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Das nationalsozialistische Deutschland wollte sein Territorium erheblich erweitern und diese Expansionen dauerhaft sichern. Um eine gigantische und komplexe Um- und Ansiedlungsaktion in den durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg eroberten Gebieten in Osteuropa zu organisieren, beauftragte die Reichsführung Wissenschaftler der Universität in Berlin, einen sogenannten „Generalplan Ost“ zu entwickeln. Das in Zusammenarbeit von Wissenschaftlern, Reichsleitung, SS und Wehrmacht entstandene Konzept beschreibt präzise, wie deutschen Siedlern der neue „Lebensraum“ erschlossen werden sollte, indem man die Gebiete der slawischen Bevölkerung kolonisierte und die Menschen zur Arbeit zwang, deportierte oder ermordete. Dieses Buch beleuchtet einige Aspekte der Entstehung und Wirkung des Generalplans Ost und skizziert den problematischen Umgang mit diesem Kriegsverbrechen an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.

Nazistowskie Niemcy chciały znacznie poszerzyć swoje terytorium i na stałe zabezpieczyć tą ekspansję. W celu zorganizowania gigantycznej i złożonej akcji przesiedleńczej i osiedleńczej na podbitych podczas II wojny światowej terenach Europy Wschodniej, kierownictwo Rzeszy zleciło naukowcom z Uniwersytetu Berlińskiego opracowanie tzw. „Planu Generalnego Wschodniego“. Koncepcja ta, powstała we współpracy naukowców, kierownictwa Rzeszy, SS i Wehrmachtu, precyzyjnie opisuje, jak poprzez kolonizowanie obszarów słowiańskiego narodu, zmuszanie ludzi do pracy, deportowanie ich lub mordowanie, dla niemieckich osadników miała zostać stworzona nowa „przestrzeń życiowa“. Niniejsza książka naświetla niektóre aspekty powstawania i skutków Generalnego Planu Wschodniego oraz nakreśla problematyczny stosunek Uniwersytetu Humboldtów po II wojnie światowej do tych zbrodni wojennych.

National Socialist Germany wanted to considerably expand its territory and secure these expansions permanently. In order to organise a gargantuan and complex relocation and settlement campaign in the territories of Eastern Europe conquered as a result of the Second World War, the Reichsführung commissioned scientists from the University of Berlin to develop a so-called ‘Master plan for the East’ (‘Generalplan Ost’). This concept, which was developed in collaboration with scientists, the Reichsleitung (Reich leadership), the SS and the Wehrmacht, precisely describes how the new Lebensraum (living space) was to be made accessible to the German settlers by colonising the territories of the Slavic population and subjecting the people to forced labour, deporting them or murdering them. This book highlights some aspects of the origins and impact of the ‘Generalplan Ost’ and outlines the problematic handling of this war crime at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin after the Second World War.

With the transition towards a smart grid, the power system has become strongly intertwined with the information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure. The interdependency of both domains requires a combined analysis of physical and ICT processes, but simulating these together is a major challenge due to the fundamentally different modeling and simulation concepts. After outlining these challenges, such as time synchronization and event handling, this manuscript presents an overview of state-of-the-art solutions to interface power system and ICT simulators. Due to their prominence in recent research, a special focus is set on co-simulation approaches and their challenges and potentials. Further, two case studies analyzing the impact of ICT on applications in power system operation illustrate the necessity of a holistic approach and show the capabilities of state-of-the-art co-simulation platforms., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Intelligent Electrical Power Grids

Broschüre des Forschungsschwerpunkts Maritime Systeme zur Forschungsausrichtung der beteiligten Institute., Brochure of the Research Cluster Maritime Systems on the research orientation of the participating institutes.

Didi Tchuindjang, Wolfgang Fricke: Schwingfestigkeitsuntersuchungen von Längssteifen unter Berücksichtigung der Eigenspannungen - Nicolas Rox: Optimierung von RoRo-Decks in der frühen Entwurfsphase - Robert Banek, Günter Ackermann: Regelung dieselelektrischer Schiffsantriebe bei schnell veränderlichen Propellerbelastungen - Christoph Thiem, Günter Ackermann: Simulation schiffstechnischer Anlagen unter Verwendung des FMI-Standards - Johannes Will, Anja Kömpe: Entwicklung eines zuverlässigen transversalen Wellenschnittverfahrens zur Bestimmung des Wellenwiderstandes mit Hilfe der Potenzialtheorie - Sönke Neumann, Arne Wenzel: Fluid-structure interaction of vertical-axis turbines with actuator methods and flexible multi-body dynamics - Axel Hackbarth, Edwin Kreuzer, Eugen Solowjow: mumAUV: A Platform for Underwater Swarm Robotics Research

