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BackgroundLittle is known about the role of global DNA methylation in recurrence and chemoresistance of high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC).MethodsWe performed whole genome bisulfite sequencing and transcriptome sequencing in 62 primary and recurrent tumors from 28 patients with stage III/IV HGSOC, of which 11 patients carried germline, pathogenic BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutations.ResultsLandscapes of genome-wide methylation (on average 24.2 million CpGs per tumor) and transcriptomes in primary and recurrent tumors showed extensive heterogeneity between patients but were highly preserved in tumors from the same patient. We identified significant differences in the burden of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in tumors from BRCA1/2 compared to non-BRCA1/2 carriers (mean 659 DMRs and 388 DMRs in paired comparisons respectively). We identified overexpression of immune pathways in BRCA1/2 carriers compared to non-carriers, implicating an increased immune response in improved survival (P = 0.006) in these BRCA1/2 carriers.ConclusionThese findings indicate methylome and gene expression programs established in the primary tumor are conserved throughout disease progression, even after extensive chemotherapy treatment, and that changes in methylation and gene expression are unlikely to serve as drivers for chemoresistance in HGSOC.

BackgroundAccumulating evidence suggests a relationship between endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. Independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer have identified 16 and 27 risk regions, respectively, four of which overlap between the two cancers. We aimed to identify joint endometrial and ovarian cancer risk loci by performing a meta-analysis of GWAS summary statistics from these two cancers.MethodsUsing LDScore regression, we explored the genetic correlation between endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. To identify loci associated with the risk of both cancers, we implemented a pipeline of statistical genetic analyses (i.e., inverse-variance meta-analysis, colocalization, and M-values) and performed analyses stratified by subtype. Candidate target genes were then prioritized using functional genomic data.ResultsGenetic correlation analysis revealed significant genetic correlation between the two cancers (rG = 0.43, P = 2.66 × 10-5). We found seven loci associated with risk for both cancers (P Bonferroni < 2.4 × 10-9). In addition, four novel subgenome-wide regions at 7p22.2, 7q22.1, 9p12, and 11q13.3 were identified (P < 5 × 10-7). Promoter-associated HiChIP chromatin loops from immortalized endometrium and ovarian cell lines and expression quantitative trait loci data highlighted candidate target genes for further investigation.ConclusionsUsing cross-cancer GWAS meta-analysis, we have identified several joint endometrial and ovarian cancer risk loci and candidate target genes for future functional analysis.ImpactOur research highlights the shared genetic relationship between endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. Further studies in larger sample sets are required to confirm our findings.

PRéCIS:: Small but significant decreases in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)-measured circumpapillary capillary density (cpCD) were observed in healthy eyes dilated with 2.5% phenylephrine/0.5% tropicamide. Although likely clinically insignificant, ophthalmologists should consider these changes when interpreting OCTA results from dilated eyes.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pupil dilation using 2.5% phenylephrine and 0.5% tropicamide on quantitative assessment of retinal microvasculature using OCTA.MethodsOptoVue AngioVue high density (HD) and non-HD OCTA macula and optic nerve head (ONH) images were obtained at 15-minute intervals predilation and postdilation in 26 healthy participants (mean age: 40.0; 95% confidence interval=33.9, 46.1 y). Superficial macular vessel density (VD) was measured in the whole image VD and the parafoveal region VD. ONH capillary density was measured in the whole image capillary density and the cpCD region. Differences between predilation and postdilation densities were assessed using linear mixed effects models to account for within-patient correlation.ResultsInstillation of dilating drops resulted in a small but statistically significant reduction in non-HD ONH whole image capillary density of 0.6%, from a mean of 45.2% (95% confidence interval=41.9%, 48.4%) to 44.6% (41.4%, 47.8%) (P=0.046). A similar reduction in non-HD ONH cpCD of 0.8% also was observed, from a mean of 49.3% (45.3%, 53.3%) to 48.5% (44.5%, 52.4%) (P=0.025). No postdilation decreases in macular VD or HD ONH capillary density were observed.ConclusionsPupil dilation using topical 2.5% phenylephrine and 0.5% tropicamide results in a small but statistically significant reduction in non-HD ONH whole image and cpCD in healthy eyes. The observed reduction likely is not clinically significant because the observed reduction was within the previously reported range of measurement variability. Further studies should consider inve

