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Postpartum depression (PPD) is a psychiatric disorder that defined as a subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD) which may result from reproductive hormone fluctuations subsequent to childbirth. Approximately 10-15% of women experience postpartum depression (PPD) after baby delivery. It is hypothesized that the depression symptoms may be attenuated with omega-3 fatty acids. In order to examine this hypothesis, ovariectomized female rats underwent hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP) regimen and received progesterone and estradiol benzoate or vehicle for 23 days, mimicking the actual rat’s pregnancy. Forced feeding of menhaden fish oil (rich in omega-3) with three doses of 1, 3 and 9 g/kg/d, fluoxetine (an antidepressant drug) 15mg/kg/d and distilled water 2ml/d per rat started in six experimental groups on postpartum day 1 and continued for 15 consecutive days. On postpartum day 2, 8 and 15 all groups were tested in the forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT). The seventh experimental group (normal control), which had not experienced neither ovariectomy nor injection, received only distilled water 2ml/d through oral gavage for 15 consecutive days and underwent the same behavioral tests as well. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation on postpartum day 15 following exposure to behavioral tests and blood and brain samples were collected. Plasma samples were utilized to assay levels of corticosterone and pro-inflammatory cytokines using ELISA and Procarta immunossay technique respectively. The corticosterone levels of hippocampus were measured by ELISA as well. Significant differences between groups were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test when appropriate P<0.05 was considered significant. The results showed that following 15 consecutive days’ treatment with three different doses of menhaden fish oil, the immobility time of animals seen in FST was reduced compared to negative contr

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a psychiatric disorder that defined as a subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD) which may result from reproductive hormone fluctuations subsequent to childbirth. Approximately 10-15% of women experience postpartum depression (PPD) after baby delivery. It is hypothesized that the depression symptoms may be attenuated with omega-3 fatty acids. In order to examine this hypothesis, ovariectomized female rats underwent hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP) regimen and received progesterone and estradiol benzoate or vehicle for 23 days, mimicking the actual rat’s pregnancy. Forced feeding of menhaden fish oil (rich in omega-3) with three doses of 1, 3 and 9 g/kg/d, fluoxetine (an antidepressant drug) 15mg/kg/d and distilled water 2ml/d per rat started in six experimental groups on postpartum day 1 and continued for 15 consecutive days. On postpartum day 2, 8 and 15 all groups were tested in the forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT). The seventh experimental group (normal control), which had not experienced neither ovariectomy nor injection, received only distilled water 2ml/d through oral gavage for 15 consecutive days and underwent the same behavioral tests as well. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation on postpartum day 15 following exposure to behavioral tests and blood and brain samples were collected. Plasma samples were utilized to assay levels of corticosterone and pro-inflammatory cytokines using ELISA and Procarta immunossay technique respectively. The corticosterone levels of hippocampus were measured by ELISA as well. Significant differences between groups were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test when appropriate P<0.05 was considered significant. The results showed that following 15 consecutive days’ treatment with three different doses of menhaden fish oil, the immobility time of animals seen in FST was reduced compared to negative contr

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a psychiatric disorder that defined as a subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD) which may result from reproductive hormone fluctuations subsequent to childbirth. Approximately 10-15% of women experience postpartum depression (PPD) after baby delivery. It is hypothesized that the depression symptoms may be attenuated with omega-3 fatty acids. In order to examine this hypothesis, ovariectomized female rats underwent hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP) regimen and received progesterone and estradiol benzoate or vehicle for 23 days, mimicking the actual rat’s pregnancy. Forced feeding of menhaden fish oil (rich in omega-3) with three doses of 1, 3 and 9 g/kg/d, fluoxetine (an antidepressant drug) 15mg/kg/d and distilled water 2ml/d per rat started in six experimental groups on postpartum day 1 and continued for 15 consecutive days. On postpartum day 2, 8 and 15 all groups were tested in the forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT). The seventh experimental group (normal control), which had not experienced neither ovariectomy nor injection, received only distilled water 2ml/d through oral gavage for 15 consecutive days and underwent the same behavioral tests as well. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation on postpartum day 15 following exposure to behavioral tests and blood and brain samples were collected. Plasma samples were utilized to assay levels of corticosterone and pro-inflammatory cytokines using ELISA and Procarta immunossay technique respectively. The corticosterone levels of hippocampus were measured by ELISA as well. Significant differences between groups were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test when appropriate P<0.05 was considered significant. The results showed that following 15 consecutive days’ treatment with three different doses of menhaden fish oil, the immobility time of animals seen in FST was reduced compared to negative contr

Preventing oxidative deterioration of fish oil is a significant challenge for the food industry. Natural antioxidants are widely incorporated into foods and oils to prevent oxidation and extend shelf life. The goal of the study is to investigate the activity of novel antioxidants in menhaden oil and to develop optimum formulations containing mixed tocopherols to control oxidation of menhaden oil. Alpha tocopherol, gamma tocopherol, and delta tocopherol in menhaden oil were found at 0.18mg/g, 0.37mg/g, and 0.14mg/g, respectively, using HPLC analysis. Teng Cha extract effectively delayed oxidation of menhaden oil (MO) when stored at 40°C for eight days by measuring primary oxidation products and secondary oxidation products. The combinations of Teng Cha extract and rosemary extract and combinations of ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, Teng Cha extract and rosemary extract more effectively improved stability of MO containing mixed tocopherols than Teng Cha extract alone at 40°C storage for eight days by measuring primary oxidation products and secondary oxidation products. From this study, Teng Cha extract can be used as a potential natural antioxidant in food industry, especially in combinations with rosemary extract and tocopherols, extending shelf life of menhaden oil.

The general objective of this project was to examine some of the lipid dependent processes that influence breast cancer development, so that more effective strategies can be applied to the prevention and control of this disease. Previous studies have indicated that low fat diets, and those containing large amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) e.g. menhaden oil, do not enhance breast cancer development in rodents as effectively as those containing large amounts of omega-6 PUFA e.g. corn oil. This project sought both to evaluate whether diets containing various blends of omega-3/ omega-6 PUPA at several intermediate ratios could effectively delay tumor development, and to determine whether these dietary tumor effects were at all correlated with alterations in insulin like growth factor (IGF) metabolism. Our results, have indicated that several of the blended diets containing moderately high omega-3 content were effective in delaying tumor development, but there appeared to be no direct statistically significant correlation between those differences and the circulating levels of IGP-1 as measured by radioimmunoassay, or tumor messenger RNA levels for IGP-1, IGF-2, IGF-1 receptor, or IGP-2 receptor as measured by ribonuclease protection assay.