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We develop precise analytic description of oscillons - long-lived quasiperiodic field lumps - in scalar field theories with nearly quadratic potentials, e.g. the monodromy potential. Such oscillons are essentially nonperturbative due to large amplitudes, and they achieve extreme longevities. Our method is based on a consistent expansion in the anharmonicity of the potential at strong fields, which is made accurate by introducing a field-dependent "running mass." At every order, we compute effective action for the oscillon profile and other parameters. Comparison with explicit numerical simulations in (3+1)-dimensional monodromy model shows that our method is significantly more precise than other analytic approaches., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures; v2: Introduction, Sec. 4 and Discussion extended; journal version

We develop precise analytic description of oscillons - long-lived quasiperiodic field lumps - in scalar field theories with nearly quadratic potentials, e.g. the monodromy potential. Such oscillons are essentially nonperturbative due to large amplitudes, and they achieve extreme longevities. Our method is based on a consistent expansion in the anharmonicity of the potential at strong fields, which is made accurate by introducing a field-dependent "running mass." At every order, we compute effective action for the oscillon profile and other parameters. Comparison with explicit numerical simulations in (3+1)-dimensional monodromy model shows that our method is significantly more precise than other analytic approaches., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures; v2: Introduction, Sec. 4 and Discussion extended; journal version

We consider oscillons - localized, quasiperiodic, and extremely long-living classical solutions in models with real scalar fields. We develop their effective description in the limit of large size at finite field strength. Namely, we note that nonlinear long-range field configurations can be described by an effective complex field $\psi(t, \boldsymbol{x})$ which is related to the original fields by a canonical transformation. The action for $\psi$ has the form of a systematic gradient expansion. At every order of the expansion, such an effective theory has a global U(1) symmetry and hence a family of stationary nontopological solitons - oscillons. The decay of the latter objects is a nonperturbative process from the viewpoint of the effective theory. Our approach gives an intuitive understanding of oscillons in full nonlinearity and explains their longevity. Importantly, it also provides reliable selection criteria for models with long-lived oscillons. This technique is more precise in the nonrelativistic limit, in the notable cases of nonlinear, extremely long-lived, and large objects, and also in lower spatial dimensions. We test the effective theory by performing explicit numerical simulations of a $(d+1)$-dimensional scalar field with a plateau potential., Comment: 43 pages, 9 figures, ancillary video of an oscillon formation; Sec. 5 and Appendix extended, references added; journal version

We consider oscillons - localized, quasiperiodic, and extremely long-living classical solutions in models with real scalar fields. We develop their effective description in the limit of large size at finite field strength. Namely, we note that nonlinear long-range field configurations can be described by an effective complex field $\psi(t, \boldsymbol{x})$ which is related to the original fields by a canonical transformation. The action for $\psi$ has the form of a systematic gradient expansion. At every order of the expansion, such an effective theory has a global U(1) symmetry and hence a family of stationary nontopological solitons - oscillons. The decay of the latter objects is a nonperturbative process from the viewpoint of the effective theory. Our approach gives an intuitive understanding of oscillons in full nonlinearity and explains their longevity. Importantly, it also provides reliable selection criteria for models with long-lived oscillons. This technique is more precise in the nonrelativistic limit, in the notable cases of nonlinear, extremely long-lived, and large objects, and also in lower spatial dimensions. We test the effective theory by performing explicit numerical simulations of a $(d+1)$-dimensional scalar field with a plateau potential., Comment: 43 pages, 9 figures, ancillary video of an oscillon formation; Sec. 5 and Appendix extended, references added; journal version

We consider oscillons - localized, quasiperiodic, and extremely long-living classical solutions in models with real scalar fields. We develop their effective description in the limit of large size at finite field strength. Namely, we note that nonlinear long-range field configurations can be described by an effective complex field $\psi(t, \boldsymbol{x})$ which is related to the original fields by a canonical transformation. The action for $\psi$ has the form of a systematic gradient expansion. At every order of the expansion, such an effective theory has a global U(1) symmetry and hence a family of stationary nontopological solitons - oscillons. The decay of the latter objects is a nonperturbative process from the viewpoint of the effective theory. Our approach gives an intuitive understanding of oscillons in full nonlinearity and explains their longevity. Importantly, it also provides reliable selection criteria for models with long-lived oscillons. This technique is more precise in the nonrelativistic limit, in the notable cases of nonlinear, extremely long-lived, and large objects, and also in lower spatial dimensions. We test the effective theory by performing explicit numerical simulations of a $(d+1)$-dimensional scalar field with a plateau potential., Comment: 43 pages, 9 figures, ancillary video of an oscillon formation; Sec. 5 and Appendix extended, references added; journal version

