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La misère morale et matérielle, la souffrance et le maintien dans des conditions humiliantes des réfugiés palestiniens, parqués dans des camps depuis 62 ans, sont intolérables pour la conscience universelle. Victimes de la guerre arabo-israélienne, les 650 000 réfugiés de 1949 sont devenus, en 2011, 4 800 000. Comment se fait-il que le Haut Commissariat aux Réfugiés de l’ONU, qui s’efforce partout de faire disparaître les populations de réfugiés par leur intégration dans les pays d’accueil, ait pu laisser cette situation dégénérer de la sorte ? Plusieurs facteurs expliquent cette tragédie humaine. Le principal relève d’un manquement de l’ONU, qui, par une anomalie juridique et discriminatoire, a créé une agence spécifique pour traiter le problème : l’UNRWA, unique par son statut, avait pour mission de porter assistance aux réfugiés palestiniens dans les domaines de la santé, de l’éducation et des services sociaux. Or, force est de constater que cette agence – qui accorde aux réfugiés palestiniens un statut différent de celui de tous les autres réfugiés du monde – constitue l’une des principales causes de privation des droits les plus élémentaires pour les Palestiniens : droit au travail, à la nationalité, à la propriété et à l’éducation. À son détriment, le peuple palestinien se retrouve ainsi manipulé, et comme pris en otage de la diplomatie internationale.

Head movement during scanning impedes activation detection in fMRI studies. Head motion in fMRI acquired using slice-based Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) can be estimated and compensated by aligning the images onto a reference volume through image registration. However, registering EPI images volume to volume fails to consider head motion between slices, which may lead to severely biased head motion estimates. Slice-to-volume registration can be used to estimate motion parameters for each slice by more accurately representing the image acquisition sequence. However, accurate slice to volume mapping is dependent on the information content of the slices: middle slices are information rich, while edge slides are information poor and more prone to distortion. In this work, we propose a Gaussian particle filter based head motion tracking algorithm to reduce the image misregistration errors. The algorithm uses a dynamic state space model of head motion with an observation equation that models continuous slice acquisition of the scanner. Under this model the particle filter provides more accurate motion estimates and voxel position estimates. We demonstrate significant performance improvement of the proposed approach as compared to registration-only methods of head motion estimation and brain activation detection., Comment: This paper has been submitted to Transaction on Medical Imaging

Imaging biomarkers capable of early quantification of tumor response to therapy would provide an opportunity to individualize patient care. Image registration of longitudinal scans provides a method of detecting treatment associated changes within heterogeneous tumors by monitoring alterations in the quantitative value of individual voxels over time, which is unattainable by traditional volumetric-based histogram methods. The concepts involved in the use of image registration for tracking and quantifying breast cancer treatment response using parametric response mapping (PRM), a voxel-based analysis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) scans, are presented. Application of PRM to breast tumor response detection is described, wherein robust registration solutions for tracking small changes in water diffusivity in breast tumors during therapy are required. Methodologies that employ simulations are presented for measuring expected statistical accuracy of PRM for response assessment. Test-retest clinical scans are used to yield estimates of system noise to indicate significant changes in voxel-based changes in water diffusivity. Overall, registration-based PRM image analysis provides significant opportunities for voxel-based image analysis to provide the required accuracy for early assessment of response to treatment in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

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vol. 63 no. 30, Miss Bandy (p.1) -- Student government, class presidents, Betty Anne Owsley, Ned Hill, Bob Williams, Rocky Pegg, Al Fleming, Bud Stone (p.1) / Ledger photo -- Gail Russell (p.6) -- Gloria DeHaven (p.6)., Miss Bandy (p.1) -- Student government, class presidents, Betty Anne Owsley, Ned Hill, Bob Williams, Rocky Pegg, Al Fleming, Bud Stone (p.1) / Ledger photo -- Gail Russell (p.6) -- Gloria DeHaven (p.6)., Area missing from pages 1 and 2., Area missing from pages 1 and 2., 1-6

vol. 63 no. 16, Ludd M. Spivey (p.1) -- Clergymen's children, Mary E. Holladay, Shirley Montgomery, Florence Harrison Morgan, Lawrence Denslow, Nancy Pickens (p.1)., Ludd M. Spivey (p.1) -- Clergymen's children, Mary E. Holladay, Shirley Montgomery, Florence Harrison Morgan, Lawrence Denslow, Nancy Pickens (p.1)., 1-6

vol.63 no. 27, Secretary of Labor, Maurice J. Tobin (p.3)., Secretary of Labor, Maurice J. Tobin (p.3).

