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Transport infrastructure investment has been a pillar of urban and regional development strategies as well as a key policy tool for economic growth in the European Union, the United States, China and many other countries. It has also been regarded as one of the key planning tools for tackling a range of urban and regional issues. However, the link between transport infrastructure investment and economic performance remains unclear. Debates regarding the magnitude of the effects of transport infrastructure investment on economic performance have been ongoing for decades, and it is still unclear how and to what extent transport infrastructure investment leads to increased economic performance and economic development. This knowledge gap makes it difficult draw any reliable conclusion about the impact of transport infrastructure investment and makes it difficult for policy makers to evaluate transport infrastructure projects. In addition, little is known about the economic effects of transport infrastructure at the micro level. In the present research, sophisticated statistical and spatial methods have been used to better understand and analyse the impact of transport infrastructure on economic performance. This research aims to provide reliable empirical evidence regarding the effect of transport infrastructure on three aspects of economic performance: productivity, employment centre growth and land values. The objective of this research is to (1) develop empirical strategies for the three analyses and create various accessibility measures and spatial variables, (2) investigate the link between transport-induced economic effects and firm productivity, (3) examine the relationship between transportinduced labour accessibility and the growth of employment centres and (4) explore the impact of rail transit investment on residential and commercial land values. The results reveal that transport infrastructure is influential in promoting productivity, employment centre growth and land values. Specifically, (1) transport-induced workforce accessibility is positively related to firm productivity, (2) transport-induced labour accessibility is a determinant of job growth in employment centres and (3) the completion of rail transit leads to positive yet modest proximity and accessibility effects on residential and commercial land in the vicinity of rail stations as well as on land in the wider neighbourhood of rail stations. Transport infrastructure can lead to an Abstract 4 increase in economic performance and economic development. The economic effects of transport infrastructure include more than just time-saving benefits. It not only reduces travel costs but also increases productivity, land values and job growth in employment centres. The spatial extent of the economic effect of transport infrastructure is not confined to the area near the transport network but can extend to the wider neighbourhood beyond the vicinity of the transport network.

The puzzle known as tangram was the inspiration behind this composition. Just as the seven pieces of the tangram create shapes, seven contrasting musical fragments appear as thematic materials from which to draw sonic imagery. Sapphic Fragments for two sopranos This composition was constructed from “broken” materials - an analogy for Sappho's dismembered poem. These broken materials were arranged in a pointillistic manner. I drew inspiration from M.C. Escher's works to vary thematic fragments of this work. M.O.N.T.A.G.E. for flute, clarinet, violin and cello This work was influenced by the video work, Wantee, by artist, Laure Prouvost. The title, M.O.N.T.A.G.E., is an acrostic, using words that show intimate relations with my composition: Multicolour, Oscillation, Numbers, Television, the Artist, Gleam, Etc. Once Emerged from the Grey of Night for flute, clarinet, horn, violin, viola and cello This sextet consists of numerous fragments with various colours and textures, forming a musical collage. A picture-poem by Paul Klee offered the starting point for this work. Scale-Free Spaces for flute, guitar, viola and cello I drew compositional ideas from the video installation, Irreversible, by artist Norimichi Hirakawa. This quartet was composed of brief fragments of dots, lines and movements. Various fragments were structured in forms of both simplicity and complexity. For the latter, ideas were drawn from the study in randomness, ‘Scale-Free Network’. String Quartet no. 3 This composition consists of four movements. In the first and third movements, the sound of rain drops and images of light through stained glass are explored. The second and fourth movements effect a structural metamorphoses of musical elements. I drew inspiration from Kafka's novella The Metamorphosis. A Thousand Plateaux for orchestra In this orchestral work, a variety of images of both plateaux and movements were invoked. The work was inspired by both the book, A Thousand Plateaux by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, and the Alhambra palace in Granada, Spain.