The formation of vortex structures at reflection of electron beam from the double layer of the Jupiter ionosphere is investigated in this paper. And also the influence of these vortex structures on the formation of dense upward electron fluxes, accelerated by the double layer potential along the Io flux tube is studied. Then a phase transition to the cyclotron superradiance mode becomes possible for these electrons. The conditions of the vortex perturbations formation are considered. The nonlinear equation is found that describes the vortex dynamics of electrons and its consequences are studied., Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Ukr. J. Phys

Profiles of static solitons in one-dimensional scalar field theory satisfy the same equations as trajectories of a fictitious particle in multidimensional mechanics. We argue that the structure and properties of the solitons are essentially different if the respective mechanical motions are chaotic. This happens in multifield models and models with spatially dependent potential. We illustrate our findings using one-field sine-Gordon model in external Dirac comb potential. First, we show that the number of different "chaotic" solitons grows exponentially with their length, and the growth rate is related to the topological entropy of the mechanical system. Second, the field values of stable solitons form a fractal; we compute its box-counting dimension. Third, we demonstrate that the distribution of field values in the fractal is related to the metric entropy of the analogous mechanical system., Comment: 28 pages, 12 figures; Generalization extended, title changed, references added; journal version

Актуальность темы выпускной квалификационной работы обусловлена потребностями предприятия в автоматизации производства. Целью данной работы является проектирование и внедрение автоматизации на производство компании «ДНК Окна». Основными пунктам методологической новизны являются применение известных подходов к автоматизации производства к новому объекту исследования, оконному производству. Практическая значимость данной работы заключается в уменьшении сроков производство оконных конструкций для компании «ДНК Окна» за счет внедрения автоматизированного модуля отслеживания готовности заказа. Экономическая эффективность работы подтверждена в последнем разделе ВКР, так как внедрение системы на предприятие уже осуществлено., The relevance of the topic of final qualification work is due to the needs of the enterprise in the automation of production. The aim of this work is the design and implementation of automation for the production of DNA Windows. The main points of methodological novelty are the application of well-known approaches to the automation of production to a new object of study, window production. The practical significance of this work is to reduce the time frame for the production of window structures for DNA Windows by introducing an automated module for tracking order readiness. The economic efficiency of the work is confirmed in the last section of the dissertation, since the introduction of the system to the enterprise has already been completed.

Терморозширений графіт (ТРГ) володіє унікальним поєднанням властивостей: широкий діапазон робочих температур, висока хімічна стійкість, прекрасна ущільнююча здатність. Це робить його затребуваним багатьма галузями промисловості. Отримання перерахованих властивостей пов’язано з тим, що інтеркальованний графіт має здатність при термообробці при 900°С (термоударі) багаторазово розширюватися в об’ємі з утворенням малощильного вуглецевого матеріалу – термографеніту. Спінювання супроводжується виділенням великої кількості газопарової фази, що створює внутрішньо-шаровий тиск порядку декількох сотень атмосфер, яке і є рушійною силою процесу розширення. У даній роботі досліджували процес окислення при інтеркаляції і розширення частинок графіту при термошоковому нагріванні. Частинки графіту ГАК-2 фракцією +0,16 мм окисляли концентрованою сірчаною кислотою з біхроматом калію. Отриманий продукт спучували в печі в гравітаційно-падаючому шарі при температурах 200-1000°С. Експериментами було встановлено, що мінімальна об’ємна щільність ТРГ (в залежності від конкретних умов – від 2,5 до 5,2 кг/м3) забезпечується при співвідношенні маси окислювача до маси графіту 0,3-0,5. Результати дослідження показали, що при інтеркаляції відбувається розбухання (розширення) частинок графіту. За рахунок цього об’ємна щільність інтеркальованого графіту знижується з 390 до 240 кг/м3 при початковій об’ємній щільності графіту 420 кг/м3. Дослідження мікроструктури частинок вихідного, окисленого і термічно розширеного графіту показало, що при незмінному средньомедіанному розмірі частинок вони розширюються по нормалі до поверхні і досягають в довжину розміру в 4,5-7,7 разів більшого, ніж вихідний средньомедіанний розмір. При цьому виявилося, що дрібні частинки більш окислені в порівнянні з більш великими. На підставі залежності питомого об’єму термографеніту від температури термошокового нагріву для різних зразків окисленого графіту отримані питомі обсяги, які досягали 200-400 л/кг при температурі 1000°С, Рассмотрен процесс расширения графита ГАК-2, полученного из железографитовых отходов металлургического производства, при образовании термографенита. Исследована микроструктура, образующаяся при интеркалировании и термошоковом нагреве частиц графита. Найдена связь между объемной плотностью термографенита и степенью расширения частиц исходного материала, Thermally expanded graphite (TEG) has a unique combination of properties: a wide range of operating temperatures, high chemical resistance, excellent sealing ability. That’s why it’s widely used in many industries. These properties result from the fact that intercalated graphite has the ability to expand many times in volume with the formation of low-density carbon material (thermographenite) at heating up to 900°C (thermal shock). Foaming is accompanied by the release of a large amount of gas vapor phase, creating an intralayer pressure of several hundred atmospheres; the pressure resulting in the expansion process. The present work has studied, the oxidation process during intercalation and expansion of graphite particles during thermal shock heating. GAK-2 graphite particles with +0,16 mm fraction were oxidized with concentrated sulfuric acid with potassium bichromate. The resulting product was expanded in the furnace in a gravitational-falling layer at temperatures of 200-1000°C. It has been found out that the minimum volumetric density of TEG (depending on specific conditions, that is varying from 2,5 to 5,2 kg/m3) is provided if the mass of oxidant and the mass of graphite.are in the ratio 0,3-0,5. The results of the study showed that intercalation causes swelling (expansion) of graphite particles. Due to this, the volume density of intercalated graphite decreases from 390 to 240 kg/m3; while the initial volume density of graphite is 420 kg/m3. The study of the microstructure of the particles of the initial, oxidized and thermally expanded graphite showed that with the same mean-median particle size, they expand along the normal to the surface and reach 4,5-7,7 times the size of the original mean median size. It turned out that small particles are more oxidized as compared to larger ones. Specific volumes have been obtained based on the dependence of the specific volume of thermographenite on the temperature of thermal shock heating for various samples of oxid

