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In a world that is continuously changing, our knowledge of nutrition and how it affects human health has increased dramatically. Food was originally only used as a source of nourishment, but it is now understood to be an effective tool for enhancing public health and wellbeing. The authors of Chemical Formulation of Fortified Foods for Optimal Nutrition are eagerly anticipating this book. The intended readership of this edited book is undergraduates. We sincerely hope that this book will meet the growing need for more thorough, scholarly, and up-to-date information on a wide range of food and nutrition-related topics. With complete academic interest, we have infused the essence of devotion, dedication, and determination into this book, Food and Nutrition, along with the desire to give students up-to-date information. This book's goal is to impart comprehensive information and fundamental understanding of the subject in the most efficient and advantageous way possible. The students' level of understanding in the subject is always prioritised, which leads to the simplification of difficult ideas. The entire book is easy to read while still being incredibly educational. For every topic, a thorough exercise is provided to help students get ready for exams. In this included following chapters are: 1. Innovations in Food Fortification Technologies2. Nutritional Impact and Public Health Implication3. Health Benefits and Nutritional Impact4. Nutritional Impact and Public Health Implication5. Food Fortification: Innovation to Nutrient Enrichment6. Food Fortification-Concept and Reason7. Applications of Agro-Wastes Based Edible Films and Coatings to Improve the Shelf Life of Fortified Foods8. Chemical Analysis Methods for Fortified Foods9. Introduction to Food Fortification10. Health Benefits and Nutritional Impacts

The article analyzes the concept of a paying agent, the difference between its legal status and a credit institution, as well as the history of legal regulation of the activities of paying agents in Russia., В статье анализируется понятие платежного агента, отличие его правового статуса от статуса кредитной организации, а также история правового регулирования деятельности платёжных агентов в России.

The World Bank’s latest brief on migration and development launched in October 2017 revealed that remittances to developing countries comprising three quarters of the total global remittance flows are set to grow about 4.8% to reach $450 billion. This is seemingly a reflection of the economic growth recorded in Europe and North America. Therefore not surprising to see the receiving countries in this period will be the migrant sending countries to these destinations. Hence India continues to be the top recipient. As we have analysed in the case of remittances from the UK (See Sirkeci and Privara, 2017), cost of sending money to the poorest parts of the world is the most expensive while overall remittance costs remain very high in contrast to the target of 3%, the Sustainable Development Goal. The World Bank brief pins the high cost down to exclusive deals between post offices and money transfer operators in certain countries and the security concerns resulting in higher processing costs for the operators and banks. This is very relevant to the discussions presented in this issue of Remittances Review investigating Hawala system in the Gulf countries and the use of virtual currencies in cross border money transfers. Both trends are benefiting from high costs of traditional money transfer methods via banks and money transfer operators.

The World Bank’s latest brief on migration and development launched in October 2017 revealed that remittances to developing countries comprising three quarters of the total global remittance flows are set to grow about 4.8% to reach $450 billion. This is seemingly a reflection of the economic growth recorded in Europe and North America. Therefore not surprising to see the receiving countries in this period will be the migrant sending countries to these destinations. Hence India continues to be the top recipient. As we have analysed in the case of remittances from the UK (See Sirkeci and Privara, 2017), cost of sending money to the poorest parts of the world is the most expensive while overall remittance costs remain very high in contrast to the target of 3%, the Sustainable Development Goal. The World Bank brief pins the high cost down to exclusive deals between post offices and money transfer operators in certain countries and the security concerns resulting in higher processing costs for the operators and banks. This is very relevant to the discussions presented in this issue of Remittances Review investigating Hawala system in the Gulf countries and the use of virtual currencies in cross border money transfers. Both trends are benefiting from high costs of traditional money transfer methods via banks and money transfer operators.

