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Resistance-based blood flow restriction training (BFRT) improves skeletal muscle strength and size. Unlike heavy-load resistance training (HLRT), there is debate as to whether strength adaptations following BFRT interventions can be primarily attributed to concurrent muscle hypertrophy, as the magnitude of hypertrophy is often minor. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 7 weeks of BFRT and HLRT on muscle strength and hypertrophy. The expression of protein growth markers from muscle biopsy samples was also measured. Male participants were allocated to moderately heavy-load training (HL; n = 9), low-load BFRT (LL + BFR; n = 8), or a control (CON; n = 9) group to control for the effect of time. HL and LL + BFR completed 21 training sessions (3 d.week-1) comprising bilateral knee extension and knee flexion exercises (HL = 70% one-repetition maximum (1-RM), LL + BFR = 20% 1-RM + blood flow restriction). Bilateral knee extension and flexion 1-RM strength were assessed, and leg muscle CSA was measured via peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Protein growth markers were measured in vastus lateralis biopsy samples taken pre- and post the first and last training sessions. Biopsy samples were also taken from CON at the same time intervals as HL and LL + BFR. Knee extension 1-RM strength increased in HL (19%) and LL + BFR (19%) but not CON (2%; p < 0.05). Knee flexion 1-RM strength increased similarly between all groups, as did muscle CSA (50% femur length; HL = 2.2%, LL + BFR = 3.0%, CON = 2.1%; TIME main effects). 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) phosphorylation was lower in HL and LL + BFR immediately post-exercise compared with CON in both sessions (p < 0.05). Expression of other growth markers was simila

The experience of traffic demand management policy in many cities shows that a single policy instrument has limited effect and may have side effects on other contemporaneous policies; therefore, formulating a policy mix is a more effective way to solve urban traffic problems. However, the bulk of previous literature has focused on the impact of single policy instruments, neglecting the growing interest in understanding the role played by the different combinations of policy instruments. Therefore, using a 6*3 matrix typology, this paper provides an empirical impact analysis of selected policy mixes in inducing sustainable travel behavior and reducing private car use. This study also designs orthogonal experiments and adopts stated preference questionnaires to analyze the main effects and full combined effects of packages of policy instruments through multinomial logit models. The results show that the effect of a policy mix is often not better than that of a single policy and demonstrate the need for careful systemic design. A balanced-designed policy mix can facilitate public transportation and help reduce traffic gridlock using a balanced combination of push, pull and systemic TDM policy instruments.

This special issue was inspired by the challenges faced by sport managers in our global community in the face of the economic downturn. During the calls for the special issue, society faced one of its most unprecedented challenges, COVID-19. This provide significant shock waves to the daily rituals in sport and society. The manuscripts in this special issue provide an insight into sport management during this period. The research presented is both rich and diverse and we believe provides readers and the global sport management community with important contributions for reflection and learning from a policy, management and practical level.

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Queensland College of Art, Arts, Education and Law, A mirror allows us to see the impossible, both in the immediacy of the everyday and the conceptual discourse surrounding art and experience. The simplest expression of this impossibility is perhaps that with a mirror we can see ourselves and what is behind us, beyond our direct looking, all at once. More profoundly, the mirror is at the conceptual centre of the history of Western art and the paradoxes of representation. In the medium and discipline of photography, it has been particularly active in both its prosaic and symbolic roles. In eighteenth-century Britain, a particular type of compact mirror was used by artists and tourists to view and imaginatively shape the landscape into picturesque talking points: the Claude glass. This was such a popular activity that guidebooks advised of sites where the best views of outstanding landscapes were to be seen with the aid of the glass. While the Claude glass is routinely cited in tracing the prehistory of photography and widely referred to in art history, landscape theory, colonial studies, literature studies, and more, it has had limited serious consideration and is generally understood as an obsolete optical tool. This research argues that there is more to be learnt from the Claude glass. The way of seeing and shaping landscape enabled by the device has numerous contemporary parallels, including its instant picture-making ability and the use of optical technology to manipulate the appearance of landscape to conform with the fashions of the day. This project argues that a re-evaluation and expanded understanding of the Claude glass is useful in comprehending current trends in photography and its technology that allows users to filter their view and share their algorithmically coded pictures. These trends are also better understood through the embodied model of the Claude glass rather than the disembodied camera obscura. To this end, the creative output of my doctorial research investigates the photographic object throug