It is known that it is possible to obtain compounds of graphite intercalation by oxidative treatment of graphite, getting termografenit from them. All known methods are associated with the graphite extraction from Fe-C containing wastes and its further oxidation. Intercalation compounds of graphite are formed as a result of the introduction of atomic and molecular layers of different chemical particles between the layers of graphite plates. Termografenit is very light dispersed graphite, having a unique complex of thermal and electrical properties. This is of interest to further study the technology of making this material. In previous studies, graphite was obtained from dispersed Fe-C containing wastes of metallurgy, and then was subjected to processing. However, considering the special microstructure and the morphology of the dispersed Fe-C containing wastes, they can become a raw material for production the intercalation compounds of graphite first, and then magnetic termografenit. In the present work dispersed Fe-C containing wastes of desulphurization at PJSC «Azovstal» with up to C 60% were used. The result of this investigation is receiving a new product – graphite intercalation compounds with magnetic properties – as well as the technology of getting the compounds. The technological peculiarities, providing for remaining significant amount of the iron oxides of Fe-C wastes in the material that in the process of oxidative intercalation give the intercalation compounds of graphite with magnetic properties, were found. Subsequent thermal expansion of the intercalation compounds of graphite at 1000°C makes it possible to obtain termografenit with a bulk density of 6-10 kg/m3, the specific magnetization saturation being 12-24 A·m2/kg and the specific electrical resistance being (1,9-9,0)·10-4 Ohms·m, Исследованы технологические параметры получения соединения интеркалированного графита из железографитовых отходов, а из него – термографенита с магнитными свойствами, Досліджені технологічні параметри отримання сполучення інтеркаліровання графіту з залізографітових відходів,а з нього – термографініту з магнітними властивостями