Mobile government (m-government) provides a high potential to facilitate internal work processes, improve the quality of service, and increase performance of organizations in the public sector. However, only a few investigations have been conducted to explore this research area. And we lack of knowledge of evaluating the value and benefits of m-government solutions. In the paper, we identify and analyse the benefits of a mobile government solution for problem and complaint management by adopting the PENG model. Data are collected from case studies of two municipalities in Sweden. We perform thematic analysis of the data. The results reveal two main benefits of the m-government solution. Firstly, it helps the municipalities to enhance their innovative appearance and increase transparency in administration, which result in an improved social image. Secondly, the solution provides a number of benefits that have an impact on the municipalities and citizens. In particular, these benefits include an improved quality of public service, reduced costs and improved democracy. Moreover, we summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the PENG model that arises in the study. This paper contributes knowledge to the research of mobile government and increases the understanding of benefit analysis of mobile solutions for public organizations.

Florian Tietze, Hermann Lödding Produktivitätsanalyse in der Unikatfertigung mit mobilen Endgeräten Wolfgang Fricke, Bjarne Gerlach, Matthias Guiard Investigation on the load carrying behaviour of windows subjected to dynamic loads Xiaojing Luo, Thomas Rung Viscous Multi-Body Hydrodynamics for Offshore Applications David Osthoff Numerical Simulation of Ship Collision with Gravity Base Foundation of Offshore Wind Turbine Edwin Kreuzer, Eugen Solowjow, Gang Qiu, Thorben Hamann, Jürgen Grabe Leg-Seabed Interactions of Jack-Up Vessels Marcel König, Eyke Höft, Alexander Düster Numerical Simulation of the Berthing Manoeuvre of Service Vessels to Offshore Wind Turbine Plants Daniel Ferreira González Numerical Simulations of Ship Motions during Landing Manoeuvres at Offshore Wind Turbine Plants Philipp Sebastian Halata, Axel Friedewald, Hermann Lödding Ein szenariobezogenes Auswahlverfahren für Augmented-Reality-Komponenten Hendrik Dankowski Fast Numerical Calculation Methods for the Investigation of Real Ship Accidents

Der demografische Wandel vollzieht sich insbesondere in den ländlichen Gebieten Sachsens bereits in großen Schritten. Junge und hoch qualifizierte Menschen wandern weiterhin ab und die älteren bleiben zurück. Daraus resultiert ein Bevölkerungsrückgang, der zu einer Ausdünnung der Infrastruktur in diesen Gebieten führt. Insbesondere der reduzierte öffentliche Personennahverkehr schränkt die Mobilität der älteren Bevölkerung immer stärker ein. Gleichzeitig wird mit dem sich erhöhenden Altersdurchschnitt die Nachfrage nach medizinischer und pflegerischer Versorgung ansteigen. Ältere Menschen werden somit abhängig von der Unterstützung durch Familienangehörige, Freunde und Nachbarn. Stehen diese nicht zur Verfügung, sind das Verlassen des gewohnten Umfelds und der Umzug in eine stationäre Altenpflegeeinrichtung oftmals die einzige verbleibende Alternative. Dies entspricht jedoch weder den individuellen Wünschen der Betroffenen noch ist es aus volkswirtschaftlicher Perspektive sinnvoll. Die vorliegende Projektstudie wurde aus Mitteln der Demografierichtlinie durch die Sächsische Staatsregierung gefördert und hat zum Ziel, die Lebensbedingungen älterer Menschen in dünn besiedelten Regionen so sicherzustellen, dass sie in ihrem vertrauten Lebensumfeld so lange wie möglich verbleiben können. Dazu ist es notwendig, dass Elemente der Daseinsvorsorge, wie insbesondere medizinische und pflegerische Leistungen, Waren des täglichen Bedarfs etc., in ihrem unmittelbaren Umfeld vorhanden und für sie selbstständig erreichbar sind. Um diese kleinräumige Versorgung bedarfsgerecht und kosteneffizient gestalten zu können, ist die Entwicklung, Erprobung und Evaluierung entsprechender neuer Konzeptionen notwendig. Die Innovation des vorliegenden Projektes besteht darin, dass eine Lösung entwickelt wurde, deren Elemente nach raumplanerischen und gesundheitsökonomischen Gesichtspunkten aufeinander abgestimmt sind und den Bedürfnissen der Bevölkerung im Altersbereich 70+ entspricht.