Accumulating evidence suggests a relationship between endometrial cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer. For example, endometrial cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer share epidemiological risk factors and molecular features observed across histotypes are held in common (e.g. serous, endometrioid and clear cell). Independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for endometrial cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer have identified 16 and 27 risk regions, respectively, four of which overlap between the two cancers. Using GWAS summary statistics, we explored the shared genetic etiology between endometrial cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer. Genetic correlation analysis using LD Score regression revealed significant genetic correlation between the two cancers (rG = 0.43, P = 2.66 × 10−5). To identify loci associated with the risk of both cancers, we implemented a pipeline of statistical genetic analyses (i.e. inverse-variance meta-analysis, co-localization, and M-values), and performed analyses by stratified by subtype. We found seven loci associated with risk for both cancers (PBonferroni < 2.4 × 10−9). In addition, four novel regions at 7p22.2, 7q22.1, 9p12 and 11q13.3 were identified at a sub-genome wide threshold (P < 5 × 10−7). Integration with promoter-associated HiChIP chromatin loops from immortalized endometrium and epithelial ovarian cell lines, and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data highlighted candidate target genes for further investigation.

BRCA1 or 2 mutations result in higher cancer risk for breast cancer (BC) and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) for carriers than exists in the general population. Optimal breast imaging surveillance in these patients has not been well defined. An Institutional Review Board-approved, multi-institutional retrospective chart review was performed. Patients diagnosed with BRCA-associated EOC between 1990-2015 were identified; demographic and clinical data were collected and analyzed. 192 BRCA mutation-positive patients with EOC were identified. 16/192 (8.3%) women were diagnosed with BC following EOC, at a median of 50 (range 5-327) months following EOC diagnosis and median age 59.5 (45-84) years. Breast cancer was most commonly detected on mammogram 7/16 (44%) or clinical exam 7/16 (44%). 2/16 (12.5%) had occult BC found during risk-reducing mastectomy. 14 (88%) had early-stage (0-2) disease. At mean follow-up of 8.1 years, 6 (37.5%) patients with BC following EOC had died due to EOC. The risk of BC diagnosis following EOC in BRCA mutation carriers is low; most of these BCs are early stage and diagnosed with mammography or physical exam. Overall, survival in BRCA mutation carriers is dominated by EOC-related mortality. Breast cancer surveillance in BRCA mutation carriers following EOC should prioritize nonsurgical strategies.

Data from colon, breast and prostate cancers suggest that aspirin users have reduced mortality. While the direct mechanism remains uncertain, aspirin can suppress the COX-dependent and independent pathways involved in tumor progression. We hypothesized that aspirin users with clear cell ovarian cancer would have improved survival outcomes. We performed a retrospective review of patients with clear cell ovarian cancer diagnosed between 1995 and 2010, and followed outcomes through 2016. Patients underwent primary cytoreductive surgery followed by platinum-based chemotherapy. Aspirin use was defined by medication documentation in two records more than six months apart. Statistical tests included Fisher's exact, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Seventy-seven patients met inclusion criteria. Fifty-four patients (70%) had stage I-II disease. Thirteen patients (17%) used aspirin. Aspirin users had a statistically longer disease-free survival compared to non-users (HR 0.13, p = .018). While median disease-free survival was not reached for either group, 1 of 13 (8%) aspirin users recurred at 24 months, compared to 18 of 64 (28%) non-users. Aspirin users demonstrated longer overall survival (HR 0.13, p = .015). Median survival was not reached for aspirin users, compared to 166 months for non-users. Aspirin use retained significance (HR 0.13, p = .044) after controlling for age, stage and cytoreductive status. In this small cohort of women with clear cell ovarian cancer, aspirin use correlated with improved disease-free and overall survival, and retained independent significance as a positive prognostic factor. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings before considering aspirin as a therapeutic intervention.

Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a peripheral nerve block directed at the nerves in the anterior abdominal wall. We sought to determine whether TAP block reduces post-operative narcotic use or length of stay after open gynecologic surgery. Among 98 women who underwent an open hysterectomy between July 2016 - July 2017 by a gynecologic oncologist, 73 (74.5%) received a TAP block. The majority of patients who received a TAP block had a vertical incision (86.3%) while the majority of patients who did not receive TAP block had a transverse incision (64%). More patients in the TAP block group underwent cancer debulking compared to the no TAP block group (65.7% versus 8%). The two groups did not differ in post-operative pain scores on day 1, 2, or 3, cumulative narcotic use by post-operative day 3, length of stay, or ileus. We found TAP block after vertical skin incision results in comparable pain scores, narcotic use, and length of stay compared to patients undergoing transverse incisions without TAP block.