Сучасні оптико-електронні прилади (ОЕП) широко використовуються в космосі і в інших екстремальних умовах. Однією з особливостей широко застосовуваних перспективних оптичних і напівпровідникових матеріалів є їхня крихкість, тобто деталі з них руйнуються під дією механічних впливів без слідів пластичного деформування. Така негативна властивість як крихкість для оптичних і напівпровідникових деталей і деталей чутливих елементів є необхідним для забезпечення стабільності їх геометричних і фізичних характеристик. Аналіз причин відмовлень ОЕП показав, що руйнування деталей з крихких матеріалів відбувається в місцях їхніх з’єднань між собою або з іншими деталями. Руйнування починається від периферійних ділянок деталі: шліфованих поверхонь торців і місць склейки. На підставі розробленого підходу впроваджені фізико-технологічні рекомендації з забезпечення працездатності сенсорних оптико-електронних приладів. Ці рекомендації включають:– фізико-технологічні способи формування поверхонь деталей з мінімальним порушеним шаром;– методи видалення або модифікування порушеного шару;– застосування спеціальних механічних деталей, що забезпечують демпфірування і релаксацію зовнішніх впливів, наприклад, зі сплавів з механізмом деформування шляхом двійникування.При впровадженні зазначеного підходу і розроблених рекомендацій у промисловість були забезпечені високі експлуатаційні характеристики таких приладів як лазерний гіроскоп і прилади інфрачервоної техніки., Современные оптико-электронные приборы (ОЭП) широко используются в космических условиях и в других экстремальных условиях. Одна из особенностей широко применяемых перспективных оптических и полупроводниковых материалов является их хрупкость, то есть детали из них разрушаются под действием механических воздействий без следов пластического деформирования. Такое негативное свойство как хрупкость для оптических и полупроводниковых деталей и деталей чувствительных элементов является необходимым для обеспечения стабильности их геометрических и физических характеристик. Анализ причин отказов ОЭП показал, что разрушение деталей из хрупких материалов происходит в местах их соединений между собой или с другими деталями. Разрушение начинается от периферийных участков детали: шлифованные поверхности торцов и мест склейки. На основании разработанного подхода внедрены физико-технологические рекомендации по обеспечению работоспособности сенсорных оптико-электронных приборов. Эти рекомендации включают:– физико-технологические способы формирования поверхностей деталей с минимальным нарушенным слоем;– методы удаления или модифицирования нарушенного слоя;– применение специальных механических крепежных деталей, обеспечивающих демпфирование и релаксацию внешних воздействий, например, из сплавов с механизмом деформирования путем двойникования.При внедрении указанного подхода и разработанных рекомендаций в промышленность были обеспечены высокие эксплуатационные характеристики таких приборов как лазерный гироскоп и приборы инфракрасной техники., Modern optical-electronic devices (OED) are widely used in space and other industries with extreme conditions. One of features of optical and semiconductor materials are their fragility, because details from them collapse under action of mechanical and temperature loading without traces of plastic deformation. Such negative property as fragility for optical and semiconductor details and sensitive elements is necessary for maintenance of stability of their geometrical and physical characteristics. The analysis of the reasons of refusals of OED has shown, that destruction of details from fragile materials occurs in places of their connections among themselves or to other details. Destruction begins from peripheral zones of a detail: the grinded surfaces of edges and mounting places. On the basis of the developed physical and technological recommendations for maintenance of sensors and optical-electronics devices serviceability are introduced. These recommendations include:– physical and technological ways for formation of detail surfaces of with the minimal broken layer;– methods of removal or modifying of the broken layer;– application of the special mechanical dampers providing shock absorption and a relaxation of external influences, for example, making from alloys with the mechanism of deformation by twinning.The specified approach and developed recommendations provide for high operational characteristics of such devices as a laser gyroscope and devices for infrared techniques.

Graphite processing into intercalation compounds followed by thermoshock heating is known in literature. The result is an ultra-light dispersed graphite (thermographenit) used in lots of industries. Graphite intercalation compounds are formed as a result of the introduction of atomic and molecular layers of different chemical particles between the layers of graphite plates. The object of this work is to obtain a new material by intercalation of graphite followed by thermoshock heating, which could be used for products protecting biological and technical facilities from electromagnetic and thermal radiation. In the present work the parameters of oxidation and of graphite thermoshock expansion in order to obtain graphite intercalation compounds and thermographenit were investigated. The experiments were performed under laboratory non-isothermal conditions. Graphite GAK-2 obtained from metallurgical wastes was used. First the fraction of +0,16 mm with the ash content of 0,3% was extracted by scattering. The oxidation of graphite was carried out by potassium bichromate dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid. The original sample of graphite was mixed with finely grounded potassium bichromate. Then this mass was poured over with 98% concentrated sulphuric acid when being actively stirred and kept. Then the capacitance for oxidation was filled with distilled water. Decantation was carried out until pH=7 in the waste water was got. Separation of the oxidized graphite from the main mass of water was carried out by means of a suction filter until pH=7 was got. Experiments were performed at different ratios of potassium bichromate, sulphuric acid and graphite. The optimum ratio of the components (sulphuric acid) : (dichromate of potash) : (graphite) = 2,8 : 0,15 : 1 was found. The oxidation time was 4–5 minutes. The oxidized graphite turned into thermographenit with bulk density of 2,7–9,5 kg/m3.upon subsequent heating up to 1000oC within the regime of gravity-falling layer., Исследованы параметры окисления и термошокового расширения графита. В результате работы получены соединения интеркалирования графита и термографенита – материал с малой объемной массой, Досліджені параметри окислення та термошокового розширення графіту. В результаті роботи отримані сполуки інтеркалювання графіту і термографеніт – матеріал з малою об′ємною масою