Background: Platinum-based chemotherapy has long been used in the treatment of a variety of cancers and functions by inducing DNA damage. ERCC1 and ERCC4 are involved in the removal of this damage and have previously been implicated in resistance to platinum compounds. The aim of the current investigation is to determine the presence, frequency and prognostic impact of ERCC1 or ERCC4 gene copy number alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Fluorescent in situ hybridization probes directed at ERCC1 and ERCC4 with relevant reference probes were constructed. Probes were tested in a CRC cell line panel and in tumor sections from 152 stage III CRC chemonaive patients. Relationships between biomarker status and clinical endpoints (overall survival, time to recurrence, and local recurrence in rectal cancer) were analyzed by survival statistics. Results: ERCC1-19q13 copy number alterations were observed in a single cell line metaphase (HT29). In patient material, ERCC1-19q13 copy number gains (ERCC1-19q13/CEN-2 ≥ 1.5) were detected in 27.0% of specimens, whereas ERCC1-19q13 deletions (ERCC1-19q13/CEN-2 < 0.8) were only detected in 1.3%. ERCC1-19q13 gain was significantly associated with longer survival (multivariate analysis, HR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.20-1.00, p = 0.049) in patients with colon tumors, but not rectal tumors. No ERCC4 aberrations were detected and scoring was discontinued after 50 patients. Conclusions: ERCC1-19q13 copy number gains occur frequently in stage III CRC and influences survival in patients with colon tumors. Future studies will investigate the effect of ERCC1-19q13 aberrations in a platinum-treated patient population with the aim of developing a predictive biomarker profile for oxaliplatin sensitivity in CRC.

Topoisomerase I (Top1) is the target of Top1 inhibitor chemotherapy. The TOP1 gene, located at 20q12-q13.1, is frequently detected at elevated copy numbers in colorectal cancer (CRC). The present study explores the mechanism, frequency and prognostic impact of TOP1 gene aberrations in stage III CRC and how these can be detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).

A Topoisomerase 1 (Top1) poison is frequently included in the treatment regimens for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, no predictive biomarkers for Top1 poisons are available. We here report a study on the TOP1 gene copy number in CRC patients and its association with patient prognosis and tumor cell proliferation.

The Estrogen Receptor (ER) is an established predictive marker for the selection of adjuvant endocrine treatment in early breast cancer. During the 1990s Immunohistochemistry (IHC) replaced cytosol based assays for determination of ER status. This study examined the association between ER protein level determined by two different methods and ESR1 gene copy number. From 289 primary high-risk breast cancer patients, randomized in the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) 77C trial, results from cytosolic ER levels were available from ligand binding assays. Archival tumor tissue was retrieved from 257 patients. ESR1/CEN-6 ratio was analyzed successfully by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in 220 (86%) patients. ESR1 amplification (ESR1/CEN-6 ≥ 2.00) was observed in 23% of the patients and ESR1 deletion (ESR1/CEN-6 < 0.80) was observed in 32%. Further, we identified ESR1 gain (ratio ESR1/CEN-6 from 1.30 to 1.99) in 19% of the patients. A positive correlation of ESR1 FISH with both ER-cytosol and ER IHC was found (p < 0.0001). Amplification and gain of the ESR1 gene are associated with higher ER protein content measured by ligand binding assay and a more intense nuclear staining by IHC compared to tumors with normal ESR1 gene status. Major variations in ER measured by ligand binding assay and IHC are observed within all ESR1 copy number subgroups and other mechanisms than gene copy number seem to contribute to the ER protein content in the tumors.

