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This essay examines the relationship between exchange rate volatility, estimated using a GARCH model, and level of trade for Sweden and Finland. The data used was collected from Refinitive Eikon Datastream with monthly observations for the time period January 2005 - December 2022. The obtained results indicate that the volatility of the Swedish Krona and Euro positively increases the level of trade for Sweden respectively Finland according to the ARDL model. However, while examining different time perspectives the conclusions resulted in inconclusiveness for the countries and perspectives. The ARDL bounds test for Sweden corresponded with inconclusive results regarding a possible positive long term relationship between SEKs exchange rate volatility and level of trade. Furthermore, the Granger causality test did not state a short term relationship between the two variables for Sweden nor did it state a reversed relationship. On the other hand, for Finland, the ARDL bounds test and Granger causality test denied both a long term and short term positive relationship between the EURs exchange rate volatility and level of trade for Finland. However, for Finland a reversed Granger causality test was shown indicating that the level of trade has an impact on the volatility of the EURs exchange rate.

This essay examines the relationship between exchange rate volatility, estimated using a GARCH model, and level of trade for Sweden and Finland. The data used was collected from Refinitive Eikon Datastream with monthly observations for the time period January 2005 - December 2022. The obtained results indicate that the volatility of the Swedish Krona and Euro positively increases the level of trade for Sweden respectively Finland according to the ARDL model. However, while examining different time perspectives the conclusions resulted in inconclusiveness for the countries and perspectives. The ARDL bounds test for Sweden corresponded with inconclusive results regarding a possible positive long term relationship between SEKs exchange rate volatility and level of trade. Furthermore, the Granger causality test did not state a short term relationship between the two variables for Sweden nor did it state a reversed relationship. On the other hand, for Finland, the ARDL bounds test and Granger causality test denied both a long term and short term positive relationship between the EURs exchange rate volatility and level of trade for Finland. However, for Finland a reversed Granger causality test was shown indicating that the level of trade has an impact on the volatility of the EURs exchange rate.

This paper aims at addressing if the increasing globalization in the international sawnwood markets has caused export prices to converge to a single reference price or, alternatively, certain restrictions remain to generate a segmented market where different reference prices for each market segment co-exist. Annual price series for the top-10 exporting countries are considered for that purpose. Results show that the data cannot support the null hypothesis of convergence. Instead, the global sawnwood market appears to be segmented into two convergence clubs (Chile-USA-Latvia-New Zealand and Canada-Germany-Austria-Finland-Sweden), while the Russian Federation exhibits an independent pathway. Causality tests are conducted to analyze the price dynamics in the global sawnwood products indicating that international price relationships are demand-driven. Finally, results suggest that the inclusion of a country in a particular convergence club is mainly determined by the price differential between countries (competition factors), and to a lesser extent, by the countries' combined market share in the global market (catching-up factors). © 2023 The Authors, Postprint (published version)

This paper documents a strong violation of the law of one price surrounding a large rights issue. If prices are right, the relation between the prices of shares and rights follows the outcome of a simple calculation. In the case of Royal Imtech N.V. in 2014, prices deviated sharply and persistently from the theoretical prediction. Throughout the term of the rights, investors were buying shares at prices that were many times what they should have been given the price of the rights. Short-selling constraints in the form of high recall risk and lacking stock lending supply are the most likely explanation for the failure of arbitrage as a safeguard of market efficiency. Still, it remains remarkable that investors were buying large volumes of shares at highly inflated prices in the presence of a cheap, perfect substitute.

This paper documents a strong violation of the law of one price surrounding a large rights issue. If prices are right, the relation between the prices of shares and rights follows the outcome of a simple calculation. In the case of Royal Imtech N.V. in 2014, prices deviated sharply and persistently from the theoretical prediction. Throughout the term of the rights, investors were buying shares at prices that were many times what they should have been given the price of the rights. Short-selling constraints in the form of high recall risk and lacking stock lending supply are the most likely explanation for the failure of arbitrage as a safeguard of market efficiency. Still, it remains remarkable that investors were buying large volumes of shares at highly inflated prices in the presence of a cheap, perfect substitute.

At the aggregate level, the evidence that deviations from purchasing power parity (PPP) are too persistent to be explained solely by nominal rigidities has long been a puzzle (Rogoff, 1996). Another puzzle from the micro price evidence of the law of one price (LOP), which is the basic building block of PPP, is that LOP deviations are less persistent than PPP deviations. To reconcile the empirical evidence, we adapt the model of behavioral inattention in Gabaix (2014, 2020) to a simple two-country sticky-price model. We propose a simple test of behavioral inattention and find strong evidence in its favor using micro price data from US and Canadian cities. Calibrating behavioral inattention with our estimates, we show that our model reconciles the two puzzles relating to the PPP and LOP. First, the PPP deviations are more than twice as persistent as PPP deviations explained only by sticky prices. Second, the LOP deviations decrease to less than two-thirds of the PPP deviations in the degree of persistence.

The study tested market integration between cultured fish (tilapia and pangasius) against captured fish (hilsa, swamp barb, prawn, wallago, and long-whiskered catfish) in the domestic market of Bangladesh. The Johansen cointegration framework was applied to identify market integration between cultured and captured species using monthly wholesale price data for the period January 2010 to May 2017. The study showed that the law of one price was rejected in all market pairs except the pangasius and long-whiskered catfish pair, suggesting imperfectly integrated markets. The study revealed mixed evidence of weak exogeneity tests, including cultured and captured led markets as well as bidirectional relationships. Given the fact that cultured fish accounts for a substantial market share, the implication is that the supply growth of aquaculture, all other things being equal, reduces captured fish prices and, subsequently, reduces overexploitation, overcapacity, and the number of fishers in a situation where overexploitation is prevalent. This appears to lead to a double gain in the long run, with fish farmers producing and fishers catching more fish.