The device based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is used to determine the refraction index of liquids. At the same time, it is known that the value of this index depends on the temperature of this liquid. Therefore, this work was aimed at investigation of possibilities to enhance accuracy of such two-channel SPR devices by using the temperature sensors directly in each measuring cell. It has beenexperimentally proved that application of miniature temperature sensors (like to thermistors) in cells of both channels simultaneously enables to doubly reduce the error of refraction index measurements. In the case of multi-channel devices, it seams reasonable to use an array of semiconductor thin-film temperature sensors in the unit cell., Прибор на основе поверхностного плазмонного резонанса (ППР) используютдля определения показателя преломления жидкостей. В то же время известно, что этот показатель зависит от температуры этой жидкости. Целью работы было исследование возможности повышения точности двухканального прибора на основе ППР за счет использования сенсоров температуры для контроля температуры непосредственно в каждой измерительной кювете. Экспериментально доказано, что использование миниатюрных сенсоров температуры (на примере терморезисторов) для измерения температуры непосредственно на каждом канале кюветы для измерения показателя преломления позволяет уменьшить погрешность измерения почти вдвое. Для многоканальных приборов ППР перспективным является использование линейки полупроводниковых пленочных сенсоров температуры в кювете прибора, Прилад на основі поверхневого плазмонного резонансу (ППР) використовують для визначення показника заломлення рідин. В той же час відомо, що цей показник залежить від температури цієї рідини. Метою роботи було дослідження можливості підвищення точності двоканального приладу на основі ППР за рахунок використання сенсорів температури для контролю температури безпосередньо в кожній вимірювальній кюветі. Експериментально доведено, що використання мініатюрних сенсорів температури (на прикладі терморезисторів) для вимірювання температури безпосередньо на кожному каналі кювети для вимірювання показника заломлення дозволяє зменшити похибку вимірювання майже вдвічі. Для багатоканальних приладів ППР перспективним є використання лінійки напівпровідникових плівкових сенсорівтемператури в кюветі приладу.

The problem of raising efficiency of power plants with internal combustion engines has been analyzed in the article. Comparative analysis of internal combustion engines has been carried out. Energy conversion in internal combustion engines is one of the most energy consuming systems. Efficiency increase of this system is considered with due regard to both the design parameters of a diesel engine and its operating conditions, making it possible to work out more reliable and objective methods of minimizing consumption of natural and energy resources in power plants. Comparative analysis of the existing methods of evaluation as well as of internal combustion engines models were performed with due regard to all the limitations. on its basis the principal drawbacks and imitations of those methods as well as types of engines were determined. It has been decided that in spite of plenty of investigations on the internal combustion engines the problem of selecting a proper engine type it has not been solved yet and solved and further investigations are required. A method of specifying an internal combustion engine type on the basis of descriptive forecasting model was suggested. Such models are compiled by processing of statistic investigations results. The main tendency of development becomes evident, it being the most important result of this investigation and making it possible to increase the efficiency of these processes. The developed method makes it possible to specify internal combustion engines with optimal parameters, taking into account the heat transfer conditions at modernization or repairs of energy transforming objects. Implementation of this method simplifies evaluation and selection of diesel engines at modernization and repairs that results in energy and resources saving and ensures optimal conditions for technological processes, В статье рассматривается проблема повышение эффективности работы энергоустановок, содержащих двигатели внутреннего сгорания. Выполнен сравнительный анализ существующих методик оценки и моделей двигателей внутреннего сгорания. Проведены статистические исследования современных двигателей и их анализ, на основе которых разработан метод оценки подбора двигателя внутреннего сгорания с оптимальними параметрами. Реализация данного метода упрощает оценку и подбор дизелей при модернизации и ремонте энергоустановок, что приводит к ускорению реализации энерго- и ресурсосберегающих мероприятий, У статті розглядається проблема підвищення ефективності роботи енергоустановок, що містять двигуни внутрішнього згоряння. Виконано порівняльний аналіз існуючих методик оцінки та моделей двигунів внутрішнього згоряння. Проведено статистичні дослідження сучасних двигунів та їх аналіз, на основі яких розроблено метод оцінки підбору двигуна внутрішнього згоряння з оптимальними параметрами. Реалізація даного методу спрощує оцінку і підбір дизелів при модернізації та ремонті енергоустановок, що призводить до прискорення реалізації енерго- та ресурсозберігаючих заходів