vol. 63 no. 24, Joan Caufield (p.4) -- Betsy Drake (p.4)., Joan Caufield (p.4) -- Betsy Drake (p.4).

vol. 63 no. 7, Paul Hachigan, representative of the IFC, is shown handing Mrs. Olive Hardin a check for $25 (p.1) / Photo by Green., Paul Hachigan, representative of the IFC, is shown handing Mrs. Olive Hardin a check for $25 (p.1) / Photo by Green.

vol. 63 no. 18, Frank Lloyd Wright (p.1) -- President Ludd M. Spivey (p.1) -- Dr. Spivey crowns Janie Cameron Miss Southern (p.1) / Ledger photo -- President Spivey (p.3) -- Orchestra progressing according to Griffiths (p.5) -- Banquet scene in Everyman (p.8)., Frank Lloyd Wright (p.1) -- President Ludd M. Spivey (p.1) -- Dr. Spivey crowns Janie Cameron Miss Southern (p.1) / Ledger photo -- President Spivey (p.3) -- Orchestra progressing according to Griffiths (p.5) -- Banquet scene in Everyman (p.8)., 1-8

vol. 63 no. 3, Freshmen win tug of war (p.1) / Photo by Green -- Mohawks battle Theta Chi (p.5) / Photo by Green., Freshmen win tug of war (p.1) / Photo by Green -- Mohawks battle Theta Chi (p.5) / Photo by Green.

vol. 63 no. 5, Silver dollars jingle (p.1) / Courtesy Lakeland Ledger -- Dr. Hughes (p.1) -- Coach Couch (p.3) -- Pikes and TEP battle 0-0 (p.5) / Photo by Green., Silver dollars jingle (p.1) / Courtesy Lakeland Ledger -- Dr. Hughes (p.1) -- Coach Couch (p.3) -- Pikes and TEP battle 0-0 (p.5) / Photo by Green.

vol. 63 no. 14, Henry Busse (p.1) -- All Greek Dance (p.1) / Marjorie Whitney photo., Henry Busse (p.1) -- All Greek Dance (p.1) / Marjorie Whitney photo., 1-6

vol. 63 no. 23, Number 22 is printed on front page and 23 is hand written in blue ink., Number 22 is printed on front page and 23 is hand written in blue ink., 1-6

We have demonstrated a significant, directionally dependent, anisotropic, echogenicity from the cortices of two sheep kidneys and a normal human cadaver kidney. The anisotropy corresponds to the relationship of the sound field to the medullary rays and interlobular arteries. At 7.5 MHz, the backscatter from specimens of cortex of a sheep kidney was 4.7 +/- .7 dB (mean +/- SEM) greater in parts of the cortex where the field was perpendicular to these structures as opposed to where it was parallel to them. In addition, we measured the angular distribution of this anisotropy and compared it to the 5 dB inclusion angle of the 5 MHz linear array that was used in measurements on the whole kidney specimens. The transducer inclusion angle was 10[deg] +/- 2[deg], while the angular distribution was 34[deg] +/- 22[deg] and 23[deg] +/- 11[deg] (mean +/- SD) for the intact sheep and human kidney, respectively, demonstrating some variation of the medullary rays from perfect specular reflectors. This anisotropy should be visible in standard diagnostic scanning, and its recognition could increase ultrasound's sensitivity for the detection of renal disease.

An automated retrospective image registration based on mutual information is adapted to a multislice functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisition protocol to provide accurate motion correction. Motion correction is performed by mapping each slice to an anatomic volume data set acquired in the same fMRI session to accommodate inter-slice head motion. Accuracy of the registration parameters was assessed by registration of simulated MR data of the known truth. The widely used rigid body volume registration approach based on stacked slices from the time series data may hinder statistical accuracy by introducing inaccurate assumptions of no motion between slices for multislice fMRI data. Improved sensitivity and specificity of the fMRI signal from mapping-each-slice-to-volume method is demonstrated in comparison with a stacked-slice correction method by examining functional data from two normal volunteers. The data presented in a standard anatomical coordinate system suggest the reliability of the mapping-each-slice-to-volume method to detect the activation signals consistent between the two subjects. Magn Reson Med 41:964-972, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

An apparent increase in the ultrasound attenuation coefficient per unit frequency, [alpha]f, of fetal liver as a function of gestational age has been observed. Measurements were made in utero with a 25 megasample/sec RF digitizer and a real time ultrasound system with a 5 MHz scan head. A precise measurement of [alpha]f was employed in which the intercept was tied to 0 at a frequency of 0. In 178 examinations of normal pregnancies, the linear regression of the [alpha]f increased 26% between 26 and 40 weeks gestation. This statistically significant increase (p <0.0001) is consistent with several observations, those of Parker . of increased attenuation in liver when glycogen is added, the increasing glycogen storage in the liver before birth, and our own pre- and postnatal measurements reported elsewhere. A noninvasive assay for glycogen content would have important applications in medicine and biomedical science. However, an increase in measurement accuracy and precise correlation with glycogen content will be required to make meaningful predictions in individual cases, as opposed to the present statistical trends.

