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Microbially catalyzed corrosion of metals is a substantial economic concern. Aerobic microbes primarily enhance Fe0 oxidation through indirect mechanisms and their impact appears to be limited compared to anaerobic microbes. Several anaerobic mechanisms are known to accelerate Fe0 oxidation. Microbes can consume H2 abiotically generated from the oxidation of Fe0. Microbial H2 removal makes continued Fe0 oxidation more thermodynamically favorable. Extracellular hydrogenases further accelerate Fe0 oxidation. Organic electron shuttles such as flavins, phenazines, and possibly humic substances may replace H2 as the electron carrier between Fe0 and cells. Direct Fe0-to-microbe electron transfer is also possible. Which of these anaerobic mechanisms predominates in model pure culture isolates is typically poorly documented because of a lack of functional genetic studies. Microbial mechanisms for Fe0 oxidation may also apply to some other metals. An ultimate goal of microbial metal corrosion research is to develop molecular tools to diagnose the occurrence, mechanisms, and rates of metal corrosion to guide the implementation of the most effective mitigation strategies. A systems biology approach that includes innovative isolation and characterization methods, as well as functional genomic investigations, will be required in order to identify the diagnostic features to be gleaned from meta-omic analysis of corroding materials. A better understanding of microbial metal corrosion mechanisms is expected to lead to new corrosion mitigation strategies. The understanding of the corrosion microbiome is clearly in its infancy, but interdisciplinary electrochemical, microbiological, and molecular tools are available to make rapid progress in this field.

Microbially catalyzed corrosion of metals is a substantial economic concern. Aerobic microbes primarily enhance Fe0 oxidation through indirect mechanisms and their impact appears to be limited compared to anaerobic microbes. Several anaerobic mechanisms are known to accelerate Fe0 oxidation. Microbes can consume H2 abiotically generated from the oxidation of Fe0. Microbial H2 removal makes continued Fe0 oxidation more thermodynamically favorable. Extracellular hydrogenases further accelerate Fe0 oxidation. Organic electron shuttles such as flavins, phenazines, and possibly humic substances may replace H2 as the electron carrier between Fe0 and cells. Direct Fe0-to-microbe electron transfer is also possible. Which of these anaerobic mechanisms predominates in model pure culture isolates is typically poorly documented because of a lack of functional genetic studies. Microbial mechanisms for Fe0 oxidation may also apply to some other metals. An ultimate goal of microbial metal corrosion research is to develop molecular tools to diagnose the occurrence, mechanisms, and rates of metal corrosion to guide the implementation of the most effective mitigation strategies. A systems biology approach that includes innovative isolation and characterization methods, as well as functional genomic investigations, will be required in order to identify the diagnostic features to be gleaned from meta-omic analysis of corroding materials. A better understanding of microbial metal corrosion mechanisms is expected to lead to new corrosion mitigation strategies. The understanding of the corrosion microbiome is clearly in its infancy, but interdisciplinary electrochemical, microbiological, and molecular tools are available to make rapid progress in this field.

This study explores how Chinese digital journalism transformation in the context of media convergence. The research asks the following questions: How is the Chinese journalism transforming according to the changes of journalism production and users’ consumption in the digital era? Is there any difference between traditional journalism and digital journalism considering the journalistic quality in China? How does digital journalism influence the work situation of Chinese journalists? The research was conducted by mix qualitative and quantitative design and it is based on 8 in-depth interviews with Chinese journalists and an online questionnaire (n=300) on consumers. By conducting these two different kinds of empirical data, it could present the reaction of digital journalism transformation from both journalists and users. Based on the theoretical framework of media convergence and journalistic quality, the analysis was carried out on three levels: A) Chinese journalism transformation during the media convergence; B) Journalistic quality within the Chinese journalism industry; C) The impact of digital journalism on journalists work situation. The main results showed that digital transformation is under the media convergence trend in China. From Chinese users’ side, the consumption of digital journalism production is accessible and traditional journalism was more trustworthy than digital journalism. From Chinese journalists’ side, the journalistic production in traditional journalism has the journalistic quality which is more accurate and authoritative. In the digital era, the journalists working life were busy and the new media workers were more stressed than journalists in traditional media organizations.

This study explores how Chinese digital journalism transformation in the context of media convergence. The research asks the following questions: How is the Chinese journalism transforming according to the changes of journalism production and users’ consumption in the digital era? Is there any difference between traditional journalism and digital journalism considering the journalistic quality in China? How does digital journalism influence the work situation of Chinese journalists? The research was conducted by mix qualitative and quantitative design and it is based on 8 in-depth interviews with Chinese journalists and an online questionnaire (n=300) on consumers. By conducting these two different kinds of empirical data, it could present the reaction of digital journalism transformation from both journalists and users. Based on the theoretical framework of media convergence and journalistic quality, the analysis was carried out on three levels: A) Chinese journalism transformation during the media convergence; B) Journalistic quality within the Chinese journalism industry; C) The impact of digital journalism on journalists work situation. The main results showed that digital transformation is under the media convergence trend in China. From Chinese users’ side, the consumption of digital journalism production is accessible and traditional journalism was more trustworthy than digital journalism. From Chinese journalists’ side, the journalistic production in traditional journalism has the journalistic quality which is more accurate and authoritative. In the digital era, the journalists working life were busy and the new media workers were more stressed than journalists in traditional media organizations.