The reports collected in these proceedings have been presented in the third French-Ukrainian workshop on the instrumentation developments for high-energy physics held at LAL, Orsay on October 15-16. The workshop was conducted in the scope of the IDEATE International Associated Laboratory (LIA). Joint developments between French and Ukrainian laboratories and universities as well as new proposals have been discussed. The main topics of the papers presented in the Proceedings are developments for accelerator and beam monitoring, detector developments, joint developments for large-scale high-energy and astroparticle physics projects, medical applications., Comment: 3rd French-Ukrainian workshop on the instrumentation developments for High Energy Physics, October 15-16, 2015, LAL, Orsay, France, 94 pages

Proposed to determine the content of magnetite in Fe – C containing waste materials by using of magnetic method. Developed a device and method for realizing of magnetic tests. Joint consideration of the results of chemical analysis and magnetic Fe – C containing waste materials provides a complete picture of their composition, Предложено определять содержание магнетита в железографитовых отходах спомощью магнитного метода. Разработаны устройство и методика для проведе-ния магнитного анализа. Совместное рассмотрение результатов химического имагнитного анализов железографитовых отходов обеспечивает получение полной картины их состава., Запропоновано визначати вміст магнетиту у залізографітових відходах за допомогою магнітного методу. Розроблені прилад і методика для проведення магнітного аналізу. Сукупний розгляд результатів хімічного та магнітного аналізів залізографітових відходів забезпечує отримання повної картини їх складу

Morphology of graphite particles of Fe – C containing waste materials was investigated Dependence of length and thickness of graphite scales is shown on the size of faction of material. The index, characterizing the form of graphite particles - coefficient of flakiness was offered, Исследованы особенности морфологии графитовых частиц ЖГО. Показана зависимость длины и толщины графитовых чешуек от размера фракции материала. Предложен показатель, характеризующий форму графитовых частиц – коэффициент пластинчатости, Досліджена морфологія графітових часток дисперсних ЗГВ. Показана залежність довжини та товщини графітових шкарлупок від фракції матеріалу. Запропонований покажчик, що характеризує форму графітових часток -коефіцієнт пластинчастості.

In the article theoretical principles and analysis of graphite spill origination have been considered. It also proposes methods to determine segments with maximum percentage of carbonaceous wastes for their further utilization, В статье рассмотрены условия и источники образования графитовой спели. Предложено использование математических моделей снижения температуры чугуна с целью определения выхода углеродсодержащих отходов, У статті розглянуто теоретичні основи і дано аналіз утворення графітової спелі. Запропоновані методи визначення ділянок з максимальною кількістю вуглецьвмісних відходів.

The specific example of the program for training is considered., Рассматривается конкретный пример программы для тренинга.

The saws used to cut moving pipe are studied. The basic cutting parameters are determined, and improvement in saw performance is discussed. © 2013 Allerton Press, Inc.

This is a survey paper on applications of mathematics of semirings to numerical analysis and computing. Concepts of universal algorithm and generic program are discussed. Relations between these concepts and mathematics of semirings are examined. A very brief introduction to mathematics of semirings (including idempotent and tropical mathematics) is presented. Concrete applications to optimization problems, idempotent linear algebra and interval analysis are indicated. It is known that some nonlinear problems (and especially optimization problems) become linear over appropriate semirings with idempotent addition (the so-called idempotent superposition principle). This linearity over semirings is convenient for parallel computations., Comment: 36 pages, 1 figure. To appear in Springer Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering.

The author uses the entropy of the ideal Bose-Einstein gas to minimize losses in computer-oriented languages., Comment: Latex, 7 pages

The semiclassical theory for the large-N field models is developed from an unusual point of view. Analogously to the procedure of the second quantization in quantum mechanics, the functional Schrodinger large-N equation is presented in a third-quantized form. The third-quantized creation and annihilation operators depend on the field $\phi({\bf x})$. If the coefficient of the $\phi^4$-term is of order 1/N (this is a usual condition of applicability of the 1/N-expansion), one can rescale the third-quantized operators in such a way that their commutator will be small, while the Heisenberg equations will not contain large or small parameters. This means that classical equation of motion is an equation on the functional $\Phi[\phi(\cdot)]$. This equation being a nonlinear analog of the functional Schrodinger equation for the one-field theory is investigated. The exact solutions are constructed and the renormalization problem is analysed. We also perform a quantization procedure about found classical solutions. The corresponding semiclassical theory is a theory of a variable number of fields. The developed third-quantized semiclassical approach is applied to the problem of finding the large-N spectrum. The results are compared with obtained by known methods. We show that not only known but also new energy levels can be found., Comment: 47 pages, LaTeX, no figures; minor changes in text, some references are added