The study tested market integration between cultured fish (tilapia and pangasius) against captured fish (hilsa, swamp barb, prawn, wallago, and long-whiskered catfish) in the domestic market of Bangladesh. The Johansen cointegration framework was applied to identify market integration between cultured and captured species using monthly wholesale price data for the period January 2010 to May 2017. The study showed that the law of one price was rejected in all market pairs except the pangasius and long-whiskered catfish pair, suggesting imperfectly integrated markets. The study revealed mixed evidence of weak exogeneity tests, including cultured and captured led markets as well as bidirectional relationships. Given the fact that cultured fish accounts for a substantial market share, the implication is that the supply growth of aquaculture, all other things being equal, reduces captured fish prices and, subsequently, reduces overexploitation, overcapacity, and the number of fishers in a situation where overexploitation is prevalent. This appears to lead to a double gain in the long run, with fish farmers producing and fishers catching more fish.

This dissertation consists of three chapters, which discuss three topics of international finance such as the effect of exchange rate volatility on economic growth, evidence of law of one price, and regulation effect on price differential. Each topic is studied by one of three chapters. The first chapter empirically tests the effect of country’s domestic and international credit access on effect of exchange rate volatility on growth. In this chapter, I uses annual panel data from 2003 to 2015 for 115 countries. System GMM estimation with two step standard error is used for regression analysis. Country’s financial development level is used to measure country’s domestic credit access, and country’s foreign bank presence level is used to measure country’s international credit access. The empirical finding of this chapter show that countries with higher level of financial development are less likely to be adversely affected by exchange rate volatility, and higher level of foreign bank presence can ameliorate the adverse growth effect of exchange rate volatility. Results of this chapter implies that countries with high levels of credit access can use more flexible exchange rate regime since countries’ high credit access helps to insulate the economy from the adverse effect of exchange rate volatility. For countries with low credit access, exchange rate stability is important for economic growth so that it is preferable to use the fixed exchange rate regime. The second chapter studies the speed of convergence of Bitcoin across markets globally to find supportive evidence for LOOP. The data used in this chapter includes Bitcoin trading data of 20 exchanges under 14 currencies, which is the most comprehensive Bitcoin dataset used in the literature. Cointegration analysis and Vector Error Correction Model are performed to investigate long run relationship and short run dynamics in Bitcoin markets. Empirical results of this chapter confirm the existence long run equilibrium i

The theories of the law of one price and purchasing power parity are thought to hold almost exactly in financial market, but it seems less likely to occur in international trade where arbitrage opportunities take place. The purpose of this study is to test whether the purchasing power parity holds for commodities in various national markets, for which a quantitative method is followed. For identical goods, the prices should be equal across countries. In fact, the prices vary significantly across ‘truly homogenous’ goods within a product group. The finding suggests that differences in productivity and value-added tax do have significant positive impacts on price settings. As a consequence, purchasing power parity definitely does not prevail as well as law of one price does not. Further studies can use these findings to examine the extent and permanence of violations of the law of one price.

Purpose: This study is aimed at to observe the purchasing power parity (PPP) Theory. The purchasing power parity (PPP) is the most enduring debate of literature in international macroeconomics. It is most controversial due to various puzzles and tested with different econometric models for certain group of countries. Therefore, the PPP is valid assumption while international comparison due to use of common exchange rate and the prevalence of Law of One price. Design/Methodology/Approach: The validity of PPP for relative countries (Pakistan, China, Iran and Turkey) was tested and analyzed for the sample period 2001 to 2018. Findings: It is observed that exchange rates of Pakistan, China, Iran and Turkey are not consistent and constant. The deviations of PPP through structural changes identified and are not persistence over long period. Overall results reflected that there is an existence of long run equilibrium relation in between Pakistan and China as well as in between Iran and Turkey. The error correction model has confirmed the adjustment speed of short run disequilibrium to long term disequilibrium level.  Implications/Originality/Value: The expected differential level of inflation has significant positive impact to exchange rate shift to Pakistan and trading activity patterns. The changes in foreign exchange market and commodity market due to economic integration are important implications for   economic globalization.

Purpose: This study is aimed at to observe the purchasing power parity (PPP) Theory. The purchasing power parity (PPP) is the most enduring debate of literature in international macroeconomics. It is most controversial due to various puzzles and tested with different econometric models for certain group of countries. Therefore, the PPP is valid assumption while international comparison due to use of common exchange rate and the prevalence of Law of One price. Design/Methodology/Approach: The validity of PPP for relative countries (Pakistan, China, Iran and Turkey) was tested and analyzed for the sample period 2001 to 2018. Findings: It is observed that exchange rates of Pakistan, China, Iran and Turkey are not consistent and constant. The deviations of PPP through structural changes identified and are not persistence over long period. Overall results reflected that there is an existence of long run equilibrium relation in between Pakistan and China as well as in between Iran and Turkey. The error correction model has confirmed the adjustment speed of short run disequilibrium to long term disequilibrium level.  Implications/Originality/Value: The expected differential level of inflation has significant positive impact to exchange rate shift to Pakistan and trading activity patterns. The changes in foreign exchange market and commodity market due to economic integration are important implications for   economic globalization.

This dissertation consists of three chapters, which discuss three topics of international finance such as the effect of exchange rate volatility on economic growth, evidence of law of one price, and regulation effect on price differential. Each topic is studied by one of three chapters. The first chapter empirically tests the effect of country’s domestic and international credit access on effect of exchange rate volatility on growth. In this chapter, I uses annual panel data from 2003 to 2015 for 115 countries. System GMM estimation with two step standard error is used for regression analysis. Country’s financial development level is used to measure country’s domestic credit access, and country’s foreign bank presence level is used to measure country’s international credit access. The empirical finding of this chapter show that countries with higher level of financial development are less likely to be adversely affected by exchange rate volatility, and higher level of foreign bank presence can ameliorate the adverse growth effect of exchange rate volatility. Results of this chapter implies that countries with high levels of credit access can use more flexible exchange rate regime since countries’ high credit access helps to insulate the economy from the adverse effect of exchange rate volatility. For countries with low credit access, exchange rate stability is important for economic growth so that it is preferable to use the fixed exchange rate regime. The second chapter studies the speed of convergence of Bitcoin across markets globally to find supportive evidence for LOOP. The data used in this chapter includes Bitcoin trading data of 20 exchanges under 14 currencies, which is the most comprehensive Bitcoin dataset used in the literature. Cointegration analysis and Vector Error Correction Model are performed to investigate long run relationship and short run dynamics in Bitcoin markets. Empirical results of this chapter confirm the existence long run equilibrium i