The experiments reported in this thesis investigate whether the current understanding of crossmodal spatial attention can be applied to rear space, and how sound parameters can modulate crossmodal spatial cuing effects. It is generally accepted that the presentation of a brief auditory cue can exogenously orient spatial attention to the cued region of space so that reaction times (RTs) to visual targets presented there are faster than those presented elsewhere. Unlike the conventional belief in such crossmodal spatial cuing effects, RTs to visual targets were equally facilitated from the presentation of an auditory cue in the front or in the rear, as long as the stimuli were presented ipsilaterally. Moreover, when an auditory cue and a visual target were presented from one of two lateral positions on each side in front, the spatial co-location of the two stimuli did not always lead to the fastest target RTs. Although contrasting with the traditional view on the importance of cue-target spatial co-location in exogenous crossmodal cuing effects, such findings are consistent with the evidence concerning multisensory integration in the superior colliculus (SC). Further investigation revealed that the presentation of an auditory cue with an exponential intensity change might be able to exogenously orient crossmodal spatial attention narrowly to the cued region of space. Taken together, the findings reported in this thesis suggest that not only the location but also sound parameters (e.g., intensity change) of auditory cues can modulate the crossmodal exogenous orienting of spatial attention.

Bridges play an important role as the backbone of a country’s road network system, since they have a major impact on a country’s industrial development. Therefore, a vast amount of public and private capital is invested into bridge construction. For this reason, bridges will continue to be constructed as long as they contribute to both the economic development and the industrial development of a country. Currently, bridges are evolving fast in terms of their size and roles on account of developments inrelevant techniques and the use of advanced computers and information technology (IT). However, bridge monitoring technologies have fallen behind these rapidly advancing bridge construction techniques. Bridge accidents can be directly linked to the indifference of society and slow developments in monitoring systems of the road network system. Consequently, a number of bridge collapse accidents have occurred either directly or indirectly as a result of a lapse in monitoring. These accidents are attributed mainly to construction-oriented policies and the public’s insensitivity to safety. The ultimate goal of the present study is to establish a global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based bridge health monitoring system (BUMS). The study was implemented under the category of a structuralhealth monitoring (SHM) system. In addition, a variety of experiments were performed and algorithms were applied in the study in order to obtain a more reliable set of results and to achieve safer information delivery and operation of the system. The outcome is the realization of a new' paradigm of a BHMS, which outperforms its present counterpart.

The primary objectives of this thesis are to clarify and distinguish the existence of regulatory expropriation from other types of indirect expropriation and to propose alternative ways to rescrutinise regulatory expropriation in light of its establishment and justification in international law. In pursuing the first objective, the research delves into certain national, regional, and international contexts, identifying the key features of regulatory expropriation – for instance, regulatory autonomy and regulatory interference – and conducts an extensive exploration of the relevant principles of international law. This exploration concentrates especially on the doctrine of police power and on principles that can contribute to an elaborated application of the doctrine for the identification of regulatory expropriation. With regard to the second objective, the research examines the principle of necessity in international law that functions to preclude the wrongfulness of a state’s act and also takes into account the interacting relationship between customary international law and bilateral investment agreements. In addition, the research goes a step further by means of its analysis of the necessity exception in WTO law. This thesis puts forward the conclusion that an arbitral approach to bona fide regulatory expropriation that can be justified in international law, if it is based on the elaborated application of the doctrine of police power and on the application of the principle of proportionality within the framework of the ends-means and the cause-effect, will be more desirable for investment treaty arbitration given that arbitration is a type of public law adjudication.

Does the way people earn money affect their economic decisions? The main contribution of this thesis is to provide new evidence that the way people earn money affects their decision-making. Standard economic theory generally assumes that money is fungible – that is, each unit of money is a perfect substitute for another. Fungibility thus predicts that source of income should have no influence on individual decision-making. On the other hand, Prospect theory determines the value of same prospect as gain or loss relative to the reference point. Prospect theory predicts a significant source of income on individual decision-making if source of income shifts the reference point. This thesis has focused on investigating whether source of income affects (a) individual risk-preference, which governs individual decision-making under risk; and (b) individual time-preference, which governs individual intertemporal decision-making. From a series of real-effort laboratory experiments, I find that subjects are more risk-averse and more patient concerning hard-earned money than with easily earned money consistent with Prospect theory and loss aversion.

