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The objectives of this dissertation include describing and analyzing the patterns of inequality in ALE participation at both the micro and macro levels. Special attention is paid to social origins of individual adults and their association with two groups of macro-level factors, social inequality (income, education, and skill inequality) and institutional settings (SEP, ALMPs, stratification, and TUD), across twelve selective OECD countries. In addition, this dissertation develops a deeper understanding of policy dimensions of inequality in ALE participation. A focus is placed on the historical development of ALE policies and the policy environment in Korea, Finland, and the U.S. that may serve as a component of the political, social and economic factors affecting ALE participation. To achieve these objectives, both quantitative (binary logistic regression and multilevel analysis) and qualitative methods (multiple case study) are employed.This investigation finds that the advantage of social origins in ALE participation is present across countries, to varying degrees. The advantage of social origins in NFALE and JRNFALE participation is associated with income and education inequality. It is associated with education inequality in FALE participation. For institutional settings, public spending on ALMPs and TUD are negatively associated with the advantage of social origins in NFALE and JRNFALE participation only. The multiple case study indicates that convergence in ALE policy and policy environment is identified in the three countries: predominance of market-driven ALE and job-related ALE, the decentralization of the ALE system, and decreasing public support. Lastly, an effort was made to relate the findings from the quantitative analyses to the analysis of the historical development of the ALE policy environment to provide reasonable background to explain inequality in ALE participation along with the three elements of neoliberal ideology, HRD-driven ALE policy, ind

The objectives of this dissertation include describing and analyzing the patterns of inequality in ALE participation at both the micro and macro levels. Special attention is paid to social origins of individual adults and their association with two groups of macro-level factors, social inequality (income, education, and skill inequality) and institutional settings (SEP, ALMPs, stratification, and TUD), across twelve selective OECD countries. In addition, this dissertation develops a deeper understanding of policy dimensions of inequality in ALE participation. A focus is placed on the historical development of ALE policies and the policy environment in Korea, Finland, and the U.S. that may serve as a component of the political, social and economic factors affecting ALE participation. To achieve these objectives, both quantitative (binary logistic regression and multilevel analysis) and qualitative methods (multiple case study) are employed.This investigation finds that the advantage of social origins in ALE participation is present across countries, to varying degrees. The advantage of social origins in NFALE and JRNFALE participation is associated with income and education inequality. It is associated with education inequality in FALE participation. For institutional settings, public spending on ALMPs and TUD are negatively associated with the advantage of social origins in NFALE and JRNFALE participation only. The multiple case study indicates that convergence in ALE policy and policy environment is identified in the three countries: predominance of market-driven ALE and job-related ALE, the decentralization of the ALE system, and decreasing public support. Lastly, an effort was made to relate the findings from the quantitative analyses to the analysis of the historical development of the ALE policy environment to provide reasonable background to explain inequality in ALE participation along with the three elements of neoliberal ideology, HRD-driven ALE policy, ind

I have carried out analysis of multifrequency data of solar microwave radiation gathered by the frequency-agile telescope at Owens Valley Radio Observatory to address several long-standing problems in the study of active region structure and solar flare particles. In the study of active region structure, I use the microwave data and the magnetograms of NOAA 4741 obtained during 1986 August 2 - 9 to discover: (i) change of dominant radiation mechanism with the coronal height, (ii) angle-dependent properties of the gyroresonance opacity, (iii) distribution of the coronal magnetic fields and its implication for the force balance in the upper atmosphere of the active region. The merit of this study lies in the fact that most results are empirical and thus provide an observational basis to test theoretical sunspot models and the gyromagnetic radiation theory. In the flare study, I deal with impulsive bursts and extended bursts, aiming at two issues: (i) the physical link between microwaves and hard X-rays in impulsive bursts and (ii) influence of ambient plasma on the evolution of extended microwave activity. The first issue has been addressed by a kinetic approach made to deduce the distribution of microwave-emitting electrons and hard X-ray electrons in momentum space, referring to the 1989 March 18 flare in NOAA 5395. For the second issue, I analyse data of extended microwave bursts on 1990 May 24 (NOAA 6063), 1991 March 7 and 8 (NOAA 6538), and 1991 March 22 (NOAA 6555) in terms of a nonuniform coronal trap model to deduce source conditions responsible for the observed anomalies of extended bursts. These data sets and results of analysis underline the influence of the source condition on the spectral and temporal evolution of microwave radiation during solar flares.

I have carried out analysis of multifrequency data of solar microwave radiation gathered by the frequency-agile telescope at Owens Valley Radio Observatory to address several long-standing problems in the study of active region structure and solar flare particles. In the study of active region structure, I use the microwave data and the magnetograms of NOAA 4741 obtained during 1986 August 2 - 9 to discover: (i) change of dominant radiation mechanism with the coronal height, (ii) angle-dependent properties of the gyroresonance opacity, (iii) distribution of the coronal magnetic fields and its implication for the force balance in the upper atmosphere of the active region. The merit of this study lies in the fact that most results are empirical and thus provide an observational basis to test theoretical sunspot models and the gyromagnetic radiation theory. In the flare study, I deal with impulsive bursts and extended bursts, aiming at two issues: (i) the physical link between microwaves and hard X-rays in impulsive bursts and (ii) influence of ambient plasma on the evolution of extended microwave activity. The first issue has been addressed by a kinetic approach made to deduce the distribution of microwave-emitting electrons and hard X-ray electrons in momentum space, referring to the 1989 March 18 flare in NOAA 5395. For the second issue, I analyse data of extended microwave bursts on 1990 May 24 (NOAA 6063), 1991 March 7 and 8 (NOAA 6538), and 1991 March 22 (NOAA 6555) in terms of a nonuniform coronal trap model to deduce source conditions responsible for the observed anomalies of extended bursts. These data sets and results of analysis underline the influence of the source condition on the spectral and temporal evolution of microwave radiation during solar flares.

I have carried out analysis of multifrequency data of solar microwave radiation gathered by the frequency-agile telescope at Owens Valley Radio Observatory to address several long-standing problems in the study of active region structure and solar flare particles. In the study of active region structure, I use the microwave data and the magnetograms of NOAA 4741 obtained during 1986 August 2 - 9 to discover: (i) change of dominant radiation mechanism with the coronal height, (ii) angle-dependent properties of the gyroresonance opacity, (iii) distribution of the coronal magnetic fields and its implication for the force balance in the upper atmosphere of the active region. The merit of this study lies in the fact that most results are empirical and thus provide an observational basis to test theoretical sunspot models and the gyromagnetic radiation theory. In the flare study, I deal with impulsive bursts and extended bursts, aiming at two issues: (i) the physical link between microwaves and hard X-rays in impulsive bursts and (ii) influence of ambient plasma on the evolution of extended microwave activity. The first issue has been addressed by a kinetic approach made to deduce the distribution of microwave-emitting electrons and hard X-ray electrons in momentum space, referring to the 1989 March 18 flare in NOAA 5395. For the second issue, I analyse data of extended microwave bursts on 1990 May 24 (NOAA 6063), 1991 March 7 and 8 (NOAA 6538), and 1991 March 22 (NOAA 6555) in terms of a nonuniform coronal trap model to deduce source conditions responsible for the observed anomalies of extended bursts. These data sets and results of analysis underline the influence of the source condition on the spectral and temporal evolution of microwave radiation during solar flares.