The World Bank’s latest brief on migration and development launched in October 2017 revealed that remittances to developing countries comprising three quarters of the total global remittance flows are set to grow about 4.8% to reach $450 billion. This is seemingly a reflection of the economic growth recorded in Europe and North America. Therefore not surprising to see the receiving countries in this period will be the migrant sending countries to these destinations. Hence India continues to be the top recipient. As we have analysed in the case of remittances from the UK (See Sirkeci and Privara, 2017), cost of sending money to the poorest parts of the world is the most expensive while overall remittance costs remain very high in contrast to the target of 3%, the Sustainable Development Goal. The World Bank brief pins the high cost down to exclusive deals between post offices and money transfer operators in certain countries and the security concerns resulting in higher processing costs for the operators and banks. This is very relevant to the discussions presented in this issue of Remittances Review investigating Hawala system in the Gulf countries and the use of virtual currencies in cross border money transfers. Both trends are benefiting from high costs of traditional money transfer methods via banks and money transfer operators.

The World Bank’s latest brief on migration and development launched in October 2017 revealed that remittances to developing countries comprising three quarters of the total global remittance flows are set to grow about 4.8% to reach $450 billion. This is seemingly a reflection of the economic growth recorded in Europe and North America. Therefore not surprising to see the receiving countries in this period will be the migrant sending countries to these destinations. Hence India continues to be the top recipient. As we have analysed in the case of remittances from the UK (See Sirkeci and Privara, 2017), cost of sending money to the poorest parts of the world is the most expensive while overall remittance costs remain very high in contrast to the target of 3%, the Sustainable Development Goal. The World Bank brief pins the high cost down to exclusive deals between post offices and money transfer operators in certain countries and the security concerns resulting in higher processing costs for the operators and banks. This is very relevant to the discussions presented in this issue of Remittances Review investigating Hawala system in the Gulf countries and the use of virtual currencies in cross border money transfers. Both trends are benefiting from high costs of traditional money transfer methods via banks and money transfer operators.

[ES] Este trabajo presenta un modelo de simulación para un sistema de concentración de fondos y desembolsos (SCFD) visto como un sistema de gestión de inventario, basado en ecuaciones en diferencias y técnicas de ingeniería de sistemas. El modelo asume la existencia de retardos por trámite o traslado bancario y analiza la aplicación del concepto de operación con cuentas de saldo cero. Se plantea el caso de una empresa genérica cuyas agencias o distribuidores geográficamente están dispersos en diferentes regiones. El modelo supone la existencia de una cuenta principal operada centralizadamente y política de saldo mínimo. Esta cuenta recibe las transferencias de los ingresos depositados en las cuentas de ingresos de cada agencia y, también, desde la cuenta principal son transferidos los fondos para cubrir los sobregiros ocasionados en las cuentas de egresos de las agencias. Existe una cuenta de inversión a la cual se transfiere el superávit de efectivo en la cuenta principal y una línea de crédito que cubre los déficits de saldo en esa cuenta. Se definen las reglas de operación del SCFD y se consideran los ingresos y costos involucrados. El modelo representa el flujo del dinero entre los elementos identificados del sistema y el flujo de requerimientos u órdenes de transferencia. Se deriva un modelo equivalente representado por ecuaciones algebraicas utilizando la transformada z con el fin de abrir perspectivas al uso riguroso de técnicas de control en el campo de las finanzas., [EN] This paper presents a simulation model for a cash concentration and disbursements system (CCDS) seen as an inventory management system, based on difference equations and systems engineering techniques. The model assumes the existence of delays due to banking procedures and analyzes the application of the zero balance accounts concept. The case of a generic company whose agencies are geographically distributed in different regions is proposed. The model assumes the existence of a centrally operated main account and minimum balance policy. This account receives money transfers from the revenues accounts of each agency and, also from the main account, money is transferred to the agencies’ expense accounts in order to cover overdrafts. There exist an investment account into which any cash surpluses of the main account are deposited and a credit line in order to avoid the cash deficits. The operating rules for the CCDS are defined, and income and financial costs involved are considered. The model represents the flow of money between the identified elements of the system and the flow of money requirements or transfer orders. An equivalent model represented by algebraic equations through the z-transform is derived, which opens perspectives for using rigorous control techniques in the field of finance.