Data from colon, breast and prostate cancers suggest that aspirin users have reduced mortality. While the direct mechanism remains uncertain, aspirin can suppress the COX-dependent and independent pathways involved in tumor progression. We hypothesized that aspirin users with clear cell ovarian cancer would have improved survival outcomes. We performed a retrospective review of patients with clear cell ovarian cancer diagnosed between 1995 and 2010, and followed outcomes through 2016. Patients underwent primary cytoreductive surgery followed by platinum-based chemotherapy. Aspirin use was defined by medication documentation in two records more than six months apart. Statistical tests included Fisher's exact, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Seventy-seven patients met inclusion criteria. Fifty-four patients (70%) had stage I-II disease. Thirteen patients (17%) used aspirin. Aspirin users had a statistically longer disease-free survival compared to non-users (HR 0.13, p = .018). While median disease-free survival was not reached for either group, 1 of 13 (8%) aspirin users recurred at 24 months, compared to 18 of 64 (28%) non-users. Aspirin users demonstrated longer overall survival (HR 0.13, p = .015). Median survival was not reached for aspirin users, compared to 166 months for non-users. Aspirin use retained significance (HR 0.13, p = .044) after controlling for age, stage and cytoreductive status. In this small cohort of women with clear cell ovarian cancer, aspirin use correlated with improved disease-free and overall survival, and retained independent significance as a positive prognostic factor. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings before considering aspirin as a therapeutic intervention.

Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a peripheral nerve block directed at the nerves in the anterior abdominal wall. We sought to determine whether TAP block reduces post-operative narcotic use or length of stay after open gynecologic surgery. Among 98 women who underwent an open hysterectomy between July 2016 - July 2017 by a gynecologic oncologist, 73 (74.5%) received a TAP block. The majority of patients who received a TAP block had a vertical incision (86.3%) while the majority of patients who did not receive TAP block had a transverse incision (64%). More patients in the TAP block group underwent cancer debulking compared to the no TAP block group (65.7% versus 8%). The two groups did not differ in post-operative pain scores on day 1, 2, or 3, cumulative narcotic use by post-operative day 3, length of stay, or ileus. We found TAP block after vertical skin incision results in comparable pain scores, narcotic use, and length of stay compared to patients undergoing transverse incisions without TAP block.

ObjectiveHigh-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) II-III has a variable clinical course. Due to the rarity of VAIN, existing data on the efficacy of treatment, risk of recurrence and progression to carcinoma is limited. Our objective was to evaluate predictors of recurrent disease and describe the risk of progression to carcinoma.MethodsUnder an IRB-approved protocol 42 patients with biopsy-proven VAIN II-III from 1995 to 2015 were retrospectively identified. Demographics, treatment, and clinical course were abstracted from medical records. Patients were followed with semi-annual colposcopy and biopsies at physician discretion. Standard statistical analyses were applied.ResultsMedian patient age was 58years old (range 20-81). Median follow-up time was 45months (range 9-195). Management included excision (31%), laser ablation (33%), topical agents (19%), and observation (10%), with the following rates of recurrence: 38%, 43%, 75%, and 50% (p=0.26). 20 patients (48%) had recurrent or persistent disease during treatment follow-up. No specific primary treatment was significantly more effective in preventing recurrence. Recurrence of VAIN II-III occurred at a median of 17.4months (7-78months) from time of initial diagnosis. Five (12%) patients developed invasive cancer of the lower genital tract. Median time to cancer diagnosis was 64months (30 to 101months).ConclusionsPatients with VAIN II-III are at high risk of recurrence and progression, suggesting the need for ongoing evaluation with cytology and comprehensive colposcopy by a skilled specialist. There were no clear risk factors or histopathologic criteria which predicted recurrence or progression to cancer.