Purpose: This study is aimed at to observe the purchasing power parity (PPP) Theory. The purchasing power parity (PPP) is the most enduring debate of literature in international macroeconomics. It is most controversial due to various puzzles and tested with different econometric models for certain group of countries. Therefore, the PPP is valid assumption while international comparison due to use of common exchange rate and the prevalence of Law of One price. Design/Methodology/Approach: The validity of PPP for relative countries (Pakistan, China, Iran and Turkey) was tested and analyzed for the sample period 2001 to 2018. Findings: It is observed that exchange rates of Pakistan, China, Iran and Turkey are not consistent and constant. The deviations of PPP through structural changes identified and are not persistence over long period. Overall results reflected that there is an existence of long run equilibrium relation in between Pakistan and China as well as in between Iran and Turkey. The error correction model has confirmed the adjustment speed of short run disequilibrium to long term disequilibrium level.  Implications/Originality/Value: The expected differential level of inflation has significant positive impact to exchange rate shift to Pakistan and trading activity patterns. The changes in foreign exchange market and commodity market due to economic integration are important implications for   economic globalization.

Purpose: This study is aimed at to observe the purchasing power parity (PPP) Theory. The purchasing power parity (PPP) is the most enduring debate of literature in international macroeconomics. It is most controversial due to various puzzles and tested with different econometric models for certain group of countries. Therefore, the PPP is valid assumption while international comparison due to use of common exchange rate and the prevalence of Law of One price. Design/Methodology/Approach: The validity of PPP for relative countries (Pakistan, China, Iran and Turkey) was tested and analyzed for the sample period 2001 to 2018. Findings: It is observed that exchange rates of Pakistan, China, Iran and Turkey are not consistent and constant. The deviations of PPP through structural changes identified and are not persistence over long period. Overall results reflected that there is an existence of long run equilibrium relation in between Pakistan and China as well as in between Iran and Turkey. The error correction model has confirmed the adjustment speed of short run disequilibrium to long term disequilibrium level.  Implications/Originality/Value: The expected differential level of inflation has significant positive impact to exchange rate shift to Pakistan and trading activity patterns. The changes in foreign exchange market and commodity market due to economic integration are important implications for   economic globalization.

Evidence of market integration between farmed pangasius and wild-caught whitefish is provided in the literature, pointing towards pangasius prices being determined on the large international whitefish market. In the presence of price transmission in the value chain, global growth of pangasius farming does therefore not in itself reduce the farm-gate prices in Vietnam. In this paper, price transmission in the pangasius value chain from farmers in Vietnam, via export to final consumption in Germany, is tested using the Johansen cointegration framework. Price transmission is identified both between farm-gate prices and export prices in Vietnam and between export prices and retail prices in Germany. The Law of One Price was rejected in both cases, indicating imperfect price transmission. Weak exogeneity tests of market leadership identify a value chain with downstream market leadership consisting of German retailers leading exporters, which themselves lead farmers. The implication is that growth of Vietnamese pangasius farming can continue, ceteris paribus, without reducing prices substantially. Vietnamese farmers can invest in expansions without fearing self-inflicted price falls, but farmers and local communities remain prone to fluctuations following from supply and demand changes at the international whitefish market outside of their control.

Evidence of market integration between farmed pangasius and wild-caught whitefish is provided in the literature, pointing towards pangasius prices being determined on the large international whitefish market. In the presence of price transmission in the value chain, global growth of pangasius farming does therefore not in itself reduce the farm-gate prices in Vietnam. In this paper, price transmission in the pangasius value chain from farmers in Vietnam, via export to final consumption in Germany, is tested using the Johansen cointegration framework. Price transmission is identified both between farm-gate prices and export prices in Vietnam and between export prices and retail prices in Germany. The Law of One Price was rejected in both cases, indicating imperfect price transmission. Weak exogeneity tests of market leadership identify a value chain with downstream market leadership consisting of German retailers leading exporters, which themselves lead farmers. The implication is that growth of Vietnamese pangasius farming can continue, ceteris paribus, without reducing prices substantially. Vietnamese farmers can invest in expansions without fearing self-inflicted price falls, but farmers and local communities remain prone to fluctuations following from supply and demand changes at the international whitefish market outside of their control.

The theories of the law of one price and purchasing power parity are thought to hold almost exactly in financial market, but it seems less likely to occur in international trade where arbitrage opportunities take place. The purpose of this study is to test whether the purchasing power parity holds for commodities in various national markets, for which a quantitative method is followed. For identical goods, the prices should be equal across countries. In fact, the prices vary significantly across ‘truly homogenous’ goods within a product group. The finding suggests that differences in productivity and value-added tax do have significant positive impacts on price settings. As a consequence, purchasing power parity definitely does not prevail as well as law of one price does not. Further studies can use these findings to examine the extent and permanence of violations of the law of one price.

Purpose: This study is aimed at to observe the purchasing power parity (PPP) Theory. The purchasing power parity (PPP) is the most enduring debate of literature in international macroeconomics. It is most controversial due to various puzzles and tested with different econometric models for certain group of countries. Therefore, the PPP is valid assumption while international comparison due to use of common exchange rate and the prevalence of Law of One price. Design/Methodology/Approach: The validity of PPP for relative countries (Pakistan, China, Iran and Turkey) was tested and analyzed for the sample period 2001 to 2018. Findings: It is observed that exchange rates of Pakistan, China, Iran and Turkey are not consistent and constant. The deviations of PPP through structural changes identified and are not persistence over long period. Overall results reflected that there is an existence of long run equilibrium relation in between Pakistan and China as well as in between Iran and Turkey. The error correction model has confirmed the adjustment speed of short run disequilibrium to long term disequilibrium level.  Implications/Originality/Value: The expected differential level of inflation has significant positive impact to exchange rate shift to Pakistan and trading activity patterns. The changes in foreign exchange market and commodity market due to economic integration are important implications for   economic globalization.