© The Author(s) 2020. Objectives: To identify exercise tests that are suitable for home-based or remote administration in people with chronic lung disease. Methods: Rapid review of studies that reported home-based or remote administration of an exercise test in people with chronic lung disease, and studies reporting their clinimetric (measurement) properties. Results: 84 studies were included. Tests used at home were the 6-minute walk test (6MWT, two studies), sit-to-stand tests (STS, five studies), Timed Up and Go (TUG, 4 studies) and step tests (two studies). Exercise tests administered remotely were the 6MWT (two studies) and step test (one study). Compared to centre-based testing the 6MWT distance was similar when performed outdoors but shorter when performed at home (two studies). The STS, TUG and step tests were feasible, reliable (intra-class correlation coefficients >0.80), valid (concurrent and known groups validity) and moderately responsive to pulmonary rehabilitation (medium effect sizes). These tests elicited less desaturation than the 6MWT, and validated methods to prescribe exercise were not reported. Discussion: The STS, step and TUG tests can be performed at home, but do not accurately document desaturation with walking or allow exercise prescription. Patients at risk of desaturation should be prioritised for centre-based exercise testing when this is available.

Purpose: No current guidelines or recommendations exist informing the selection of restriction pressure during blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE). Moreover, the effects of specific relative restriction pressures on the acute muscle, metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses to BFRE are unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize these acute responses at different levels of restriction pressure. Methods: Participants (n = 10) completed rhythmic isometric knee extension exercise across five experimental trials in a balanced randomized order. Three were BFRE trials {B-40 [restriction pressure set to 40% LOP (total limb occlusion pressure)]; B-60 (60% LOP); and B-80 (80% LOP)} with a workload equivalent to 20% maximal voluntary force (MVC), one was non-BFRE at 20% MVC (LL) and one was non-BFRE at 80% MVC (HL). Measurements recorded were torque, muscle activity via electromyography (EMG), tissue oxygenation via near infrared spectroscopy, whole body oxygen consumption, blood lactate and heart rate. Results: For the LL and B-40 trials, most measures remained constant. However, for the B-60 and B-80 trials, significant fatigue was demonstrated by a reduction in MVC torque across the trial (p < 0.05). Blood lactate increased from baseline in HL, B-60, and B-80 (p < 0.05). Submaximal EMG was greater in B-60 and B-80 than LL, but lower compared with HL (p < 0.05). Tissue oxygenation decreased in HL, B-40, B-60, and B-80 (p < 0.05), which was lower in the B-80 trial compared to all other trials (p < 0.01). Whole body oxygen consumption was not different between the BFRE trials (p > 0.05). Conclusion: We demonstrate graded/progressive acute responses with increasing applied pressure during BFRE, from which we speculate that an effective minimum “threshold” around 60% LOP may be necessary for BFRE to be effective with training. While these data provide some insight on the possible mechanisms by which BFRE develops skeletal muscle size a

Research Question: This qualitative research explores the impact of austerity on community sport facilities across England (United Kingdom), drawing upon resource dependence theory (RDT) embedded within network theory. Research Methods: In-depth semi-structured interview data were collected from 24 stakeholders related to community sport facilities (n = 12 facility managers, n = 6 regional grant managers, n = 6 national funders both third sector and corporate). The qualitative data were thematically analysed to understand the impact of austerity on how community sport facilities managed their organisations and operations. Results and Findings: The findings from this research offer insight into the challenges that community sport facilities are encountering which have resulted from austerity, and a shrinking of the funding from the central Government to local public services. Furthermore, different community sport facilities have navigated these challenges to maintain sustainability, essentially through adapting network structure and through income dynamism. In addition, using a network theory approach alongside RDT within a sporting context has allowed us to address issues on how network flow and structure impact sustainability and operations within and between organisations. Implications: The article offers managerial recommendations for community sport facility managers, practitioners and policy makers who operate in times of fiscal constraint. It recommends that future sport research utilises and applies both RDT and network theory to examine these changes and the subsequent management strategies adopted to overcome the associated challenges of fiscal constraint.

