as usual, deepening conservation crisis and effective conservation. Recommendations for policy development and implementation are presented for each study area, based on these scenarios. The results indicate that action on global commitments to reduce biodiversity loss must take account of the geographical variation in the relative importance of different pressures and their varying impacts on different biodiversity components. Policy developments and practical conservation action will need to be tailored for individual areas, defined at the sub-national level.

A scenario study from 2000 to 2050 has been performed (by Natuur en Milieuplanbureau, UNEP and WCMC) to explore the effects of future economic, demographic and technical developments on environmental pressures and global biodiversity. Policy options that affect global biodiversity were analysed on their contribution to the 2010 biodiversity targets agreed upon under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The mean species abundance of natural occurring species was used as indicator for biodiversity. To analyse the economic and environmental consequences of changes in global drivers and policies, we developed a global economic-biophysical framework by combining the extended GTAP model (Van Meijl et al., 2005) with the IMAGE model (Alcamo et al., 1998; IMAGE Team, 2001).

This article reports two worldwide studies of stereotypes about liars. These studies are carried out in 75 different countries and 43 different languages. In Study 1, participants respond to the open-ended question "How can you tell when people are lying?" In Study 2, participants complete a questionnaire about lying. These two studies reveal a dominant pan-cultural stereotype: that liars avert gaze. The authors identify other common beliefs and offer a social control interpretation.

To manage and control Phytophthora ramorum successfully, it is important to know the amount of phenotypic variation within a given pathogen population. Because the pathogen has only recently been described, there are few studies on morphological and pathological variation of isolates from the United States. One study has compared growth rate on agar, aggressiveness to Quercus rubra (Eastern American red oak), and developmental stability of European and U.S. isolates. In this study, the U.S. isolates were significantly slower growing, less aggressive, morphologically more unstable, and had a larger range in growth rates than the European isolates (Brasier and others unpublished data; Brasier 2003; Brasier and others, this Proceedings). However, there is no information on fungicide tolerance, spore production or aggressiveness to hosts from the western United States to U.S. isolates. This study examines these phenotypic characters among 12 isolates from a broad range of hosts, locations within California and Oregon, and AFLP genotypes. We examine variation in aggressiveness of isolate populations from California. Additionally, we determined whether measurement of lesions on inoculated coast live oak stems is a good measure of pathogenicity.

Bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) is an important foliar host in terms of spore production and transmission of disease. We designed a bioassay to screen for variation in susceptibility to Phytophthora ramorum among populations of bay laurel collected along the coast of California to southern Oregon and also from Yosemite. Mature leaves of bay laurel were inoculated with zoospores and nine days later lesions and infection percentage were measured. Results indicated that each population comprises trees of different susceptibility. Data from three separate trials indicated that trees from Oregon were less susceptible than those from California. There was little variation among populations from California. Seasonal variation in susceptibility of bay laurel to P. ramorum was observed among populations. It is hypothesized that the interaction of a number of factors are responsible for the observed variation in susceptibility including host resistance, genetic structure of host species in the forests, pathogen variation, and environmental conditions.

The strength of the metal in a shaped charge jet influences its length at breakup, its penetration rate into a target, and its ability to resist aerodynamic forces in flight. The response of a jet to an imposed centrifugal force can be used to estimate its yield strength. Copper was the first metal studied by this technique, and the strength determined by Karpp using a hoop model was approximately 100 MPa. We have studied molybdenum using the same experimental technique and analyzed the data using a hoop, a disk, and a cylinder model of the jet. The yield strength and its associated uncertainty were estimated from the observed kinematics of the portion of the jet fragmented by the centrifugal force and the computed jet spin rate.