Recent research has found that markets for farmed shrimp and wild-caught northern shrimp in Europe are integrated, indicating that northern shrimp prices are affected by total supply and demand of shrimp. Thus, the continued growth of global aquaculture production and associated price decline affect northern shrimp fisheries. In this paper, price transmission in the trans-Atlantic northern shrimp value chain is analysed using a Vector Auto Regressive model in Error Correction form. Cointegration, the Law of One Price (LOP) and weak exogeneity are tested. The results reveal linkages from Greenlandic and Canadian exports, via Denmark to the final consumers in Denmark and United Kingdom. The LOP was rejected in all cases. Hence, price transmission exists, but it is imperfect. Peeled shrimp is further found to be subject to downstream market leadership, while impulse-response functions identify mixed responses, with downstream market leadership being the dominant characteristic. Growth in shrimp aquaculture, ceteris paribus, presses northern shrimp fishermen, the Greenlandic economy and local economies at Newfoundland through price reductions. As such, fisheries and their management must continuously improve efficiency to stay competitive., Recent research has found that markets for farmed shrimp and wild-caught northern shrimp in Europe are integrated, indicating that northern shrimp prices are affected by total supply and demand of shrimp. Thus, the continued growth of global aquaculture production and associated price decline affect northern shrimp fisheries. In this paper, price transmission in the trans-Atlantic northern shrimp value chain is analysed using a Vector Auto Regressive model in Error Correction form. Cointegration, the Law of One Price (LOP) and weak exogeneity are tested. The results reveal linkages from Greenlandic and Canadian exports, via Denmark to the final consumers in Denmark and United Kingdom. The LOP was rejected in all cases. Hence, price transmission exists, but it is imperfect. Peeled shrimp is further found to be subject to downstream market leadership, while impulse-response functions identify mixed responses, with downstream market leadership being the dominant characteristic. Growth in shrimp aquaculture, ceteris paribus, presses northern shrimp fishermen, the Greenlandic economy and local economies at Newfoundland through price reductions. As such, fisheries and their management must continuously improve efficiency to stay competitive.

The focus of this paper is on spatial market integration in agricultural land markets. We scrutinize the applicability of the law of one price to land markets and distinguish between absolute and relative versions of this “law”. Panel data unit root and stationarity tests are applied to land sale prices in the German state Lower Saxony. Three main clusters with different price developments are detected. Our results indicate that the law of one price holds only locally due to structural differences among regions.

The focus of this paper is on spatial market integration in agricultural land markets. We scrutinize the applicability of the law of one price to land markets and distinguish between absolute and relative versions of this “law”. Panel data unit root and stationarity tests are applied to land sale prices in the German state Lower Saxony. Three main clusters with different price developments are detected. Our results indicate that the law of one price holds only locally due to structural differences among regions.

The focus of this paper is on spatial market integration in agricultural land markets. We scrutinize the applicability of the law of one price to land markets and distinguish between absolute and relative versions of this “law”. Panel data unit root and stationarity tests are applied to land sale prices in the German state Lower Saxony. Three main clusters with different price developments are detected. Our results indicate that the law of one price holds only locally due to structural differences among regions.

The deregulation of the Swedish electricity market in 1996 made it possible to operate municipal district heating commercially. Until that time district heating had been organised mainly as municipal utilities. After 1996 district heating is instead expected to function on a market. In competitive and integrated markets, prices are expected to be equal, or converging. To find out if district heating operates on an integrated market the differences in price levels, price convergence, price strategy, and business goals, among municipal, private and state owned district heating companies are investigated. Price statistics was used along with results from a questionnaire that was answered by representatives for 109 Swedish district heating companies. The results show that prices among district heating systems do not converge significantly and that variations in prices among municipal systems are larger than among private and state owned systems. Furthermore, despite the fact that district heating is supposed to be commercial, a vast majority of district heating companies apply cost-based pricing and not market pricing. The municipal companies give priority to political goals before financial goals. The conclusion is that a Swedish integrated market for heat has not yet evolved, and some district heating price-controlling mechanism is necessary.

Using retail commodity prices, most research finds positive Border Effects and rejects effective arbitrage and the Law of One Price. On the other hand, using auction prices, the finance literature and a few articles using commodities support effective arbitrage and the LOP. Using longer intervals and a wider variety of commodity auction prices than ever before, I find strong support for effective arbitrage and the LOP. In addition, for the first time, I use auction prices to look for Border Effects. Both half lives and standard deviations reject positive Border Effects.

In an arbitrage-free economy with non-zero bid-ask spreads the existence of payoffs whose price is lower than the price of a dominated payoff cannot be discarded in general. However, when the former price corresponds to trivial portfolios which involve buying or selling one unit of the basis assets, its presence, although not an arbitrage, is a severe market anomaly which we refer to as an inefficient quote. In an empirical study, we report evidence that indicates that in options markets both the frequency and the magnitude of these anomalies are substantial and we document puzzling patterns in their behavior.

Sweden, together with Norway, Finland and Denmark, have created a multi-national electricity market called NordPool. In this market, producers and retailers of electricity can buy and sell electricity, and the retailers then offers this electricity to end consumers such as households and industries. Previous studies have shown that pricing at the NordPool market is functioning quite well, but no other study has to my knowledge studied if pricing in the retail market to consumers in Sweden is well functioning. If the market is well functioning, with competition and low transaction costs when changing electricity retailer, we would expect that a homogeneous good such as electricity would be sold at the approximately same price, and that price changes would be highly correlated, in this market. Thus, the aim of this study is to test whether the price of Vattenfall, the largest energy firm in the Swedish market, is highly correlated to the price of other firms in the Swedish retail market for electricity. Descriptive statistics indicate that the price offered by Vattenfall is quite similar to the price of other firms in the market. In addition, regression analysis show that the correlation between the price of Vattenfall and other firms is as high as 0.98.