[ES] Este trabajo presenta un modelo de simulación para un sistema de concentración de fondos y desembolsos (SCFD) visto como un sistema de gestión de inventario, basado en ecuaciones en diferencias y técnicas de ingeniería de sistemas. El modelo asume la existencia de retardos por trámite o traslado bancario y analiza la aplicación del concepto de operación con cuentas de saldo cero. Se plantea el caso de una empresa genérica cuyas agencias o distribuidores geográficamente están dispersos en diferentes regiones. El modelo supone la existencia de una cuenta principal operada centralizadamente y política de saldo mínimo. Esta cuenta recibe las transferencias de los ingresos depositados en las cuentas de ingresos de cada agencia y, también, desde la cuenta principal son transferidos los fondos para cubrir los sobregiros ocasionados en las cuentas de egresos de las agencias. Existe una cuenta de inversión a la cual se transfiere el superávit de efectivo en la cuenta principal y una línea de crédito que cubre los déficits de saldo en esa cuenta. Se definen las reglas de operación del SCFD y se consideran los ingresos y costos involucrados. El modelo representa el flujo del dinero entre los elementos identificados del sistema y el flujo de requerimientos u órdenes de transferencia. Se deriva un modelo equivalente representado por ecuaciones algebraicas utilizando la transformada z con el fin de abrir perspectivas al uso riguroso de técnicas de control en el campo de las finanzas., [EN] This paper presents a simulation model for a cash concentration and disbursements system (CCDS) seen as an inventory management system, based on difference equations and systems engineering techniques. The model assumes the existence of delays due to banking procedures and analyzes the application of the zero balance accounts concept. The case of a generic company whose agencies are geographically distributed in different regions is proposed. The model assumes the existence of a centrally operated main account and minimum balance policy. This account receives money transfers from the revenues accounts of each agency and, also from the main account, money is transferred to the agencies’ expense accounts in order to cover overdrafts. There exist an investment account into which any cash surpluses of the main account are deposited and a credit line in order to avoid the cash deficits. The operating rules for the CCDS are defined, and income and financial costs involved are considered. The model represents the flow of money between the identified elements of the system and the flow of money requirements or transfer orders. An equivalent model represented by algebraic equations through the z-transform is derived, which opens perspectives for using rigorous control techniques in the field of finance.

[ES] Este trabajo presenta un modelo de simulación para un sistema de concentración de fondos y desembolsos (SCFD) visto como un sistema de gestión de inventario, basado en ecuaciones en diferencias y técnicas de ingeniería de sistemas. El modelo asume la existencia de retardos por trámite o traslado bancario y analiza la aplicación del concepto de operación con cuentas de saldo cero. Se plantea el caso de una empresa genérica cuyas agencias o distribuidores geográficamente están dispersos en diferentes regiones. El modelo supone la existencia de una cuenta principal operada centralizadamente y política de saldo mínimo. Esta cuenta recibe las transferencias de los ingresos depositados en las cuentas de ingresos de cada agencia y, también, desde la cuenta principal son transferidos los fondos para cubrir los sobregiros ocasionados en las cuentas de egresos de las agencias. Existe una cuenta de inversión a la cual se transfiere el superávit de efectivo en la cuenta principal y una línea de crédito que cubre los déficits de saldo en esa cuenta. Se definen las reglas de operación del SCFD y se consideran los ingresos y costos involucrados. El modelo representa el flujo del dinero entre los elementos identificados del sistema y el flujo de requerimientos u órdenes de transferencia. Se deriva un modelo equivalente representado por ecuaciones algebraicas utilizando la transformada z con el fin de abrir perspectivas al uso riguroso de técnicas de control en el campo de las finanzas., [EN] This paper presents a simulation model for a cash concentration and disbursements system (CCDS) seen as an inventory management system, based on difference equations and systems engineering techniques. The model assumes the existence of delays due to banking procedures and analyzes the application of the zero balance accounts concept. The case of a generic company whose agencies are geographically distributed in different regions is proposed. The model assumes the existence of a centrally operated main account and minimum balance policy. This account receives money transfers from the revenues accounts of each agency and, also from the main account, money is transferred to the agencies’ expense accounts in order to cover overdrafts. There exist an investment account into which any cash surpluses of the main account are deposited and a credit line in order to avoid the cash deficits. The operating rules for the CCDS are defined, and income and financial costs involved are considered. The model represents the flow of money between the identified elements of the system and the flow of money requirements or transfer orders. An equivalent model represented by algebraic equations through the z-transform is derived, which opens perspectives for using rigorous control techniques in the field of finance.