La comunicación no verbal es un tema intrínsecamente interesante que me llamó la atención hace más de cuarenta y cinco años cuando iba a la universidad, y aún lo sigo estudiando. Quizá es que soy muy lento aprendiendo, pero creo que hay algo más que explica mi persistencia. La influencia omnipresente de la comunicación no verbal es evidente no solo en las interacciones cara a cara sino también en una amplia variedad de medios de comunicación como la televisión e Internet. Sin embargo, el hecho de que este tipo de comunicación se produzca de forma automática y sin ser conscientes, hace que tengamos poco conocimiento de cómo enviamos y recibimos los mensajes no verbales. La mayor parte de la literatura no especializada y de los manuales sobre comunicación no verbal se organizan siguiendo un enfoque basado en los canales, eso quiere decir que cada capítulo trata una conducta de forma aislada (la conducta espacial, las expresiones faciales, la conducta visual, el contacto corporal y así sucesivamente). Esta aproximación, a pesar de ser una forma práctica de organizar el material, no se corresponde con el funcionamiento del sistema no verbal, donde todos los componentes funcionan más bien de forma coordinada e integrada y donde el efecto global es mayor que la suma de las partes. En vez de una aproximación basada en los canales, este libro emplea un enfoque funcional que integra todos los elementos de la comunicación no verbal en un sistema que está al servicio de diversas funciones sociales. En otras palabras, la comunicación no verbal se entiende mejor como un sistema coordinado que favorece el logro de objetivos interpersonales y adaptativos.

La comunicación no verbal es un tema intrínsecamente interesante que me llamó la atención hace más de cuarenta y cinco años cuando iba a la universidad, y aún lo sigo estudiando. Quizá es que soy muy lento aprendiendo, pero creo que hay algo más que explica mi persistencia. La influencia omnipresente de la comunicación no verbal es evidente no solo en las interacciones cara a cara sino también en una amplia variedad de medios de comunicación como la televisión e Internet. Sin embargo, el hecho de que este tipo de comunicación se produzca de forma automática y sin ser conscientes, hace que tengamos poco conocimiento de cómo enviamos y recibimos los mensajes no verbales. La mayor parte de la literatura no especializada y de los manuales sobre comunicación no verbal se organizan siguiendo un enfoque basado en los canales, eso quiere decir que cada capítulo trata una conducta de forma aislada (la conducta espacial, las expresiones faciales, la conducta visual, el contacto corporal y así sucesivamente). Esta aproximación, a pesar de ser una forma práctica de organizar el material, no se corresponde con el funcionamiento del sistema no verbal, donde todos los componentes funcionan más bien de forma coordinada e integrada y donde el efecto global es mayor que la suma de las partes. En vez de una aproximación basada en los canales, este libro emplea un enfoque funcional que integra todos los elementos de la comunicación no verbal en un sistema que está al servicio de diversas funciones sociales. En otras palabras, la comunicación no verbal se entiende mejor como un sistema coordinado que favorece el logro de objetivos interpersonales y adaptativos.

La comunicación no verbal es un tema intrínsecamente interesante que me llamó la atención hace más de cuarenta y cinco años cuando iba a la universidad, y aún lo sigo estudiando. Quizá es que soy muy lento aprendiendo, pero creo que hay algo más que explica mi persistencia. La influencia omnipresente de la comunicación no verbal es evidente no solo en las interacciones cara a cara sino también en una amplia variedad de medios de comunicación como la televisión e Internet. Sin embargo, el hecho de que este tipo de comunicación se produzca de forma automática y sin ser conscientes, hace que tengamos poco conocimiento de cómo enviamos y recibimos los mensajes no verbales. La mayor parte de la literatura no especializada y de los manuales sobre comunicación no verbal se organizan siguiendo un enfoque basado en los canales, eso quiere decir que cada capítulo trata una conducta de forma aislada (la conducta espacial, las expresiones faciales, la conducta visual, el contacto corporal y así sucesivamente). Esta aproximación, a pesar de ser una forma práctica de organizar el material, no se corresponde con el funcionamiento del sistema no verbal, donde todos los componentes funcionan más bien de forma coordinada e integrada y donde el efecto global es mayor que la suma de las partes. En vez de una aproximación basada en los canales, este libro emplea un enfoque funcional que integra todos los elementos de la comunicación no verbal en un sistema que está al servicio de diversas funciones sociales. En otras palabras, la comunicación no verbal se entiende mejor como un sistema coordinado que favorece el logro de objetivos interpersonales y adaptativos.