The degree of integration of the prices in avocado, onion, strawberry, cucumber, pepper and tomato are reviewed, quoted in major supply centers in Mexico and the US, from 1998 to 2008; from the idea that the intensity and trade complementarity between the two countries lead to market integration. The concept of agricultural market integration has been identified with the fulfillment of the law of one price (LPU) and the verification of this law implies that markets are integrated in space and time, that prices are determined instantaneously. The method used to measure it, consisted in identifying the order of integration of the price series by unit root tests and the estimation of vector autoregressive (VAR), then, paired Granger causality is examined, the breakdown of variance and network analysis to identify market leadership. With the results of the above tests, cointegration and exogeneity tests from the variable (prices) and the verification of LPU are estimated. The results indicate that the integration level is partial, observing a greater degree in US markets than in Mexico in products such as onions (50%) and strawberry (58%); in avocado integration is higher in Mexico (60%), while prices of tomatoes are integrated in a bi-national level with 58%., Se examina el grado de integración de los precios de aguacate, cebolla, fresa, pepino, pimiento y jitomate, cotizados en las principales centrales de abasto de México y EE.UU., de 1998 a 2008. A partir de la idea de que la intensidad y complementariedad comercial presente entre ambos países, conduce a la integración de los mercados. El concepto de integración de mercados agrícolas se ha identificado con el cumplimiento de la ley del precio único (LPU) y la verificación de esta ley implica que los mercados están integrados en el espacio y el tiempo, que los precios son determinados instantáneamente. El método utilizado para medirla consistió en la identificación del orden de integración de las series de precios, mediante las pruebas de raíz unitaria y de la estimación del vector auto regresivo (VAR), posteriormente se examina la causalidad pareada de Granger, la descomposición de la varianza y el análisis de redes, para identificar el liderazgo de los mercados. Con los resultados de las pruebas anteriores se estimaron los modelos de cointegración y pruebas de exogeneidad de las variables (precios) y la verificación de la LPU. Los resultados indican que el nivel de integración es parcial observándose mayor grado en los mercados de EE.UU. que en los de México, en productos como cebolla (50%) y fresa (58%); en aguacate la integración es mayor en México (60%), en tanto los precios del jitomate están integrados en el ámbito binacional con 58%.

Using retail commodity prices, most research finds positive Border Effects and rejects effective arbitrage and the Law of One Price. On the other hand, using auction prices, the finance literature and a few articles using commodities support effective arbitrage and the LOP. Using longer intervals and a wider variety of commodity auction prices than ever before, I find strong support for effective arbitrage and the LOP. In addition, for the first time, I use auction prices to look for Border Effects. Both half lives and standard deviations reject positive Border Effects.

The degree of integration of the prices in avocado, onion, strawberry, cucumber, pepper and tomato are reviewed, quoted in major supply centers in Mexico and the US, from 1998 to 2008; from the idea that the intensity and trade complementarity between the two countries lead to market integration. The concept of agricultural market integration has been identified with the fulfillment of the law of one price (LPU) and the verification of this law implies that markets are integrated in space and time, that prices are determined instantaneously. The method used to measure it, consisted in identifying the order of integration of the price series by unit root tests and the estimation of vector autoregressive (VAR), then, paired Granger causality is examined, the breakdown of variance and network analysis to identify market leadership. With the results of the above tests, cointegration and exogeneity tests from the variable (prices) and the verification of LPU are estimated. The results indicate that the integration level is partial, observing a greater degree in US markets than in Mexico in products such as onions (50%) and strawberry (58%); in avocado integration is higher in Mexico (60%), while prices of tomatoes are integrated in a bi-national level with 58%., Se examina el grado de integración de los precios de aguacate, cebolla, fresa, pepino, pimiento y jitomate, cotizados en las principales centrales de abasto de México y EE.UU., de 1998 a 2008. A partir de la idea de que la intensidad y complementariedad comercial presente entre ambos países, conduce a la integración de los mercados. El concepto de integración de mercados agrícolas se ha identificado con el cumplimiento de la ley del precio único (LPU) y la verificación de esta ley implica que los mercados están integrados en el espacio y el tiempo, que los precios son determinados instantáneamente. El método utilizado para medirla consistió en la identificación del orden de integración de las series de precios, mediante las pruebas de raíz unitaria y de la estimación del vector auto regresivo (VAR), posteriormente se examina la causalidad pareada de Granger, la descomposición de la varianza y el análisis de redes, para identificar el liderazgo de los mercados. Con los resultados de las pruebas anteriores se estimaron los modelos de cointegración y pruebas de exogeneidad de las variables (precios) y la verificación de la LPU. Los resultados indican que el nivel de integración es parcial observándose mayor grado en los mercados de EE.UU. que en los de México, en productos como cebolla (50%) y fresa (58%); en aguacate la integración es mayor en México (60%), en tanto los precios del jitomate están integrados en el ámbito binacional con 58%.

Sweden, together with Norway, Finland and Denmark, have created a multi-national electricity market called NordPool. In this market, producers and retailers of electricity can buy and sell electricity, and the retailers then offers this electricity to end consumers such as households and industries. Previous studies have shown that pricing at the NordPool market is functioning quite well, but no other study has to my knowledge studied if pricing in the retail market to consumers in Sweden is well functioning. If the market is well functioning, with competition and low transaction costs when changing electricity retailer, we would expect that a homogeneous good such as electricity would be sold at the approximately same price, and that price changes would be highly correlated, in this market. Thus, the aim of this study is to test whether the price of Vattenfall, the largest energy firm in the Swedish market, is highly correlated to the price of other firms in the Swedish retail market for electricity. Descriptive statistics indicate that the price offered by Vattenfall is quite similar to the price of other firms in the market. In addition, regression analysis show that the correlation between the price of Vattenfall and other firms is as high as 0.98.