ObjectiveTo report the frequency and features of occult carcinomas and the incidence of subsequent cancers following risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) in BRCA mutation carriers.Methods257 consecutive women with germline BRCA mutations who underwent RRSO between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014 were identified in an Institutional Review Board approved study. All patients were asymptomatic with normal physical exams, CA 125 values, and imaging studies preoperatively, and had at least 12months of follow-up post-RRSO. All patients had comprehensive adnexal sectioning performed. Patient demographics and clinico-pathologic characteristics were extracted from medical and pathology records.ResultsThe cohort included 148 BRCA1, 98 BRCA2, 6 BRCA not otherwise specified (NOS), and 5 BRCA1 and 2 mutation carriers. Occult carcinoma was seen in 14/257 (5.4%) of patients: 9 serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STIC), 3 tubal cancers, 1 ovarian cancer, and 1 endometrial cancer. Three patients (1.2%) with negative pathology at RRSO subsequently developed primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (PPSC), and 2 of 9 patients (22%) with STIC subsequently developed pelvic serous carcinoma. 110 women (43%) were diagnosed with breast cancer prior to RRSO, and 14 of the remaining 147 (9.5%) developed breast cancer following RRSO. Median follow-up of the cohort was 63months.ConclusionIn this cohort, 5.4% of asymptomatic BRCA mutation carriers had occult carcinomas at RRSO, 86% of which were tubal in origin. The risk of subsequent PPSC for women with benign adnexa at RRSO is low; however, the risk of pelvic serous carcinoma among women with STIC is significantly higher.

ObjectiveTo report the frequency and features of occult carcinomas and the incidence of subsequent cancers following risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) in BRCA mutation carriers.Methods257 consecutive women with germline BRCA mutations who underwent RRSO between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014 were identified in an Institutional Review Board approved study. All patients were asymptomatic with normal physical exams, CA 125 values, and imaging studies preoperatively, and had at least 12months of follow-up post-RRSO. All patients had comprehensive adnexal sectioning performed. Patient demographics and clinico-pathologic characteristics were extracted from medical and pathology records.ResultsThe cohort included 148 BRCA1, 98 BRCA2, 6 BRCA not otherwise specified (NOS), and 5 BRCA1 and 2 mutation carriers. Occult carcinoma was seen in 14/257 (5.4%) of patients: 9 serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STIC), 3 tubal cancers, 1 ovarian cancer, and 1 endometrial cancer. Three patients (1.2%) with negative pathology at RRSO subsequently developed primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (PPSC), and 2 of 9 patients (22%) with STIC subsequently developed pelvic serous carcinoma. 110 women (43%) were diagnosed with breast cancer prior to RRSO, and 14 of the remaining 147 (9.5%) developed breast cancer following RRSO. Median follow-up of the cohort was 63months.ConclusionIn this cohort, 5.4% of asymptomatic BRCA mutation carriers had occult carcinomas at RRSO, 86% of which were tubal in origin. The risk of subsequent PPSC for women with benign adnexa at RRSO is low; however, the risk of pelvic serous carcinoma among women with STIC is significantly higher.

ObjectiveHigh-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) II-III has a variable clinical course. Due to the rarity of VAIN, existing data on the efficacy of treatment, risk of recurrence and progression to carcinoma is limited. Our objective was to evaluate predictors of recurrent disease and describe the risk of progression to carcinoma.MethodsUnder an IRB-approved protocol 42 patients with biopsy-proven VAIN II-III from 1995 to 2015 were retrospectively identified. Demographics, treatment, and clinical course were abstracted from medical records. Patients were followed with semi-annual colposcopy and biopsies at physician discretion. Standard statistical analyses were applied.ResultsMedian patient age was 58years old (range 20-81). Median follow-up time was 45months (range 9-195). Management included excision (31%), laser ablation (33%), topical agents (19%), and observation (10%), with the following rates of recurrence: 38%, 43%, 75%, and 50% (p=0.26). 20 patients (48%) had recurrent or persistent disease during treatment follow-up. No specific primary treatment was significantly more effective in preventing recurrence. Recurrence of VAIN II-III occurred at a median of 17.4months (7-78months) from time of initial diagnosis. Five (12%) patients developed invasive cancer of the lower genital tract. Median time to cancer diagnosis was 64months (30 to 101months).ConclusionsPatients with VAIN II-III are at high risk of recurrence and progression, suggesting the need for ongoing evaluation with cytology and comprehensive colposcopy by a skilled specialist. There were no clear risk factors or histopathologic criteria which predicted recurrence or progression to cancer.