Large-N field systems are considered from an unusual point of view. The Hamiltonian is presented in a third-quantized form analogously to the second-quantized formulation of the quantum theory of many particles. The semiclassical approximation is applied to the third-quantized Hamiltonian. The advantages of this approach in comparison with 1/N-expansion are discussed., Comment: 5 pages, LaTeX, no figures, talk presented at the International Conference "Problems of Quantum Field Theory - 98", Dubna, Russia, July 13-17, 1998

The Hamiltonian approach to the quantum field theory is considered. Since there are additional difficulties such as the Haag theorem and Stueckelberg divergences, renormalization of the time-dependent dynamical quantum field theory is much more complicated than renormalization of the S-matrix. It is necessary to consider the regularized theory with ultraviolet and infrared cutoffs and impose the conditions not only on the dependence of the Hamiltonian on the cutoffs (as usual) but also on the dependence of the initial states. It happens that one should consider the initial states to be singulary dependent on the cutoffs in order to avoid the Stueckelberg divergences. Different types of semiclassical approximations to quantum theory are discussed. It happens that the method of quantizing classical solutions to field equations corresponds not to the WKB-approach but to the complex-WKB theory. The problem of imposing conditions on the semiclassical initial states is discussed. Different prescriptions for choice of initial conditions are analysed., Comment: Talk presented at the International Seminar "Quarks-98", Suzdal, Russia, May 17-24, 1998, 12 pages in LaTeX, 1 postscript figure

Semiclassical approximation based on extracting a c-number classical component from quantum field is widely used in the quantum field theory. Semiclassical states are considered then as Gaussian wave packets in the functional Schrodinger representation and as Gaussian vectors in the Fock representation. We consider the problem of divergences and renormalization in the semiclassical field theory in the Hamiltonian formulation. Although divergences in quantum field theory are usually associated with loop Feynman graphs, divergences in the Hamiltonian approach may arise even at the tree level. For example, formally calculated probability of pair creation in the leading order of the semiclassical expansion may be divergent. This observation was interpretted as an argumentation for considering non-unitary evolution transformations, as well as non-equivalent representations of canonical commutation relations at different time moments. However, we show that this difficulty can be overcomed without the assumption about non-unitary evolution. We consider first the Schrodinger equation for the regularized field theory with ultraviolet and infrared cutoffs. We study the problem of making a limit to the local theory. To consider such a limit, one should impose not only the requirement on the counterterms entering to the quantum Hamiltonian but also the requirement on the initial state in the theory with cutoffs. We find such a requirement in the leading order of the semiclassical expansion and show that it is invariant under time evolution. This requirement is also presented as a condition on the quadratic form entering to the Gaussian state., Comment: 20 pages, Plain TeX, one postscript figure

We develop a new method of constructing a large N asymptotic series in powers of $N^{-1/2}$ for the function of N arguments which is a solution to the Cauchy problem for the equation of a special type. Many-particle Wigner, Schr\"{o}dinger and Liouville equations for a system of a large number of particles are of this type, when the external potential is of order O(1), while the coefficient of the particle interaction potential is 1/N; the potentials can be arbitrary smooth bounded functions. We apply this method to equations for N-particle states corresponding to the N-th tensor power of an abstract Hamiltonian algebra of observables. In particular, we show for the case of multiparticle Schr\"{o}dinger-like equations that the property of N-particle wave function to be approximately equal at large N to the product of one-particle wave functions does not conserve under time evolution, while the same property for the correlation functions of the finite order is known to conserve(such hypothesis being the quantum analog of the chaos conservation hypothesis put forward by M.Kac in 1956 was proved by the analysis of the BBGKY-like hierarchy of equations). In order to find a leading asymptotics for the N-particle wave function, one should use not only the solution to the well- known Hartree equation being derivable from the BBGKY approach but also the solution to another (Riccati-type) equation presented in this paper. We also consider another interesting case when one adds to the N-particle system under consideration one more particle interacting with the system with the coefficient of the interaction potential of order O(1).It happens that in this case one should investigate not a single Hartree-like equation but a set of such equations, and the chaos will not conserve even for the correlators., Comment: 56 pages, LaTeX, no figures, to be submitted to Russian Journal of Mathematical Physics

KTP crystals, characterised by superior properties, are used widely in nonlinear optics, in particular for second harmonic generation. Also, owing to easy fabrication technology of low loss optical waveguides (approx. 1dB/cm), the KTP crystals are used for the fabrication of integrated optical elements. The important advantage of waveguides in KTP (for example, in comparison with that in the more widely used Ti:LiNbO3.) is the high optical damage resistance, up to 0.9W more light power in visible range. These properties of KTP give the possibility of designing some of the integrated optical elements for optical signal processing systems, particularly waveguided acousto-optical modulators and deflectors, using the surface acoustic waves (SAW) and optical waves interaction. Recently, the direct SAW excitation in KTP crystal by means of interdigital transducers (IDT) has been demonstrated.