Östersjön har alltid varit en viktig knutpunkt för de länder som angränsar dit för att göra det möjligt att handla med varandra och på så sätt skapa en internationell marknad sinsemellan varandra. Under 1700-1800-talet tog produktionen fart och tack vare merkantilismen utvecklades den internationella handeln. För att fastställa deras växelkurs har många länder använt sig av olika myntfot såsom till exempel guldmyntfoten där valutans värde bestämdes utifrån värdet på motsvarande mängd guld vilket innebär att växelkurserna var fasta. Utifrån guldmyntfoten utvecklades teorierna lagen om ett pris och köpkraftsparitet med principerna om att en enhet valuta ska ha samma köpkraft även i andra länder vilket innebär att en vara ska kunna köpas för samma mängd av valutan oavsett om det är inrikes eller utrikes. Dessa teorier har studerats flertalet gånger, både för kort och lång sikt, med fåtalet länder till ett större antal. Denna studie använder sig av teoriernas grundidé och testar huruvida PPP i dess absoluta samt relativa form håller för Östersjöns handelsområde. För att kunna testa detta har två ekonometriska tester av de variabler som används gjorts, stationäritetstest och kointegrationstest. Stationäritetstestet visade att alla variabler förutom de tidsserier som användes för att testa relativ PPP led av icke-stationäritet och därmed behövdes differentieras för att kunna användas för att testa PPP. Kointegrationstestet visade att ingen av tidsserierna led av kointegration vilket medförde att vidare korrigeringsmodeller ej behövdes göras. Resultatet från de ekonometriska skattningarna visade på att absolut och relativ PPP ej kunde bekräftas, ej heller förnekas, då inga signifikanta koefficienter kunde konstateras. Vid testandet av real växelkurs för relativ PPP gavs signifikanta tidsserier men ej i enlighet med nollhypotesen och därmed förkastades nollhypotesen om att relativ PPP håller. Utifrån resultatet dras slutsatsen att PPP ej kan bekräftas utan att vidare studie, The Baltic sea has always been an important transit hub for neighboring countries and the sea have made ​​it possible for the countries to trade with each other and thus create an international trade among themselves to each other. During 1700-1800's, the production took off and because of the mercantilism international trade developed. To establish their exchange rate, many countries have followed different standards, such as the gold standard where the currency's value was determined from the value of the corresponding quantity of gold which implies that the exchange rates were fixed. Based on the gold standard different theories was developed, such as the law of one price and purchasing power parity with the principles that a single currency will have the same purchasing power in other countries, which implies that a commodity should be bought for the same amount of currency, whether it is domestic or foreign. These theories have been studied several times, both for the short and long term, with the few countries to a greater number. In order to test this, two econometric tests of the variables were made​​, stationarity test and cointegration test. The stationarity test showed that all variables except the time series that was used to test relative PPP suffered from non-stationarity and therefore needed to be differentiated to be used to test the PPP. The cointegration test showed that no one of the time series suffered of cointegration and therefore further correction models was not needed to be done. The results from the econometric estimates showed that absolute and relative PPP could not be confirmed, nor denied, since no significant coefficients were identified. In the testing of real exchange rate for relative PPP significant time series were given but not in accordance with the nullhypothesis and therefore the null hypothesis is rejected that the relative PPP holds. From the results it is concluded that the PPP cannot be confirmed without that further stud

Östersjön har alltid varit en viktig knutpunkt för de länder som angränsar dit för att göra det möjligt att handla med varandra och på så sätt skapa en internationell marknad sinsemellan varandra. Under 1700-1800-talet tog produktionen fart och tack vare merkantilismen utvecklades den internationella handeln. För att fastställa deras växelkurs har många länder använt sig av olika myntfot såsom till exempel guldmyntfoten där valutans värde bestämdes utifrån värdet på motsvarande mängd guld vilket innebär att växelkurserna var fasta. Utifrån guldmyntfoten utvecklades teorierna lagen om ett pris och köpkraftsparitet med principerna om att en enhet valuta ska ha samma köpkraft även i andra länder vilket innebär att en vara ska kunna köpas för samma mängd av valutan oavsett om det är inrikes eller utrikes. Dessa teorier har studerats flertalet gånger, både för kort och lång sikt, med fåtalet länder till ett större antal. Denna studie använder sig av teoriernas grundidé och testar huruvida PPP i dess absoluta samt relativa form håller för Östersjöns handelsområde. För att kunna testa detta har två ekonometriska tester av de variabler som används gjorts, stationäritetstest och kointegrationstest. Stationäritetstestet visade att alla variabler förutom de tidsserier som användes för att testa relativ PPP led av icke-stationäritet och därmed behövdes differentieras för att kunna användas för att testa PPP. Kointegrationstestet visade att ingen av tidsserierna led av kointegration vilket medförde att vidare korrigeringsmodeller ej behövdes göras. Resultatet från de ekonometriska skattningarna visade på att absolut och relativ PPP ej kunde bekräftas, ej heller förnekas, då inga signifikanta koefficienter kunde konstateras. Vid testandet av real växelkurs för relativ PPP gavs signifikanta tidsserier men ej i enlighet med nollhypotesen och därmed förkastades nollhypotesen om att relativ PPP håller. Utifrån resultatet dras slutsatsen att PPP ej kan bekräftas utan att vidare studie, The Baltic sea has always been an important transit hub for neighboring countries and the sea have made ​​it possible for the countries to trade with each other and thus create an international trade among themselves to each other. During 1700-1800's, the production took off and because of the mercantilism international trade developed. To establish their exchange rate, many countries have followed different standards, such as the gold standard where the currency's value was determined from the value of the corresponding quantity of gold which implies that the exchange rates were fixed. Based on the gold standard different theories was developed, such as the law of one price and purchasing power parity with the principles that a single currency will have the same purchasing power in other countries, which implies that a commodity should be bought for the same amount of currency, whether it is domestic or foreign. These theories have been studied several times, both for the short and long term, with the few countries to a greater number. In order to test this, two econometric tests of the variables were made​​, stationarity test and cointegration test. The stationarity test showed that all variables except the time series that was used to test relative PPP suffered from non-stationarity and therefore needed to be differentiated to be used to test the PPP. The cointegration test showed that no one of the time series suffered of cointegration and therefore further correction models was not needed to be done. The results from the econometric estimates showed that absolute and relative PPP could not be confirmed, nor denied, since no significant coefficients were identified. In the testing of real exchange rate for relative PPP significant time series were given but not in accordance with the nullhypothesis and therefore the null hypothesis is rejected that the relative PPP holds. From the results it is concluded that the PPP cannot be confirmed without that further stud

What is the impact of monetary unions on the integration of goods markets? We address this issue by investigating the effect of the euro on French exporters' pricing strategies toward members of the eurozone. We adopt a difference-in-difference strategy and estimate that the single currency reduced the relative dispersion of export prices in the eurozone by 1 percentage point in comparison to the rest of the European Union. Moreover, we show that the single currency has affected large firms more strongly. When we take this heterogeneity into account, we find a stronger impact for the euro, by 4 percentage points.