Research Question: This qualitative research explores the impact of austerity on community sport facilities across England (United Kingdom), drawing upon resource dependence theory (RDT) embedded within network theory. Research Methods: In-depth semi-structured interview data were collected from 24 stakeholders related to community sport facilities (n = 12 facility managers, n = 6 regional grant managers, n = 6 national funders both third sector and corporate). The qualitative data were thematically analysed to understand the impact of austerity on how community sport facilities managed their organisations and operations. Results and Findings: The findings from this research offer insight into the challenges that community sport facilities are encountering which have resulted from austerity, and a shrinking of the funding from the central Government to local public services. Furthermore, different community sport facilities have navigated these challenges to maintain sustainability, essentially through adapting network structure and through income dynamism. In addition, using a network theory approach alongside RDT within a sporting context has allowed us to address issues on how network flow and structure impact sustainability and operations within and between organisations. Implications: The article offers managerial recommendations for community sport facility managers, practitioners and policy makers who operate in times of fiscal constraint. It recommends that future sport research utilises and applies both RDT and network theory to examine these changes and the subsequent management strategies adopted to overcome the associated challenges of fiscal constraint.

This study investigated how low intensity resistance training performed with localised blood flow restriction may cause improvements to muscle strength and size. Results showed that muscle strength is likely increased by whole-body neurological adaptations, and muscle size by cellular growth pathways similar to traditional heavy-load resistance training.

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc, Arts, Education and Law, The impetus of the thesis emerged through an academic interest in how experimental uses of typography and illustration functioned as a method of narration within literature. This was followed by investigations into the use of typography and illustration yielded that while there is a growing field of literary study examining non-linguistic elements within narratives, there are few studies into typography and illustration and how an author utilises and develops them as a method of narration. In light of this, this thesis examines attempts to expand upon the act of narration through the use of typography and illustration in both experimental and common forms. This is focused through Scottish artist Alasdair Gray and three of his novels: Lanark: A Life in Four Books, 1982, Janine and Poor Things. While Gray’s novels are contemporary his use of typography and illustration engages in wider print cultures that facilitated experiment into literature involving the manipulation of typography, illustration and the traditions of narrative. Experimentation in literature from 1650 to 1990, be it through illustration, typography or the composition of narrative, often emerged when printing practice and its product were no longer seen as efficient at communicating to modernising audiences. This act often coincided with larger changes within print cultures that affected laws, politics, the means of distribution, views of design and methods of distribution. These changes facilitated poets, authors and artists to break with traditions of communication and restrictions to methods of printing to create new forms further inspired by emerging print and audio / visual media, methods of printing production, views toward the composition of artworks and a modernising society. The traditions of print history related to experiment form one area that create the foundations of Gray’s employment of illustration and typography. Traditions of printing history are also an area to build foundations for

The hemodynamics of light-load exercise with an applied blood-flow restriction (BFR) have not been extensively compared between light-intensity, BFR, and high-intensity forms of both resistance and aerobic exercise in the same participant population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use a randomized crossover design to examine the hemodynamic responses to resistance and aerobic BFR exercise in comparison with a common high-intensity and light-intensity non-BFR exercise. On separate occasions participants completed a leg-press (resistance) or treadmill (aerobic) trial. Each trial comprised a light-intensity bout (LI) followed by a light-intensity bout with BFR (80% resting systolic blood pressure (LI+BFR)), then a high-intensity bout (HI). To characterize the hemodynamic response, measures of cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate and blood pressure were taken at baseline and exercise for each bout. Exercising hemodynamics for leg-press LI+BFR most often resembled those for HI and were greater than LI (e.g. for systolic blood pressure LI+BFR = 152 ± 3 mmHg; HI = 153 ± 3; LI = 143 ± 3 P < 0.05). However, exercising hemodynamics for treadmill LI+BFR most often resembled those for LI and were lower than HI (e.g. for systolic pressure LI+BFR = 124 ± 2 mmHg; LI = 123 ± 2; HI = 140 ± 3 P < 0.05). In conclusion, the hemodynamic response for light aerobic (walking) BFR exercise suggests this mode of BFR exercise may be preferential for chronic use to develop muscle size and strength, and other health benefits in certain clinical populations that are contraindicated to heavy-load resistance exercise.