ObjectiveThis study describes the patterns of end of life (EOL) discussions and their impact on the use of aggressive measures in women with terminal gynecologic malignancies at a single institution.MethodsAn IRB-approved retrospective chart review identified 136 patients who died of gynecologic cancer between 2010 and 2012 with at least one interaction with their oncologists in the last 6 months of life. Aggressive measures were defined as chemotherapy within the last 14 days of life, emergency department (ED) visits, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions within the last 30 days of life, and inpatient deaths. The frequency and timing of EOL conversations were recorded. Utilization of hospice care was also described.ResultsIn the last 30 days of life, 54 (40%) patients were evaluated in the ED, 67 (49%) were admitted into hospital, and 16 (12%) were admitted to the ICU. Thirteen patients (10%) had chemotherapy in the last 14 days of life. Ninety-seven (71%) patients had a documented EOL conversation, eighteen (19%) as outpatients, and 79 (81%) as inpatients. Thirty (22%) patients died in the hospital. At the time of death, 55 (40%) patients were enrolled in outpatient hospice care. The mean amount of time in hospice was 28 days.ConclusionsEnd of life care discussions rarely occurred in the outpatient setting or >30 days before death. Inpatient encounters led to discussions about hospice and code status. Evaluation in the ED frequently resulted in escalation of care. Earlier EOL care discussions resulted in less aggressive measures.

ObjectiveThis study describes the patterns of end of life (EOL) discussions and their impact on the use of aggressive measures in women with terminal gynecologic malignancies at a single institution.MethodsAn IRB-approved retrospective chart review identified 136 patients who died of gynecologic cancer between 2010 and 2012 with at least one interaction with their oncologists in the last 6 months of life. Aggressive measures were defined as chemotherapy within the last 14 days of life, emergency department (ED) visits, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions within the last 30 days of life, and inpatient deaths. The frequency and timing of EOL conversations were recorded. Utilization of hospice care was also described.ResultsIn the last 30 days of life, 54 (40%) patients were evaluated in the ED, 67 (49%) were admitted into hospital, and 16 (12%) were admitted to the ICU. Thirteen patients (10%) had chemotherapy in the last 14 days of life. Ninety-seven (71%) patients had a documented EOL conversation, eighteen (19%) as outpatients, and 79 (81%) as inpatients. Thirty (22%) patients died in the hospital. At the time of death, 55 (40%) patients were enrolled in outpatient hospice care. The mean amount of time in hospice was 28 days.ConclusionsEnd of life care discussions rarely occurred in the outpatient setting or >30 days before death. Inpatient encounters led to discussions about hospice and code status. Evaluation in the ED frequently resulted in escalation of care. Earlier EOL care discussions resulted in less aggressive measures.

ObjectivesA growing body of evidence supports a role for thrombocytosis in the promotion of epithelial ovarian cancer biology. However, studies have only linked preoperative platelet count at time of initial cytoreductive surgery to clinical outcome. Here, we sought to determine the impact of elevated platelet count at time of secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) for recurrent disease.MethodsUnder an IRB-approved protocol, we identified 107 women with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent SCS between January 1997 and June 2012. We reviewed clinical, laboratory, and pathologic records from this retrospective cohort. The data was analyzed using the chi-squared, Fisher's exact, Cox proportional hazards, and Kaplan-Meier tests. We defined thrombocytosis as a platelet count ≥ 350 × 10(9)/L and optimal resection at SCS as microscopic residual disease.ResultsThirteen of 107 women (12%) with recurrent ovarian cancer had thrombocytosis prior to SCS. Preoperative thrombocytosis at SCS was associated with failure to undergo optimal resection (p=0.0001). Women with preoperative thrombocytosis at time of SCS demonstrated shorter overall survival (33 months) compared to those with normal platelet counts (46 months, p=0.004). On multivariate analysis, only preoperative platelet count retained significance as an independent prognostic factor (p=0.025) after controlling for age at SCS (p=0.90), disease free interval from primary treatment (0.06), and initial stage of disease (0.66).ConclusionsElevated platelet count at time of SCS is associated with suboptimal resection and shortened overall survival. These data provide further evidence supporting a plausible role for thrombocytosis in aggressive ovarian tumor biology.