AIM OF STUDY To investigate if TOP1 gene copy number and/or the TOP1/CEN-20 ratio in colorectal cancer (CRC) areassociated with prognosis. BACKGROUND TOP1, localized on chromosome 20, encodes topoisomerase I (TOP1), which is the sole molecular target of irinotecan. TOP1 immunoreactivity in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) primary tumor tissue has been suggested as a predictive biomarker of the effect of irinotecan in the treatment of metastatic CRC. Quantification of TOP1 protein levels in FFPE tissue may be difficult and calls for alternative methods.We have recently reported on TOP1 FISH analyses on 50 FFPE primary CRC tissues. When compared with results from normal colorectal mucosa, 80 % of the tumors showed increased TOP1 gene copy number and 2/3 had increased TOP1/CEN-20 ratio. MATERIALS AND METHODS FFPE samples from 154 stage III CRC patients not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy were included. For each patient TOP1 gene copy number and CEN-20 reference number were determined in 60 nuclei from the malignant tumor by FISH using a TOP1/CEN-20 probe mix. Similarly, the TOP1 gene copy number and and CEN-20 reference number were dertermined in the normal colorectal mucosa in 105 of the 154 patients. RESULTS We found that: 84 % of the tumors to have increased TOP1 gene copy number/cell. 68 % of the tumors to have increased TOP1/CEN-20 ratio. 23 % of the tumors to have TOP1/CEN-20 ratio above 1.5. 10 % of the tumors to have TOP1/CEN-20 ratio above 2.0. A continuous relationship between TOP1 gene copy number/cell and OS exists. A continuous relationship between TOP1 gene copy number/cell and LR exists. A continuous relationship exists between TOP1/CEN-20 ratio and LR CONCLUSION Our data suggest that TOP1 and TOP1/CEN-20 ratio are associated with prognosis in colorectal cancer. Future studies investigating a potential predictive role of TOP1 gene status as a biomarker for irinotecan sensitivity should be planned in a w

Background and aims: A positive relationship between topoisomerase-1 (TOP1) protein and sensitivity towards the TOP1 inhibitor irinotecan has been reported in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The aim of this study was to analyse TOP1 gene copy number variation in tumor tissue from CRC patients and CRC cell lines with different sensitivities to the TOP1 inhibitor SN-38 and oxaliplatin. Methods: A TOP1 gene probe with a chromosome 20 centromere (CEN-20) reference probe was tested on tumor tissue from 50 stage III CRC patients. Additionally, associations between TOP1/CEN-20 ratio and in vitro sensitivity to SN-38 (the active metabolite of irinotecan) and oxaliplatin were tested for 10 CRC cell lines. Results: The crude TOP1 copy numbers as well as the TOP1/CEN-20 mean ratio +/- 3 STD were determined in non-affected mucosa and in the malignant epithelium of the tumors. In the malignant epithelium 84% of the samples demonstrated an increased TOP1 gene copy number and 66% had an increased TOP1/CEN-20 ratio compared to the non-affected mucosa. Sixteen (32%) of the tumors had a ratio = 1.5 and 9 of these had a ratio of = 2.0. A positive association was observed between the TOP1 gene copy number and the TOP1/CEN-20 ratio and in vitro sensitivity towards SN-38 but not towards oxaliplatin. Conclusion: A large fraction of the samples demonstrated an increased TOP1 gene copy number and an increased TOP1/CEN-20 ratio as compared to the non-affected mucosa. The cell line study suggested an association between TOP1 gene copy number or TOP1/CEN-20 ratio and sensitivity to irinotecan but not oxaliplatin.

The German Empire, its structure, its dynamic development between 1871 and 1918, and its legacy, have been the focus of lively international debate that is showing signs of further intensification as we approach the centenary of the outbreak of World War I. Based on recent work and scholarly arguments about continuities and discontinuities in modern German history from Bismarck to Hitler, well-known experts broadly explore four themes: the positioning of the Bismarckian Empire in the course of German history; the relationships between society, politics and culture in a period of momentous transformations; the escalation of military violence in Germany's colonies before 1914 and later in two world wars; and finally the situation of Germany within the international system as a major political and economic player. The perspectives presented in this volume have already stimulated further argument and will be of interest to anyone looking for orientation in this field of research.