This article critically considers the extent to which sporting issues were harnessed by pro-independence political campaigners during the Scottish independence referendum campaign. Developments such as the inclusion of sport within the Scottish Government’s White Paper on Scottish independence, the establishment of the ‘Working Group on Scottish Sport’ and the establishment of the ‘Sport for Yes’ campaign group demonstrate the harnessing of sporting issues as an additional, if somewhat peripheral, debate point in the referendum campaigns (Lafferty 2014, Scottish Government 2013, Working Group on Scottish Sport and Scottish Government 2013, 2014). The latter of these developments, the establishment of the ‘Sport for Yes’ campaign group, is of particular interest, offering evidence of the explicit political mobilisation of past and present athletes in support of the ‘Yes Scotland’ pro-independence campaign. The use of sport within pro-independence political discourse is therefore scrutinised, drawing upon the principles of critical discourse analysis to explore the ideological assumptions underpinning the discursive representation of sport in relation to Scottish independence.

This article critically reflects upon the process of planning and executing a microteaching session undertaken as a unit of assessment on ‘Introduction to Learning, Teaching, and Assessment’ (ILTA), the first module studied for the Postgraduate Certificate in Academic Practice (PgCap). Personal reflection and feedback from participants and the assessor for the microteaching session are used to assess the success of the session. The assessment utilised methodology suggested in Ivan Illich’s Deschooling Society and the article reflects upon the utility of Illich’s work in contemporary higher education. In Deschooling Society Illich suggests that education should fundamentally change so that ‘convivial’ skills are taught, rather than subjects. The assessment attempted to teach a skill rather than an academic subject. The incongruence of attempting to pass an assessment using methods suggested by a theorist fundamentally opposed to the notion of academic assessment did affect the delivery of the session. However, it is possible to use some methods suggested by Illich. The use of an expert in co-delivery of the session, appearing via online video, was a success. The utilisation of full, one-to-one participation was also a success and the session demonstrated that these methods can be utilised in good teaching practice.

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Humanities, Arts, Education and Law, This is an exegesis of the docudrama screenplay of The Last Foreign Nuns in China. It introduces the historical background of this screenplay, emphasises the significance of docudrama and analyses the pros and cons of film co-production. With the exception of the introduction and the conclusion, there are three parts to this exegesis. Part one, Chapter 2 focuses on the literature and history review. It examines the history and literature of the Catholic Church in China and the background of the incidents. It not only highlights the relationship between the Chinese government and foreign missionaries, but also provides a historical context in which to observe the development of attitudes towards foreign missionaries in China. Three historical moments have been included: missionaries and the new technology - the Golden Age of Christianity and the Chinese Rites Controversy; the Church’s development after the Opium Wars and ‘rice bowl’ Christians. These historical moments, as well as the historical figures, have been chosen carefully in order to summarise the positive and negative social impacts on various aspects of Chinese history. The screenplay gives the audience a brief but comprehensive understanding of the performance of the Catholic Church in ancient and contemporary history.

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Humanities, Arts, Education and Law, This thesis explores issues of writing, difference, time, the body and memory through an exegesis and two feature-film scripts: "The Bridge Between", a Chinese single-nation production, and "Swell", an Australian-Chinese international co-production. Through the inclusion of sections of autobiographical narrative interwoven with moments of reflection, analysis and speculation, the exegesis argues for an approach to the creative process of scriptwriting as a combination of theory, engagement with other art practices, and, perhaps most importantly, the life experiences of the writer. Co-production film-making has becoming an increasingly important driver of international feature-film production in recent years. International co-productions may be defined as production arrangements containing a sigificant presence of production elements from two or more national origins. These elements can include a mix of the finacial, technical and creative. Two major categories of international co-productions can be identified: private studio-to-studio single purpose contracts must be distinguished from co-production arrangements of the government-to-government kind. Government-to-government co-production arrangements give producers the option to apply to publicly accountable funding bodies of governments in two or more nations.