[ES] Este trabajo presenta un modelo de simulación para un sistema de concentración de fondos y desembolsos (SCFD) visto como un sistema de gestión de inventario, basado en ecuaciones en diferencias y técnicas de ingeniería de sistemas. El modelo asume la existencia de retardos por trámite o traslado bancario y analiza la aplicación del concepto de operación con cuentas de saldo cero. Se plantea el caso de una empresa genérica cuyas agencias o distribuidores geográficamente están dispersos en diferentes regiones. El modelo supone la existencia de una cuenta principal operada centralizadamente y política de saldo mínimo. Esta cuenta recibe las transferencias de los ingresos depositados en las cuentas de ingresos de cada agencia y, también, desde la cuenta principal son transferidos los fondos para cubrir los sobregiros ocasionados en las cuentas de egresos de las agencias. Existe una cuenta de inversión a la cual se transfiere el superávit de efectivo en la cuenta principal y una línea de crédito que cubre los déficits de saldo en esa cuenta. Se definen las reglas de operación del SCFD y se consideran los ingresos y costos involucrados. El modelo representa el flujo del dinero entre los elementos identificados del sistema y el flujo de requerimientos u órdenes de transferencia. Se deriva un modelo equivalente representado por ecuaciones algebraicas utilizando la transformada z con el fin de abrir perspectivas al uso riguroso de técnicas de control en el campo de las finanzas., [EN] This paper presents a simulation model for a cash concentration and disbursements system (CCDS) seen as an inventory management system, based on difference equations and systems engineering techniques. The model assumes the existence of delays due to banking procedures and analyzes the application of the zero balance accounts concept. The case of a generic company whose agencies are geographically distributed in different regions is proposed. The model assumes the existence of a centrally operated main account and minimum balance policy. This account receives money transfers from the revenues accounts of each agency and, also from the main account, money is transferred to the agencies’ expense accounts in order to cover overdrafts. There exist an investment account into which any cash surpluses of the main account are deposited and a credit line in order to avoid the cash deficits. The operating rules for the CCDS are defined, and income and financial costs involved are considered. The model represents the flow of money between the identified elements of the system and the flow of money requirements or transfer orders. An equivalent model represented by algebraic equations through the z-transform is derived, which opens perspectives for using rigorous control techniques in the field of finance.

[ES] Este trabajo presenta un modelo de simulación para un sistema de concentración de fondos y desembolsos (SCFD) visto como un sistema de gestión de inventario, basado en ecuaciones en diferencias y técnicas de ingeniería de sistemas. El modelo asume la existencia de retardos por trámite o traslado bancario y analiza la aplicación del concepto de operación con cuentas de saldo cero. Se plantea el caso de una empresa genérica cuyas agencias o distribuidores geográficamente están dispersos en diferentes regiones. El modelo supone la existencia de una cuenta principal operada centralizadamente y política de saldo mínimo. Esta cuenta recibe las transferencias de los ingresos depositados en las cuentas de ingresos de cada agencia y, también, desde la cuenta principal son transferidos los fondos para cubrir los sobregiros ocasionados en las cuentas de egresos de las agencias. Existe una cuenta de inversión a la cual se transfiere el superávit de efectivo en la cuenta principal y una línea de crédito que cubre los déficits de saldo en esa cuenta. Se definen las reglas de operación del SCFD y se consideran los ingresos y costos involucrados. El modelo representa el flujo del dinero entre los elementos identificados del sistema y el flujo de requerimientos u órdenes de transferencia. Se deriva un modelo equivalente representado por ecuaciones algebraicas utilizando la transformada z con el fin de abrir perspectivas al uso riguroso de técnicas de control en el campo de las finanzas., [EN] This paper presents a simulation model for a cash concentration and disbursements system (CCDS) seen as an inventory management system, based on difference equations and systems engineering techniques. The model assumes the existence of delays due to banking procedures and analyzes the application of the zero balance accounts concept. The case of a generic company whose agencies are geographically distributed in different regions is proposed. The model assumes the existence of a centrally operated main account and minimum balance policy. This account receives money transfers from the revenues accounts of each agency and, also from the main account, money is transferred to the agencies’ expense accounts in order to cover overdrafts. There exist an investment account into which any cash surpluses of the main account are deposited and a credit line in order to avoid the cash deficits. The operating rules for the CCDS are defined, and income and financial costs involved are considered. The model represents the flow of money between the identified elements of the system and the flow of money requirements or transfer orders. An equivalent model represented by algebraic equations through the z-transform is derived, which opens perspectives for using rigorous control techniques in the field of finance.