Recent spectroscopic observations of transiting exoplanets have permitted the derivation of the thermal structure and molecular abundances of H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, metallic oxides and alkali metals in these extreme atmospheres. Here, for the first time, a fully-fledged retrieval algorithm has been applied to exoplanet spectra to determine the thermal structure and composition. The development of a suite of radiative transfer and retrieval tools for exoplanet atmospheres is described, building upon an optimal estimation retrieval algorithm extensively used in solar system studies. Firstly, the collection of molecular line lists and the pre-tabulation of the absorption coefficients (k-distribution tables) for high temperature application are discussed. Secondly, the best-fit spectra for hot Jupiters are demonstrated and discussed case by case. Available sets of primary and secondary transit observations of exoplanets are used to retrieve atmospheric properties from these spectra, quantifying the limits of our knowledge of exoplanetary atmospheres based on the current quality of the data. The contribution functions and the vertical sensitivity to the molecules are fully utilised to interpret these spectra, probing the structure and composition of the atmosphere. Finally, the retrievals provide our best estimates of the thermal and compositional structure to date, using the covariance matrices to properly assess the degeneracy between different parameters and the uncertainties on derived quantities for the first time. This sheds light on the range of diverse interpretations offered by other authors so far, and allows us to scrutinise further atmospheric features by maximising the capability of the current retrieval algorithm and to demonstrate the need for broadband spectroscopy from future missions.

This explorative study investigates how bureaucratic public sector client organisations deal with information technology (ITO) and business process (BPO) outsourcing in terms of internal management. To supplement the lack of studies emphasising pre-existing client organisational structure and the contextual and internal changes intertwined with and required for outsourcing, the thesis develops theoretical underpinnings that incorporate change, time, dynamism and context. These consist of a structuration theory-informed formal organisation perspective and a processual analysis-informed multidimensional outsourcing configuration framework. This thesis primarily seeks answers to 'why' and 'how' questions such as: why bureaucratic client organisations are concerned about IT outsourcing or BPO; in consequence, how they construct or change their strategy, organisational arrangements and outsourcing contracts; and, what are the contexts and social processes that let those constructions go forward? Studied by means of a longitudinal case study approach, with elements of comparison, the two cases are the IT outsourcing of the Public Procurement Service of Korea‘s e-government procurement system and the BPO of the Teachers‘ Pension Scheme administration of the British Department for Children, Schools and Families. Through contextual and micro-level analyses, the research found that client organisations appear to work at transforming outsourcing-related strategy, contract structure, and their own organisations—which are mutually interrelated—in the context of five IT governance concerns: strategic alignment, delivery of business value, performance management, risk management, and control and accountability. Institutionalised human behaviours were found to be strongly involved with these processes. The thesis provides rich data on how the organisations decomposed and recomposed existing bureaucratic structures and processes. This thesis also found three standards emerging as rationales for the strategic choices of the client organisations when they moved to outsourcing. These were: core vs. non-core perception of outsourced functions; high vs. low supplier switching costs; and high vs. low variability of business and applied IT. Against expectations, explicit distinctions such as cultural differences between two government environments and differences between ITO and BPO, did not sufficiently explain the core phenomena regarding outsourcing and client organisational change. In practice, core/non-core perception was found to be the key shaper of the outsourcing contracts and client organisation construction, though each outsourcing arrangement emerged as distinctively different in terms of relevant decisions, context, and processes. Overall, the research supports Kallinikos's formal organisation perspective for explaining outsourcing as an enabler of organisational change, and provides an enriched and extended outsourcing configuration framework for disaggregating and studying, and for practitioners helping to manage, outsourcing arrangements in depth.