The radial collapse of an axisymmetric shell necessarily generates a velocity gradient through the thickness of the shell. The existence of this gradient is ignored in the previous analytical treatment of the jet formation from such shells. The effect of this convergence velocity gradient on the partition of mass and velocity in jets from the explosively driven collapse of conical, metallic shells is discussed. Keywords: Shaped charge theory; Jet formation Theory; Convergence effects; Jet characteristics.

This regulation states the policies and procedures to be followed by all elements of the Corps of Engineers performing Civil Works functions with regard to the construction of projects which require local cooperation. It is applicable to all Division and District offices engaged in construction of Civil Works projects., Rescinds EM-1150-2-301, dated 28 Nov 1958.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the feasibility of a new concept to accelerate projectiles to hypervelocities. The concept uses an explosive lining inside a launch tube as a reservoir of high pressure gas that is released by the passage of a projectile. The gas forms a stationary reservoir that maintains a relatively constant base pressure on the projectile through a small amount of gas that travels with the projectile. The research has been successful in developing new methods and techniques of applying an explosive lining to the inside of thick--walled tubes, measuring the velocity of projectiles, measuring the internal pressure-time characteristics and obtaining higher velocities from lined tubes than from unlined tubes. The theoretical and experimental studies indicate that the lined-tube concept is not subject to the velocity limitations of the present light gas guns. The limiting factor for the W lined-tube is the ignition and reaction rate of the explosive lining. Extensive study has been put into thin film explosives. Tests were developed to determine burning rates, ignition and friction characteristics, and propellant sensitivities.

BUREAU OF REClAMATION DENV RY 1111111 7/4 BASIC REPRINT WITH CHANGE 1 INCLUDED. 9 03741b /4~ • ll ~ Gf'l --- - · .. -- -- EM 1110·-345-310 a_ I ENGMC-ER 1/10 --:Jqt''=J/f). DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Office of the Chief of Engineers Washington, D. C. 20315 Manual No. 1110-345-310 19 May 1967 1qi7 e,_ l ENGINEERING AND DESIGN Foundations Subject to Vibratory Loads 1. Purpose and Scope. This manual provides interim engineering instructions for the design of foundations of structures subjected to vibratory or impulse loads, such as target-tracking radar antennas and space-vehicle launch facilities. This manual will be used by all elements of the Corps of Engineers responsible for the design of mili-tary structures. 2. Reference.s. a: TM 5-818-1 (EM 1110-345-147). b. Other references are listed in the bibliography and are re-ferred to by numerals in the text. · 3. General. Transient forces attendant upon rapid movement of large masses impose a requirement on foundation designers that is not present in the design of essentially statically loaded structures. Such forces can produce cumulative effects at frequencies near resonance, which can result in displacements larger than those which would be. created by static loads of the same force level. This phenomenon makes it neccessary that a designer be able to estimate the total amplitude of oscillation of the structure and foundation so that dis­placements will not be greater than those which can be tolerated when motion occurs at or riear resonant frequencies, the most critical con­dition. The analytical expressions and related information herein will permit designers to estimate the frequencies at.which foundations may be expected to resonate and the displacements of.the foundations which might be expected to result from applied forces at or near resonance. Three primary or fundamental mod.es of motion are treated: vertical EM 1110-345-310 1