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Humanities, Arts, Education and Law, Calling the Tune: Hollywood and the Business of Music combines historical research on the US film and music industries with textual film analysis in order to examine how the growing conglomeration of these two institutions affected outcomes in cultural production in the twentieth century. Ultimately, this study argues, the relationship between commercial film and popular music led, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, to the emergence of New Hollywood, a term which encompasses both aesthetic and economic considerations, and which still describes contemporary commercial film production. This thesis traces the origins of New Hollywood back to the late 1920s and the advent of talking motion pictures. During this period issues surrounding the licensing of musical copyrights for inclusion in films led the major Hollywood studios to invest heavily in music publishing, so as to absorb the processes of music composition into the established studio system. After buying the key publishing firms on Tin Pan Alley, the studios soon learned that cross-media ownership enabled them to spread financial risk across interrelated commercial products. Hollywood also came to dominate the board of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, the licensing body which controlled the promotion and dissemination of American popular music. In the 1930s the Hollywood musical emerged as the ideal medium with which to promote new copyrights, which in turn could promote the films they featured in via radio play. But as radio grew in size and influence due to its own reliance on popular music, the major film studios and the US radio networks clashed over licensing fee rates.

This paper reports on a study of current practice in policy transfer, and ways in which its effectiveness can be increased. A literature review identifies important factors in examining the transfer of policies. Results of interviews in eleven cities in Northern Europe and North America investigate these factors further. The principal motivations for policy transfer were strategic need and curiosity. Local officials and politicians dominated the process of initiating policy transfer, and local officials were also the leading players in transferring experience. A range of information sources are used in the search process but human interaction was the most important source of learning for two main reasons. First, there is too much information available through the Internet and the search techniques are not seen to be wholly effective in identifying the necessary information. Secondly, the information available on websites, portals and even good practice guides is not seen to be of mixed quality with risks of focussing only on successful implementation and therefore subject to some bias. Officials therefore rely on their trusted networks of peers for lessons as here they can access the ‘real implementation’ story and the unwritten lessons. Organisations which have a culture that is supportive of learning from elsewhere had strong and broad networks of external contacts and resourced their development whilst others are more insular or inward looking and reluctant to invest in policy lessons from elsewhere. Solutions to the problems identified in the evidence base are proposed. City to city policy transfer is a very active process in the field of transport. Not enough is yet understood about its benefits or the conditions under which it is most effective. Such understandings should help to promote and accelerate the uptake of effective and well matched policies.

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Humanities, Arts, Education and Law, This exegesis is an examination of the critical commentary on children’s literature, young-adult fiction, historical fiction and speculative fiction and provides an overview of the generic conventions and characteristics that make children’s literature a good environment in which to explore history. It also reveals critics’ concern that children’s historical fiction has not been keeping pace with the disciplinary developments in historiography. Chapter One takes up this concern, exploring the debates of the critical literature, identifying and drawing together the generic conventions and characteristics under four broad themes. Theme One—Evoking history, place and time; Theme Two—Sharing truths of life and other knowledge; Theme Three —Experience; and Theme Four—Blurred boundaries. By bringing together the most relevant conventions and characteristics from children’s literature, young-adult fiction, historical fiction and speculative fiction I create a hybrid model or framework against which a selection of books can then be analysed. Chapter Two examines a set of books against this framework. The books have been selected on the basis of three criteria: they were written for children, they incorporate history as a major component of their storyline, and they display variation in their engagement with history. Four books and their relationship to the four themes and the characteristics of the hybrid model are discussed in detail. My Australian Story: New Gold Mountain, the diary of Shu Cheong by Christopher Chen looks at the miners’ riot at Lambing Flat in 1861 from a Chinese migrant’s point-of-view; King of Shadows by Susan Cooper takes its main character back in time to 1599 to work with Will Shakespeare; Scarecrow Army: The ANZACS at Gallipoli by Leon Davidson is an information book that pulls back the veil of myths surrounding events at Anzac Cove in 1915; and Macbeth and Son by Jackie French tells an alternate story of Macbeth’s rise to the leadership of Scotland

A literature review of policy transfer in transport and cognate fields was conducted. It shows that there is little evidence on how cities learn from each other and even less on how this process occurs in the transport sector.The review identified a series of key aspects of policy transfer which the literature suggests might be important in understanding the process of, advantages and barriers to transferring innovative transport policies.Interviews were then conducted in 11 cities to further investigate the process of policy transfer and the role of academics within this. Seven cities were studied in Northern Europe (Leeds, Edinburgh, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Bremen and Lyon, Nancy) and four in North America (Vancouver, Dallas, San Francisco and Seattle). This report presents the results of the synthesis of the city interviews.The key findings are:1. Cities are actively looking to learn from another but this process is unsystematic and sometimes inefficient2. The search for new policies is constrained by a lack of resources, particularly personnel3. Informal networks and information sharing based on professional contacts is the predominant method of initial knowledge transfer4. Local context is critical in determining whether policies will transfer well across cities and lack of fit is one reason for limited transfer5. Institutional barriers also exist to policy transfer which seem most likely to influence what gets implemented rather than what gets considered6. Key facilitators to overcome barriers to implementation are:a. A supportive political environment;b. Sufficient staff resources to commit to the projects;c. A culture of engaging with other cities and a structure that allows for staff at all levels to seek out information by contacting staff internally or at other organizations that are of a different staff/management level;d. An internal organisational culture to try new things; ande. co-funding of implementation from other government tiers or the private se