[ES] Este trabajo presenta un modelo de simulación para un sistema de concentración de fondos y desembolsos (SCFD) visto como un sistema de gestión de inventario, basado en ecuaciones en diferencias y técnicas de ingeniería de sistemas. El modelo asume la existencia de retardos por trámite o traslado bancario y analiza la aplicación del concepto de operación con cuentas de saldo cero. Se plantea el caso de una empresa genérica cuyas agencias o distribuidores geográficamente están dispersos en diferentes regiones. El modelo supone la existencia de una cuenta principal operada centralizadamente y política de saldo mínimo. Esta cuenta recibe las transferencias de los ingresos depositados en las cuentas de ingresos de cada agencia y, también, desde la cuenta principal son transferidos los fondos para cubrir los sobregiros ocasionados en las cuentas de egresos de las agencias. Existe una cuenta de inversión a la cual se transfiere el superávit de efectivo en la cuenta principal y una línea de crédito que cubre los déficits de saldo en esa cuenta. Se definen las reglas de operación del SCFD y se consideran los ingresos y costos involucrados. El modelo representa el flujo del dinero entre los elementos identificados del sistema y el flujo de requerimientos u órdenes de transferencia. Se deriva un modelo equivalente representado por ecuaciones algebraicas utilizando la transformada z con el fin de abrir perspectivas al uso riguroso de técnicas de control en el campo de las finanzas., [EN] This paper presents a simulation model for a cash concentration and disbursements system (CCDS) seen as an inventory management system, based on difference equations and systems engineering techniques. The model assumes the existence of delays due to banking procedures and analyzes the application of the zero balance accounts concept. The case of a generic company whose agencies are geographically distributed in different regions is proposed. The model assumes the existence of a centrally operated main account and minimum balance policy. This account receives money transfers from the revenues accounts of each agency and, also from the main account, money is transferred to the agencies’ expense accounts in order to cover overdrafts. There exist an investment account into which any cash surpluses of the main account are deposited and a credit line in order to avoid the cash deficits. The operating rules for the CCDS are defined, and income and financial costs involved are considered. The model represents the flow of money between the identified elements of the system and the flow of money requirements or transfer orders. An equivalent model represented by algebraic equations through the z-transform is derived, which opens perspectives for using rigorous control techniques in the field of finance.

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

It is a well established axiom that attempting to defeat an insurgency or a terrorist organization head-on is merely treating the symptoms of a problem. For long-term success, the campaign must also address the root causes of the insecurity that spawned conflict in the first place. In this monograph, British academic and practitioner Dr. Shima Keene describes a number of ways in which financial intelligence can be leveraged not only to disrupt adversary activities, but also to provide indicators and warnings of future actions and, ultimately, to address underlying insecurities. Dr. Keene was previously both a banker and a British Army reservist. In this monograph, she uses her expertise as a threat finance specialist to outline specific areas where financial intelligence analysis techniques, which are common in the private sector, can be applied to combating insurgency, terrorism, and other hard security threats. Dr. Keene argues that financial disruption techniques used in counterinsurgency have been poorly coordinated and at times counterproductive, and cites the targeting of the Hawala money transfer system as a specific example. Instead, she notes intelligence derived from analysis of financial data can provide much greater value in both understanding and predicting the adversary s activities, as well as providing for precise targeting to disrupt them. The Strategic Studies Institute recommends this monograph not only to counterinsurgency and counterterrorism practitioners and policymakers, but also to the Intelligence community more widely; all of these will find its conclusions on the handling of financial data and the value of threat finance analysis valuable.