L SIB.I.~ I 4441ill~k.✓~2 l!-Y • ENGINEER MANUAL EM 1110-2~1302 1 NOVEMBER 1967 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN COST ESTIMATES GOVERNMENT ESTIMATE • OF FAIR AND REASONABLE COST TO CONTRACTOR '• TA ti I 145 .U6 1 EM r 1110-2-1302 1 1967 • HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS Ll~RARr OCT 191983 Burtau of Reclamation ""' .,,, ' r.l\ • • • • • .. • rtt illt 116 t:.r. \,, v .. ~}6z, I. It V /;, 7 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Office of the Chief of Engineers Washington, D.C. 20315 EM 1110-2-1302 I q 'tNGCW-EZ e,._ l Engineer Manual 1 November 1967 No. 1110-2-1302 Paragraph 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN COST ESTIMATES: GOVERNMENT ESTIMATES OF FAIR AND REASONABLE COST TO CONTRACTOR TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE AND SCOPE ---------------·-··-------------------------- GENERAL ________________ .. _ . __________ _______________________ _ AUTHORITY FOR ESTIMATE _________ . --- ---- ------------------------ DIREGTIVES ______________________ -- ____ ------------------------ ---- BASIS FOR PREPARATION OF ESTIMATE. ·---------------------­COMPOSITION OF THE ESTIMATE------------------------------- PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS .. ... ___ _ ______ _ PLANT ____________________ ----------------· _______________________ _ Page 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 LABOR __________________________ ----------------------------- --- 11 10 MATERIALS INCORPORATED IN THE WORK ___________ ________ 12 11 SUPPLIES REQUIRED FOR PERFORMANCE OF WORK _______ ____ 13 12 ESTIMATING CONTRACT BID ITEMS __ 13 13 DISTRIBUTED COSTS ________ -------------------------- ----- - ------------ 17 14 FORMS __________ -----·----------------- ------- ----------------- -- 18 15 SAMPLE DRAWINGS AND CHARTS _____________ ___ ___ .____________ 20 TAGO l0OUA APPENDIX I PLATES AND FIGURES APPENDIX II PLANT PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION COST DATA APPENDIX III OUTLINE FOR REPORTS OF SITE INVESTIGATIONS • i, • * • , I THIS CONSTITUTES CHANGE i T(l EM 1110-2-1302, l NOV 67 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DAEN-CWE-B Engineer Manual

Vergunst, F., Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D., Zheng, Y., Galéra, C., Park, J., ... & van Koppen, P. J. (2019). Inattention in boys from low-income backgrounds predicts welfare receipt: a 30-year prospective study. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2019a9

Denault, V., Plusquellec, P., Jupe, L. M., St-Yves, M., Dunbar, N. E., Hartwig, M., ... van Koppen, P. J. (2020). L’analyse de la communication non verbale: Les dangers de la pseudoscience en contextes de sécurité et de justice. Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique et Scientifique, 73(1), 15-44. Please note: This item is in the French language

Papers, Symposia, Addresses, Reports: Report of the Secretary; Report of the Treasurer; Report of the Librarian; Report of the Committee on Conservation of Wild Life; Report of the Committee on an Ecological Survey; President's Address: Producer, Distributor, Consumer; Earth Genesis; Public Health Problems; Infant Mortality as a Public Health Problem; The Prevention of Disease; Rural Sanitation; Relation of Public Water Supplies and Sewerage to Public Health; Cancer as a Public Health Problem; Safeguarding the Food and Water Supply-A Function of the State; Wireless Transmission of Messages in the Olden Time; The Purpose of Science Teaching at a University; Plant Ecology and its Relation to Agriculture; Contribution of the College to High School Science Teaching; The Content of a General Science Course; Collecting Snails in the Southwest; The Chestnut in Illinois; Dwarf Shore Floras; The Primrose Rocks of Illinois; Porto Rican Fungi, Old and New; The Occurrence of Alternaria in a Characteristic Apple Spot, and an Apple Rot Caused by Gliocladium Viride; Phyllachora as the Cause of a Disease of Corn, and a General Consideration of the Genus Phyllachora; Some New Porto Rican Fungi; Notes on Cephaleuros Virescens; The Thebes Sandstone and Orchard Creek Shale and their Faunas in Illinois; The Climatic History of Alaska from a New Viewpoint; The Physical History of the Upper Mississippi Valley during the Late Paleozoic (abstract); Visible Color Effects in a Positive Ray Tube Containing Helium (abstract); A Simple Demonstration Tube for Exhibiting the Mercury Hammer, Glow by Mercury Friction, and the Vaporization of Mercury at Reduced Pressures (abstract); An Improved Form of High Vacuum High Speed Mercury Vapor Air Pump (abstract); The Rate of Combustion of Some Illinois Coals; Indoor Humidity; Selection, Regression, and Parent-Progeny Correlation in Aphis Avenae Fab; Amphibians and Reptiles of the Charleston Region; Crane Town Destroyed; The Effect of Starvation