This paper reports on the results of the part of the DISTILLATE programme which looked at the process of appraisal and how this affects UK local authorities. Initial surveys suggested that local authorities were concerned that formal appraisal methods represented a barrier to the implementation of more sustainable land use and transport schemes. Their concerns included some of the technical aspects of appraisal and the weight given to some elements, the applicability of techniques to small schemes and some types of measure as well as the ability to assess the distributional impacts of proposals. Responding to these concerns, the project looked in more detail at the reasons for these concerns and at the use of appraisal within the political process of decision making. It developed a simple, transparent technique for analysing small schemes and two methods for assessing the distributional impacts of proposals, both on individuals and agencies. Finally it developed guidance from first principles on the specification of appraisal processes.

The policy measures needed to achieve more sustainable urban transport systems are now well understood. However, there remain serious barriers to the development and delivery of effective strategies. These include split responsibilities, lack of clarity in the policy process, inappropriate financing rules, lack of data and skills, limited public support and lack of political resolve. The series of papers in this special issue describe the research undertaken in an integrated research programme, DISTILLATE, which has developed a set of decision-support tools designed to help overcome these barriers. This paper outlines the context of the programme, which was conducted with sixteen local authority partners involved in the UK Local Transport Plan process. It describes the research approach, which focused on the barriers which were of the greatest importance to practitioners and the most researchable, and which used case studies, and action research, to understand problems and test solutions. It outlines the more detailed analysis of the barriers faced by local authorities. This demonstrated that the policy measures which were the most important were the most difficult to implement, and that the problems in doing so arose in all six technical areas of the research programme: monitoring, option generation, finance, prediction, appraisal and coordination. It also emphasised the need to distinguish between strategy development and scheme design. The paper describes the approach adopted to developing and testing the programme’s 19 products for strategy development and scheme design, and the overarching decision-support tool developed to aid their dissemination. It concludes with an assessment of the growing challenges in urban transport policy and of the need to improve the take-up of decision-support tools.

Central and local governments often employ sophisticated modelling and appraisal procedures to ensure that the transport strategies and schemes that are selected for implementation meet policy objectives and are economically efficient. But relatively little effort has been made by the profession to develop methods to assist with the generation of appropriate and innovative options which form the core inputs to this whole process. The paper first summarises UK local authority views about the importance of option generation and their current ability to develop suitable options. It then provides an overview of methods that have been used in a variety of disciplines and policy areas to generate options. Some mainly represent or package existing knowledge, while others encourage ‘outside-the-box’ thinking, with the aim of developing solutions that have not previously been thought of. Methods range from those that are highly quantitative and replicable, to others that are qualitative and much more subjective in nature. Four option generation tools developed as part of the DISTILLATE project are described and illustrated with case study examples. Two apply at the strategic level; one is designed to assist in selecting packages of measures that contribute to an urban transport/land use strategy, while the other assists in identifying accessibility problems experienced by different population groups, and in generating a range of potential solutions. The other two apply at the scheme level and are more participatory in nature; they deal with streetspace allocation and with the improvement of community spaces.

'Trad.' is a collection of short stories and a critical essay that explores a number of issues involved in the adaptation of stories from one popular medium to another. Some problems of adaptation involve questions of the integrity or authenticity of both the original and adapted works. These problems are often made more difficult when the adaptation is made across different media forms. This thesis explores the transformation from popular song to short story in a popular mode in two ways. The first way is based on the recognition of the problems of determining authenticity when the processes of transmission are subject to such great variety as in popular song. The second way is to explore the question of the available popular forms of narrative for the adapted product. In each case, this thesis attempts its investigation in a practical mode through the variety of stories and the way in which they utilise contemporary narrative strategies.