ObjectivesA growing body of evidence supports a role for thrombocytosis in the promotion of epithelial ovarian cancer biology. However, studies have only linked preoperative platelet count at time of initial cytoreductive surgery to clinical outcome. Here, we sought to determine the impact of elevated platelet count at time of secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) for recurrent disease.MethodsUnder an IRB-approved protocol, we identified 107 women with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent SCS between January 1997 and June 2012. We reviewed clinical, laboratory, and pathologic records from this retrospective cohort. The data was analyzed using the chi-squared, Fisher's exact, Cox proportional hazards, and Kaplan-Meier tests. We defined thrombocytosis as a platelet count ≥ 350 × 10(9)/L and optimal resection at SCS as microscopic residual disease.ResultsThirteen of 107 women (12%) with recurrent ovarian cancer had thrombocytosis prior to SCS. Preoperative thrombocytosis at SCS was associated with failure to undergo optimal resection (p=0.0001). Women with preoperative thrombocytosis at time of SCS demonstrated shorter overall survival (33 months) compared to those with normal platelet counts (46 months, p=0.004). On multivariate analysis, only preoperative platelet count retained significance as an independent prognostic factor (p=0.025) after controlling for age at SCS (p=0.90), disease free interval from primary treatment (0.06), and initial stage of disease (0.66).ConclusionsElevated platelet count at time of SCS is associated with suboptimal resection and shortened overall survival. These data provide further evidence supporting a plausible role for thrombocytosis in aggressive ovarian tumor biology.

ObjectiveThere are few studies analyzing surveillance for Type II endometrial cancer recurrence. Our objective was to determine the types of post treatment surveillance tests performed in our institution and the efficacy of these tests in detecting recurrence in type II endometrial cancer patients.MethodsOne hundred and thirty six cases of type II endometrial cancers at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center from January of 2000 to August of 2011 were identified and 106 patients met inclusion criteria. Medical charts were reviewed for surveillance methods and number of follow up visits. For patients who underwent a recurrence of disease, the surveillance method utilized for detection was documented.ResultsForty-seven of the 106 (44%) patients developed recurrence with a mean progression free interval of 11 months. All patients had a history and physical at each surveillance visit, 78% had Pap testing, 57% had CA-125 levels drawn, 59% had CT (computed tomography) scans done, 6% had PET (positron emission tomography) scans done for surveillance. In our cohort, recurrence was detected by symptoms in 16, by CA-125 in 11, by physical exam in 7, by CT scan in 12, and by PET scan in one patient. No patients had recurrence detected by vaginal cytology.ConclusionsAlthough performed in the majority of patients, Pap testing did not detect any recurrences within this cohort. History and physical exam detected the most recurrences. These findings suggest that educating patients about relevant symptoms and performing thorough follow-up exams may be the most important aspects of detecting type II endometrial cancer recurrence.

ObjectiveThere are few studies analyzing surveillance for Type II endometrial cancer recurrence. Our objective was to determine the types of post treatment surveillance tests performed in our institution and the efficacy of these tests in detecting recurrence in type II endometrial cancer patients.MethodsOne hundred and thirty six cases of type II endometrial cancers at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center from January of 2000 to August of 2011 were identified and 106 patients met inclusion criteria. Medical charts were reviewed for surveillance methods and number of follow up visits. For patients who underwent a recurrence of disease, the surveillance method utilized for detection was documented.ResultsForty-seven of the 106 (44%) patients developed recurrence with a mean progression free interval of 11 months. All patients had a history and physical at each surveillance visit, 78% had Pap testing, 57% had CA-125 levels drawn, 59% had CT (computed tomography) scans done, 6% had PET (positron emission tomography) scans done for surveillance. In our cohort, recurrence was detected by symptoms in 16, by CA-125 in 11, by physical exam in 7, by CT scan in 12, and by PET scan in one patient. No patients had recurrence detected by vaginal cytology.ConclusionsAlthough performed in the majority of patients, Pap testing did not detect any recurrences within this cohort. History and physical exam detected the most recurrences. These findings suggest that educating patients about relevant symptoms and performing thorough follow-up exams may be the most important aspects of detecting type II endometrial cancer recurrence.