The estrogen receptor (ER) is the target of tamoxifen, but endocrine therapies do not benefit all patients with ER positive tumors. We therefore hypothesized that copy number changes in the ESR1 gene, encoding ER, confer resistance. Within a consecutive series of ER positive, postmenopausal patients allocated to 5 years tamoxifen, we identified 61 patients with recurrence less than 4 years and 48 patients without recurrence at least 7 years after initiation of adjuvant tamoxifen. Archival tissue containing primary tumor was collected from 97 patients (89%). Tumor samples were analyzed for ESR1 copy number changes using FISH with a probe covering the ESR1 gene at 6q25 and a reference probe covering the centromere of chromosome 6. The assay was validated in a material of 120 normal breast samples. FISH analysis for ESR1 was successful in 91 patients (94%). Amplification (ratio ESR1/CEN-6 ≥ 2.0) was observed in 11 of 50 (22%) patients with early recurrence, compared to two of 41 (5%) patients without recurrence. The difference is statistically significant (P = 0.033). In both groups, two patients with ESR1 deletion (ratio ESR1/CEN-6 < 0.8) were identified. ESR1 amplification was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (P = 0.0054) and overall survival (P = 0.0004). This pilot study supports our hypothesis that ESR1 amplification is associated with a poorer outcome following adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen in ER positive early breast cancer. This study also revealed the existence of ESR1 deletions. The prognostic and predictive impact of ESR1 copy number changes needs further exploration in clinical trials.

Standortentscheidungen sind der strategischen Planung zuzuordnen. In diesem Beitrag geht es um Standorte, die von Kunden aufgesucht werden und im Wettbewerb stehen. Aus der Sicht eines Kunden ist die Wahl einer Einrichtung ein diskretes Entscheidungsproblem. Derartige Entscheidungen können durch diskrete Wahlmodelle (zum Beispiel Logit-Modelle) abgebildet werden. Dieser Beitrag zeigt, wie deren Ergebnisse in die modellgestützte Standortplanung integriert werden können. Die Anwendbarkeit der Ansätze wird an zwei Fallstudien demonstriert., Within the framework of strategic planning, location decisions must necessarily take into account competition factors. The customer’s choice is a discrete decision problem. In this paper, we highlight the opportunities for integration of the results of a discrete choice model (for example a logit model) into facility location planning. The approaches are applied to two different case studies.

Copy number changes in TOP2A have frequently been linked to ERBB2 (HER2) amplified breast cancers. To study this relationship, copy number changes of ERBB2 and TOP2A were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in two cell lines; one characterized by having amplification of both genes and the other by having amplification of ERBB2 and deletion of TOP2A. The characteristics are compared to findings on paired ERBB2 and TOP2A data from 649 patients with invasive breast cancer from a previously published biomarker study. The physical localization of FISH signals in metaphase spreads from cell lines showed that simultaneous amplification is not a simple co-amplification of a whole amplicon containing both genes. Most gene signals are translocated to abnormal marker chromosomes. ERBB2 genes but not TOP2A genes are present in tandem amplicons, leading to a higher ERBB2 ratio. This observation was confirmed by patient FISH data: among 276 (43% of all patients) abnormal tumors, 67% had different ERBB2 and TOP2A status. ERBB2 amplification with normal TOP2A status was found in 36% of the abnormal tumors (15% of all patients). Simultaneous amplification of both genes was found in 28% of the abnormal tumors (12% of all patients) while TOP2A deletion and ERBB2 amplification was observed in 16% of the abnormal cases (8% of all patients). A small number of tumors had TOP2A amplification (4%) or deletion (6%) without simultaneous changes of the ERBB2 gene. ERBB2 deletion was also observed (5%) but only in tumors with simultaneous TOP2A deletion. The average gene/reference ratio was significantly different: 5.0 for TOP2A but 7.2 for ERBB2 in the amplified tumors (P

Ausgewiesene Experten geben einen Überblick über den aktuellen internationalen Forschungsstand zum Deutschen Kaiserreich und werfen neue, richtungweisende Fragen auf. Der Band liefert einen wichtigen Beitrag zu den anhaltenden Debatten über das Deutsche Kaiserreich (1871-1918). Ausgewiesene Kaiserreichexperten internationaler Provenienz geben einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand und werfen neue, richtungweisende Fragen auf. Das Buch ist an vier Achsen ausgerichtet, die Themen und Probleme markieren, auf die sich die Kontroversen über das Kaiserreich in den letzten Jahren konzentriert haben: die Verortung des Kaiserreichs in der deutschen Geschichte; das Verhältnis von Gesellschaft, Politik und Kultur; Formen militärischer Gewalt mit ihrem Brennpunkt im Ersten Weltkrieg und schließlich die transnationale Verflechtung Deutschlands im Zeitalter der »ersten Globalisierung«.