The investigation of local and spatial flow field featured in the lean premixed propane/air flame with flashback happening continuously was made. LDV measurements were supplemented by pressure and flame position measurements, flow and flame front structure visualizations. Two flow duct configurations with different inlet/outlet conditions were investigated. (Author)

To create ultrahigh-speed long-distance optical fiber communication systems of new generation particularly soliton transmission lines and to implement information optical processing systems into practice it is necessary to develop different functional devices having less than 10 ps high-speed characteristics. The best variant is the application with this aim of light-controlled integrated optical switches and gates, as the pulses of less than 10 fs duration are obtained precisely by the optical methods. Promising from this point of view is the switch based on nonlinear coupled optical waveguides previously used experimentally in the integrated-optical variant on lithium niobate and gallium arsenide base as well as in quartz fiber light guides.

The book is devoted to problems of moisture resistance and water resistance of electrical insulation and electrical-insulation materials used in low-voltage electrical machines and apparatuses. Processes of the moistening of electrical insulation materials and electrical insulation systems are considered, as well as changes in electrical characteristics, methods of testing for moisture and water resistance. The physical interpretations of the processes of diffusion of moisture in electrical insulation material, the forms and types of the connection of moisture with a dielectric, and the electrical conductivity of a wetted dielectric are given. Recommendations are given with respects to methods of the protection of insulation against wetting., Edited trans. of mono. Vlagostoikost Elektricheskoi Izolyatsii, Moscow, 1973 p3-19, 83-163, 170-185, 193-201.

Contents: The effect of anisotropy of properties of semiconductor crystals on segregation of impurities in a growing crystal; Mechanism of the oriented growth of crystalline substances (epitaxy); Deviation from Homogeneity in single crystals of gallium phosphide-gallium arsenide solid solutions grown by the epitaxial method; Some instances of change in the habit of crystals during epitaxial growth; Kinetics of the spontaneous transformation of the surface of a crystal-vapor system; and Growth and dislocation models of crystals.

Theoretical considerations affecting the conditions under which a gas explosion might initiate a solid explosive are discussed and experiments are described. The conclusion is reached, theoretically and experimentally, that the initiation of a solid explosive by a gas explosion is possible but only when the gas is under sufficient pressure. In the experiments, a small (15-20 mg) crystal of lead azide was initiated electrically by a thin wire; it in turn ignited the explosive gas in a glass tube (25 mm in diameter, 1.5 m long). A small quantity of the explosive being tested in the form of a solidified or large crystal was placed on a strip of iron in the middle of the tube. (Blasting gelatine, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, and picric acid were tried.) Heating some of the explosives to 100 degrees was tried but no detonation occurred. With secondary explosives, the theoretical calculation used were confirmed by the experiment. (Author), Trans. of Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Doklady, v25 n3 p195-197 1939.

The author considers the eigenfunction problem minus epsilon squared Psi double prime sub n + v(x) Psi sub n = lambda sub n Psi sub n, the integral from minus infinity to infinity of (Psi squared sub n dx) = 1. He investigates the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of this problem with respect to the parameters as epsilon approaches zero and n approaches infinity, such that nepsilon approaches a constant, lambda sub n approaches lambda, i.e., the quasi-classical behavior., Trans. of Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk (USSR) v20 n6(126) p134-8 1965, by N. Rubinstein.

A method for producing epoxide tars (resins) containing phosphorus by means of interaction of diepoxides with the products of acids of phosphorus is presented. Derivatives of phosphorus acids are used with the dichlorides of phosphoric, phosphorous, and phosphonic acids, with a molar relation to the diepoxide of 1 to 2, for the purpose of broadening the assortment and the raw-material base of exposide tars containing phosphorus., Unedited rough draft trans. of Patent (USSR) 163 351, appl. no. 863701/23-4, 30 Oct 63. Available copy will not permit fully legible reproduction. Reproduction will be made if requested by users of DDC. Copy is available for public sale.