The backscattered rf signals from the lungs of fetal sheep during their last trimester of development were digitized and processed in an attempt to correlate ultrasonic parameters with measured functional parameters related to lung maturation. The broad-band, post-TGC, rf signal of a commercial B-mode ultrasonic scanner was digitized at a sampling rate of 25 MHz. Sorting excluded data from regions of rib shadowing and other nonlung structures from analysis. The sorted data were used to estimate the slope of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient with respect to frequency via linear regression on the average difference of the logarithm of power spectra from separated data segments. The power spectra were also corrected for attenuation, averaged and used to compute the power cepstrum of the backscattered signal which can be related to mean backscatterer radius. Results are presented for eight fetal sheep.

El presente artículo explora cómo la Web puede servir de recurso para el aprendizaje de la modalidad en inglés por futuros profesores de inglés para segunda lengua, inglés como lengua extranjera e inglés para fines específicos. La primera parte del artículo explica cómo textos procedentes de dos registros distintos y obtenidos de la Web pueden aplicarse a la enseñanza de la llamada modalidad epistémica (en concreto, los verbos modales como may y could para la expresión de probabilidad y certeza). La segunda parte del artículo se centra en el estudio de la modalidad deóntica utilizando el Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE) y lo ilustra analizando las expresiones should y might want to, utilizadas éstas por profesores e instructores para dar consejos a los estudiantes. Finalmente, el apartado de discusión valora la mayor efectividad de la enseñanza de la gramática basando ésta en ejemplos de uso real del idioma, a diferencia de los ejemplos inventados o descontextualizados que ofrecen las gramáticas clásicas.

*Introduction* Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English Part II was produced by Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) catalog number LDC2003S06 and ISBN 1-58563-272-4. Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English Part II is based on hundreds of recordings of natural speech from all over the United States, representing a wide variety of people of different regional origins, ages, occupations, and ethnic and social backgrounds. It reflects many ways that people use language in their lives: conversation, gossip, arguments, on-the-job talk, card games, city council meetings, sales pitches, classroom lectures, political speeches, bedtime stories, sermons, weddings, and more. The corpus was collected by: University of California, Santa Barbara Center for the Study of Discourse (Director: John W. Du Bois (UCSB), Associate Editors: Wallace L. Chafe (UCSB), Charles Meyer (UMass, Boston), and Sandra A. Thompson (UCSB)). Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English Part II is also part of the International Corpus of English (ICE) (Charles W. Meyer, Director), representing the American Component. For software and additional data resources, please refer to the following sites: TalkBank, International Corpus of English. Part I of the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English is also available as LDC2000S85. *Data* The audio data consists of 16 wave format speech files, recorded in two-channel pcm, at 22,050Hz. The speech files total ~six hours of audio (1.8GB), representing over 47K-words and over 5K unique words in transcription. Each speech file is accompanied by two transcripts in which intonation units are time stamped with respect to the audio recording. The two types of transcripts are defined by the file extension: .trn and .ca. The text and coding content of specific transcripts are identical. However, the transcripts with the ".ca" extension are transcripts in the CHAT format for conversational analysis, formatted for use with the CLAN software, available f

*Introduction* The Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English is based on hundreds of recordings of natural speech from all over the United States, representing a wide variety of people of different regional origins, ages, occupations, and ethnic and social backgrounds. It reflects many ways that people use language in their lives: conversation, gossip, arguments, on-the-job talk, card games, city council meetings, sales pitches, classroom lectures, political speeches, bedtime stories, sermons, weddings, and more. *Data* The three CD-ROM volumes in Part I contain 14 speech files of between 15-30 minutes each, from the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English. Collected by: University of California, Santa Barbara Center for the Study of Discourse, Director John W. Du Bois (UCSB), Associate Editors: Wallace L. Chafe (UCSB), Charlese Meyer (UMass, Boston), and Sandra A. Thompson (UCSB). The Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English is part of the International Corpus of English (Charles W. Meyer, Director), representing the American Component. Each speech file is accompanied by a transcript in which phrases are time stamped with respect to the audio recording. Personal names, place names, phone numbers, etc., in the transcripts have been altered to preserve the anonymity of the speakers and their acquaintances and the audio files have been filtered to make these portions of the recordings unrecognizable. For the latest information on this corpus, please refer to the following sites devoted to it: http:// http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/research/sbcorpus.html http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/Projects/SBCSAE *Samples* For an example of the data in this corpus, please examine these samples of the recordings and transcripts: * Speech(large) * Transcripts *Updates* There are no updates at this time.