In this thesis, unbounded dependency constructions in Korean will be discussed within the Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar framework English unbounded dependency constructions, that is, relative clauses, and topic clauses will be compared to Korean counterparts. Korean wh-interrogatives are not investigated as they are not syntactic dependency constructions we have adopted in this thesis. The wh-words and the constituents in question occupy the same places, that is, whwords are in situ. There is some kind of dependencies between wh-elements and the interrogative suffixes. This is a semantic dependency between wh-elements and its scope. One might assume topic clauses are unbounded dependencies but they are not in three reasons. First, the LOCAL value of the missing constituent is not identical to that of the topic. Second, topic clauses with no gap exist. Third, a gap can appear without topic. Topic clauses will be generated anyway without a SLASH mechanism. For these reasons, it follows that topic and gap are not syntactically connected. Korean topic clause constructions are neither filler-gap construction proposed by Pollard and Sag (1994) nor adjunction suggested by Gunji (1987). The left-dislocation in Catalan analysed by Engdahl and Vallduvi (1996) in Information Packaging could be more satisfactory. But English as for construction is more like Korean topic clause constructions. Unlike, topic clauses and wh-interrogatives, Korean relative clauses are real unbounded dependencies. An important piece of evidence is that missing constituents can be embedded deeply and the relative suffix nun is in the highest verb next the head noun. This is similar to missing constituent and relative pronouns in English relative clauses. Unlike externally-headed relative clauses, internally-headed relative clauses are not real relative clauses in two reasons: internally-headed relative clauses do not stem from those of nun-marked verbs and they are not modifiers as only a single IHRC can combine with kus.

As levels of economic prosperity grew in the 1960s, the 1970s and the 1980s in South Korea, so people's concern with health, and with leisure opportunities has grown. In particular since 1988 and the successful staging of the Seoul Olympics, and with the onset of a fledgling democratic government there has been increasing pressure to meet citizens' demands for sporting opportunities. A sport for all policy is a recent innovation in South Korea and little research has been carried out on its implementation, or indeed on sports participation more generally in the South Korean context. The rationale for promoting a policy of sport for all, which is essentially a welfare rationale, reflects the recent major changes in the political system, that is, a change to a democratic regime in the late 1980s and into the 1990s, developing from the system of government characterised by military authoritarianism for the majority of the period since the Korean War. The principal aims of the research on which the thesis is based are two hold. The first is to provide a review of the changing nature of sports policy over time in South Korea, covering the period from 1945 up to the present day, changes which have taken place against a background of significant politico-economic shifts. This is accomplished via an historical review of sports policy and its reporting by government sources and by media of contrasting political affiliation. Most recently there has been a discernible change in emphasis in sport policy, promoting in particular a sport for all approach. The second aim of the thesis is therefore to review the nature of sports participation in urban South Korea, to establish the level of participation, the nature of participants, and to identify barriers to participation, in order to evaluate whether the measures adopted in a sport for all promotion are coherent and likely to be adequate. This latter aim is achieved through the analysis of a questionnaire survey administered to a sample of 600 urban dwellers in the city of Suwon. In addition to supplement this, detailed sports histories are recorded for 79 individuals and for 10 married couples, in order to identify how key life events impact upon sports participation at the individual level. As with West European and American studies, statistically significantly greater levels of sports participation in a wider range of sports are associated with higher levels of education, income, full time employment, and gender (males participate significantly more widely and more often). The sports histories illustrate how major life events influence sports behaviour, while the sports histories of married couples reflect the mutual influence of the sports careers of marital partners, in particular the impact on female sporting behaviour of male sports careers. These findings suggest approaches and priorities which sports policy might take in fostering the achievement of sport for all goals. The major contributions of the thesis to knowledge in this field are, first an enhanced understanding of the development of sports policy in the South Korean context, and the relationship between sports policy goals and the goals of political actors in the evolution of the Korean system of government from styles of authoritarian nationalism to emergent liberal democracy; and second a data base on, and analysis of, sports participation in a major urban settlement, which incorporates for the first time in relation to South Korea, personal sports history data, and for the first time in the wider sports participation literature, analysis of the sports histories of married couples. These data are subsequently analysed in terms of their significance for sports policy in the contemporary South Korean context.