In 1993 the internal market within the European Union was formed and ensured free movement of goods, services, capital and people. This led to the removal of trade barriers between members of the European Union. When opening up for competition, price differences between countries decreased and more jobs were created. A single currency was introduced by eleven countries in 1999 with the goal of reducing transaction costs, eliminating exchange rate risk and to further simplify trade. In 2001 Greece joined the collaboration and introduced the euro. With a single currency, price differences are expected to decrease. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a common currency has had a significant effect on reducing price dispersion or not. Two types of convergence are tested, beta and sigma convergence. 21 different product groups are included in this study and are sorted after the speed of convergence. All of the 27 EU member states are included and divided into two groups, one euro group and one non-euro group. We also examine if differences in productivity can explain price convergence. The results indicate that the introduction of a common currency did not decrease price dispersion within the majority of product groups. For the product groups in which price convergence are evident, only one product group within the euro countries and one product group within the non-euro countries have proven to be significantly positive in terms of differences in productivity.

Price convergence and purchasing power parity are two important foundations to international trade theory. Yet there is still no consensus on their existence, despite numerous studies. While the debate over price convergence and purchasing power parity continues, the last several years have seen a substantial rise in the use of virtual worlds. Virtual worlds are interactive digital environments where individuals with an internet connection can come together to communicate, cooperate and trade. Virtual worlds create smaller copies of the real world. These copies lack many of the complexities found in the real world. This feature makes virtual worlds a unique setting for studying price convergence and other economic phenomena. This dissertation begins by surveying the extant research on virtual worlds throughout the social sciences to illustrate the usefulness of virtual worlds in economics research. In the second chapter price convergence is tested in one of these virtual worlds. Insight gained from the second chapter is used in the final chapter to alter an existing purchasing power parity model. This altered model is used to estimate the effect transportation costs on purchasing power parity equilibrium.

This research continues the paper “Generalidades de los ADRs: Un estudio de caso sectorial para empresas de Colombia, Mexico, Brasil y Chile” [ADRs generalities: a sectorial case study for companies in Colombia, Mexico, Brazil and Chile]. It is organized in two sections. The first one covers the unique price theory and the efficient markets hypothesis. In the second one, arbitrage conditions with ADRs are empirically evaluated. The objective is to prove the existence of price differentials between stocks and ADRs, which would allow investors to obtain a risk free return.a risk free return., El presente artículo es la continuación del artículo “Generalidades de los ADRs: Un estudio de caso sectorial para empresas de Colombia, México, Brasil y Chile” y al igual que este, es un subproducto de la investigación “Arbitraje con ADRs: Un estudio de caso sectorial para empresas de Colombia, México, Brasil y Chile”. El artículo se divide en dos partes, en la primera se trata la teoría sobre la ley del precio único y la hipótesis de los mercados eficientes, y en la segunda parte se abarca el tema de arbitraje con activos financieros desde la práctica, haciendo un ejercicio econométrico de arbitraje con ADRs. El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar la existencia de diferenciales de precio entre las acciones y sus respectivos ADRs, lo que permitiría a los inversionistas obtener una ganancia libre de riesgo.

Price convergence and purchasing power parity are two important foundations to international trade theory. Yet there is still no consensus on their existence, despite numerous studies. While the debate over price convergence and purchasing power parity continues, the last several years have seen a substantial rise in the use of virtual worlds. Virtual worlds are interactive digital environments where individuals with an internet connection can come together to communicate, cooperate and trade. Virtual worlds create smaller copies of the real world. These copies lack many of the complexities found in the real world. This feature makes virtual worlds a unique setting for studying price convergence and other economic phenomena. This dissertation begins by surveying the extant research on virtual worlds throughout the social sciences to illustrate the usefulness of virtual worlds in economics research. In the second chapter price convergence is tested in one of these virtual worlds. Insight gained from the second chapter is used in the final chapter to alter an existing purchasing power parity model. This altered model is used to estimate the effect transportation costs on purchasing power parity equilibrium.

In 1993 the internal market within the European Union was formed and ensured free movement of goods, services, capital and people. This led to the removal of trade barriers between members of the European Union. When opening up for competition, price differences between countries decreased and more jobs were created. A single currency was introduced by eleven countries in 1999 with the goal of reducing transaction costs, eliminating exchange rate risk and to further simplify trade. In 2001 Greece joined the collaboration and introduced the euro. With a single currency, price differences are expected to decrease. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a common currency has had a significant effect on reducing price dispersion or not. Two types of convergence are tested, beta and sigma convergence. 21 different product groups are included in this study and are sorted after the speed of convergence. All of the 27 EU member states are included and divided into two groups, one euro group and one non-euro group. We also examine if differences in productivity can explain price convergence. The results indicate that the introduction of a common currency did not decrease price dispersion within the majority of product groups. For the product groups in which price convergence are evident, only one product group within the euro countries and one product group within the non-euro countries have proven to be significantly positive in terms of differences in productivity.