This paper describes a means of implementing a modified Hughson- Westlake procedure in automated audiometry using a small audiometric computer and a tone-counting technique. The detailed description of the audiometric computer includes its operation manual, programmed flow chart, and circuit schematics.

This thesis is an examination of Japan's response to the oil crisis of 1973. Intermediate measures to cope with rising prices and restrictions on supplies of oil and petroleum products were marginally effective, but inadequate as bases for long term policies. It will be shown that Japan has available to it five major areas of alternative petroleum sources. The conclusion emerges that no other area except the Middle East has sufficient available supplies to meet Japan's needs. The next section undertakes an estimate of alternate sources of energy which might become available to Japan as oil substitutes. Again, the conclusion is inescapable that Japan will remain dependent on Mideast supplies for the foreseeable future and will therefore be constrained to make such modifications and improvements in economic and diplomatic procedures as to obtain maximum benefit at least cost to meet her economic and security needs. (Author)

A cubic spline estimator of baseline variation and concepts of state-space can be combined to remove the baseline variation often encountered in stress electrocardiography. Since only one node, or knot, per cardiac cycle (THE PR segment) is defined, baseline variation is removed with minimal effect on the low-frequency information within the cardiac cycle. The frequency response of the baseline estimator is a function of the heart rate. (Author)

The patent relates to a hearing threshold level measuring apparatus for automatically determining testing hearing level in each ear and processing the test scores for either manual or automatic readout. A predetermined number of tone bursts varied randomly from one to four in each test sequence and automatically decreased in level. The subject is provided with a response panel containing pushbuttons labelled one through four. The subject's hearing threshold is then determined from his pushbutton responses to his correct burst tone counts., Supersedes AD-D000 819.

Bibliography: p. 148-149, Offprint: Language & communication 2(2):137-149, 1982

Contient une table des matières, Avec mode texte, Biographie

Contient une table des matières, Avec mode texte

A common type of digital communication system is binary frequency shift keying (FSK) whereby every T seconds the transmitter sends a pulse of one of two frequencies. The receiver makes a decision (every T seconds) as to which frequency was transmitted. A sub-optimum receiver for this case obtains estimates of the two noise waveforms by passing received signals through filters centered at the sending frequencies and then crosscorrelates these estimates with the received waveform. Two slightly different versions of this cross-correlator were considered, and the probability of error for each case was calculated. The results seem to agree with previous experimental work by Cossette and Wolf.

A brief description of the MH-1A floating nuclear power plant is given followed by the safety system set points and operating limits of the reactor. The design bases, from which the limits were developed, are given. A parametric analysis is made of the thermal-hydraulic capabilities of the MH-1A Type I core during steady-state operation. This includes calculation of peak centerline fuel temperatures at various powers, the maximum linear heat rate, DNBR, and maximum hot channel enthalpy rise. Also included are analyses of transient conditions accompanying such accidents as power range rod withdrawal and main steam pipe rupture. (Author)

A major concern in the siting of a nuclear power plant is the effect of released radioactivity in the case of a design accident. Such a situation implies release of all fission products from the fuel matrix, and further leakage of those highly radioactive products from the vapor container along with the associated high-pressure steam. Once in the atmosphere, the fission products can be spread by the prevailing wind, and in this way, are likely to be inhaled by nearby inhabitants. Of the many products of nuclear fission, iodine, because of its concentration by the thyroid after ingestion into the body, represents the greatest biological hazard. A computer code, ERGDOSSE (Engineer Reactors Group DOSE Calculation) was written specifically to calculate the resultant ingested dose due to five isotopes of iodine at any time after the initiation of a design basis accident, and at any distance from the site of that accident. (Author)

This report concerns advances and developments in quality control activities and techniques in a photographic laboratory, and discusses the purposes, procedures, experiments, methods and results of an integrated quality control system in the reproduction of aerial photography. It describes studies in the critical areas of inspection of photographic material, exposure-development guidance, rapid gamma determination and chemical analysis of processing solutions, made in order to establish suitable controls. A review of quality control activities in these limited areas of study illustrates the wide scope of photographic quality control made possible through standardization. The advantages of a complete system of control are indicated by the significant advances described. (Author)

Trans. of Seppyo 3:225-236, 1941 by Charles A. Meyer and Company.