En este artículo se aplican algunas técnicas y procedimientos econométricos para el análisis de la convergencia económica regional en precios, con el fin de evaluar la Ley del Único Precio en Colombia, a través del índice de precios al consumidor (IPC) para las trece principales ciudades del país. Específicamente, se emplean pruebas para el análisis de integrabilidad y cointegración para series de tiempo, tanto para los niveles de índices, como para las variaciones anuales. A través de estos procedimientos se puede evaluar el comportamiento de cada uno de los precios regionales con los precios nacionales, mostrando la elasticidad de largo plazo entre los precios y su nivel medio de diferencia. Los resultados muestran que, en promedio, los precios de Bogotá, Cali, Manizales y Pasto han estado situados por encima del nivel nacional y, de igual manera, su variación ha estado por debajo de la variación de precios a nivel nacional, durante el periodo estudiado., In this paper we apply some techniques and econometric methods to the analysis of regional economic convergence in prices to assess the law of one price in Colombia, through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the 13 largest cities. Specifically used for tests and cointegration analysis integrability for time series for both index levels, and for annual variations. Through these procedures may evaluate the performance of each of the regional prices with domestic prices, showing the long-term elasticity between prices and their average level of difference. The results show that on average, prices of Bogota, Cali, Manizales and Pasto have been placed above the national level and, just as its variation has been below the national price change during the study period.

En este artículo se aplican algunas técnicas y procedimientos econométricos para el análisis de la convergencia económica regional en precios, con el fin de evaluar la Ley del Único Precio en Colombia, a través del índice de precios al consumidor (IPC) para las trece principales ciudades del país. Específicamente, se emplean pruebas para el análisis de integrabilidad y cointegración para series de tiempo, tanto para los niveles de índices, como para las variaciones anuales. A través de estos procedimientos se puede evaluar el comportamiento de cada uno de los precios regionales con los precios nacionales, mostrando la elasticidad de largo plazo entre los precios y su nivel medio de diferencia. Los resultados muestran que, en promedio, los precios de Bogotá, Cali, Manizales y Pasto han estado situados por encima del nivel nacional y, de igual manera, su variación ha estado por debajo de la variación de precios a nivel nacional, durante el periodo estudiado., In this paper we apply some techniques and econometric methods to the analysis of regional economic convergence in prices to assess the law of one price in Colombia, through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the 13 largest cities. Specifically used for tests and cointegration analysis integrability for time series for both index levels, and for annual variations. Through these procedures may evaluate the performance of each of the regional prices with domestic prices, showing the long-term elasticity between prices and their average level of difference. The results show that on average, prices of Bogota, Cali, Manizales and Pasto have been placed above the national level and, just as its variation has been below the national price change during the study period.

We study trading and prices of Chinese (mainland)/Hong Kong dual-listed shares. Relative prices can diverge by a factor of two and exhibit significant variation over time. Order imbalances explain contemporaneous changes in relative prices at daily and weekly frequencies. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We study trading and prices of Chinese (mainland)/Hong Kong dual-listed shares. Relative prices can diverge by a factor of two and exhibit significant variation over time. Order imbalances explain contemporaneous changes in relative prices at daily and weekly frequencies. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study tests whether an international market exists in the platinum-group metal (PGM) futures markets. For this purpose, we tested the law of one price (LOP) and the causality between the U.S. and Japanese platinum and palladium futures markets. We also performed the test when structural breaks are considered. Long-run price relationships were found in both platinum and palladium markets but the LOP only sustained in the palladium market. The causality test revealed that it is the U.S. market that leads the price to transmit information between the U.S. and Japanese markets. Structural breaks had large impacts on the test results, suggesting that incorporating breaks is important when investigating the international price linkage in the PGM futures markets.

We study trading and prices of Chinese (mainland)/Hong Kong dual-listed shares. Relative prices can diverge by a factor of two and exhibit significant variation over time. Order imbalances explain contemporaneous changes in relative prices at daily and weekly frequencies. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[EN] The aim of this paper is the study of long-run market integration of olive oil in Spain and the testing of the Law of One Price (LOP) in this market. The study is carried out using multivariate cointegration methodology and applied to monthly data on olive oil prices in Spain (1987-2001) corresponding to the regions considered by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The results show that Spanish olive oil markets are highly integrated with the Northeast being the leading market. However, perfect integration cannot be accepted., [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de la integración del mercado español del aceite de oliva y la contrastación de la Ley de Precio Único (LPU) en dicho mercado. El análisis se lleva a cabo aplicando la técnica multivariante de cointegración a series mensuales (1987-2001) de precios de aceite de oliva correspondientes a las regiones en que el MAPA divide el mercado español peninsular. Los resultados muestran que los mercados españoles de aceite de oliva tienen un alto grado de integración siendo Noreste el mercado líder. No obstante, el mecanismo de transmisión de precios no es perfecto.

[EN] The aim of this paper is the study of long-run market integration of olive oil in Spain and the testing of the Law of One Price (LOP) in this market. The study is carried out using multivariate cointegration methodology and applied to monthly data on olive oil prices in Spain (1987-2001) corresponding to the regions considered by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The results show that Spanish olive oil markets are highly integrated with the Northeast being the leading market. However, perfect integration cannot be accepted., [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de la integración del mercado español del aceite de oliva y la contrastación de la Ley de Precio Único (LPU) en dicho mercado. El análisis se lleva a cabo aplicando la técnica multivariante de cointegración a series mensuales (1987-2001) de precios de aceite de oliva correspondientes a las regiones en que el MAPA divide el mercado español peninsular. Los resultados muestran que los mercados españoles de aceite de oliva tienen un alto grado de integración siendo Noreste el mercado líder. No obstante, el mecanismo de transmisión de precios no es perfecto.

[EN] The aim of this paper is the study of long-run market integration of olive oil in Spain and the testing of the Law of One Price (LOP) in this market. The study is carried out using multivariate cointegration methodology and applied to monthly data on olive oil prices in Spain (1987-2001) corresponding to the regions considered by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The results show that Spanish olive oil markets are highly integrated with the Northeast being the leading market. However, perfect integration cannot be accepted., [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de la integración del mercado español del aceite de oliva y la contrastación de la Ley de Precio Único (LPU) en dicho mercado. El análisis se lleva a cabo aplicando la técnica multivariante de cointegración a series mensuales (1987-2001) de precios de aceite de oliva correspondientes a las regiones en que el MAPA divide el mercado español peninsular. Los resultados muestran que los mercados españoles de aceite de oliva tienen un alto grado de integración siendo Noreste el mercado líder. No obstante, el mecanismo de transmisión de precios no es perfecto.