A receiver structure model consisting of a filter followed by a squarer and integrator is examined. The signal and noise are both considered to be sample functions of a white gaussian process. The RC low-pass filter equivalent of an RLC filter is used in this analysis. The covariance function of this filter, when used as the kernel of the Wiener-Hopf integral equation, is used to derive the eigenvalues of the filter. An expression for the error probability of the receiver model in terms of these eigenvalues is given. The computation of this error probability, performed on the CDC 1604 digital computer, used approximately 1500 eigenvalues. This probability of error is computed for low values of the BT product, where B is the filter bandwidth and T the duration of the interval of observation A curve is presented, showing computed probabilities of error as a function of the signal-to-noise power ratio with a value of 0.159 for the parameter BT. A comparison is made with the previously used chi-squared approximation, and it is pointed out that the number of degrees of freedom used in the latter should not be the commonly accepted value of 2BT.

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This article describes methods and issues that are specific to the assessment of change in tumor characteristics as measured using quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) techniques and how this relates to the establishment of quantitative MR imaging (MRI) biomarkers of patient response to therapy. The initial focus is on the various sources of bias and variance in themeasurement of microvascular parameters and diffusion parameters as such parameters are being used relatively commonly as secondary or exploratory end points in current phase 1/2 clinical trails of conventional and targeted therapies. Several ongoing initiatives that seek to identify the magnitude of some of the sources of measurement variations are then discussed. Finally, resources being made available through the National Cancer Institute Reference Image Database to Evaluate Response (RIDER) project that might be of use in investigations of quantitative MRI biomarker change analysis are described. These resources include 1) data from phantom-based assessment of system response, including short-term (1 hour) and moderate-term (1 week) contrast response and relaxation time measurement, 2) data obtained from repeated dynamic contrast agent-enhanced MRI studies in intracranial tumors, and 3) data obtained from repeated diffusion MRI studies in both breast and brain. A concluding section briefly discusses issues that must be addressed to allow the transition of MR-based imaging biomarker measures from their current role as secondary/exploratory end points in clinical trials to primary/surrogate markers of response and, ultimately, in clinical application. Copyright © 2009 Neoplasia Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This article describes issues and methods that are specific to the measurement of change in tumor volume as measured from computed tomographic (CT) images and how these would relate to the establishment of CT tumor volumetrics as a biomarker of patient response to therapy. The primary focus is on the measurement of lung tumors, but the approach should be generalizable to other anatomic regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The first issues addressed are the various sources of bias and variance in the measurement of tumor volumes, which are discussed in the context of measurement variation and its impact on the early detection of response to therapy. RESULTS AND RESOURCES: Research that seeks to identify the magnitude of some of these sources of error is ongoing, and several of these efforts are described herein. In addition, several resources for these investigations are being made available through the National Institutes of Health-funded Reference Image Database to Evaluate Response to therapy in cancer project, and these are described as well. Other measures derived from CT image data that might be predictive of patient response are described briefly, as well as the additional issues that each of these metrics may encounter in real-life applications. CONCLUSIONS: The article concludes with a brief discussion of moving from the assessment of measurement variation to the steps necessary to establish the efficacy of a metric as a biomarker for response. Copyright © 2009 Neoplasia Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

RATIONALE: Early detection of tumor response to therapy is a key goal. Finding measurement algorithms capable of early detection of tumor response could individualize therapy treatment as well as reduce the cost of bringing new drugs to market. On an individual basis, the urgency arises from the desire to prevent continued treatment of the patient with a high-cost and/or high-risk regimen with no demonstrated individual benefit and rapidly switch the patient to an alternative efficacious therapy for that patient. In the context of bringing new drugs to market, such algorithms could demonstrate efficacy in much smaller populations, which would allow phase 3 trials to achieve statistically significant decisions with fewer subjects in shorter trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This consensus-based article describes multiple, imagemodality- independentmeans to assess the relative performance of algorithms for measuring tumor change in response to therapy. In this setting, we describe specifically the example of measurement of tumor volume change from anatomic imaging as well as provide an overview of other promising generic analytic methods that can be used to assess change in heterogeneous tumors. To support assessment of the relative performance of algorithms for measuring small tumor change, data sources of truth are required. RESULTS: Very short interval clinical imaging examinations and phantom scans provide known truth for comparative evaluation of algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: For a given category ofmeasurementmethods, the algorithmthat has the smallest measurement noise and least bias on average will perform best in early detection of true tumor change. Copyright © 2009 Neoplasia Press, Inc. All rights reserved.