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The Special Libraries' Association (SLA) has conducted salary surveys since 1967, triennially from 1967 to 1990, biennially from 1990 to 1996 and annually from 1997 forward. The objectives of the annual Salary Survey are to: (1) Collect and analyze systematic, accurate information about the salaries of special librarians and information professionals; (2) Establish a data bank to provide salary-related information to SLA members, their employers, library and information science students and faculty, library and information science professionals generally and human resource and compensation personnel; and (3) Enable SLA members to assess their own salaries in light of measurable characteristics, such as level of education, years of experience, job responsibilities, and geographic location. The salary survey is supplemented by the Workplace Study, which enhances the SLA annual salary survey results with additional information about benefits, trends in hiring and expenditure, and changes in job descriptions and competencies of information professionals. A total of 3,937 individuals accessed the online survey and submitted some data: 3,875 provided enough information to be included in the analytical database. The report includes salary and workplace data sorted and tabulated by various demographic and workplace characteristics, including: (1) Primary responsibility; (2) Job title; (3) Library/Information Center budget; (4) Library experience; (5) Number of employees supervised; (6) Location (U.S. Census District or Canadian Region); and (7) For profit or not-for-profit organization. Four appendixes are included: (1) Survey Instrument; (2) Census Maps of Canada and the US; (3) Statistical Tables; and (4) HR Supplement Survey Instrument. (Contains 33 tables.) [For the 2007 edition of this report, see ED505081,]

The Special Libraries' Association (SLA) has conducted salary surveys since 1967, triennially from 1967 to 1990, biennially from 1990 to 1996 and annually from 1997 forward. The objectives of the annual Salary Survey are to: (1) Collect and analyze systematic, accurate information about the salaries of special librarians and information professionals; (2) Establish a data bank to provide salary-related information to SLA members, their employers, library and information science students and faculty, library and information science professionals generally and human resource and compensation personnel; and (3) Enable SLA members to assess their own salaries in light of measurable characteristics, such as level of education, years of experience, job responsibilities, and geographic location. The salary survey is supplemented by the Workplace Study, which enhances the SLA annual salary survey results with additional information about benefits, trends in hiring and expenditure, and changes in job descriptions and competencies of information professionals. A total of 4,221 individuals accessed the online survey and submitted some data: 3,880 provided enough information to be included in the analytical database. The report includes salary and workplace data sorted and tabulated by various demographic and workplace characteristics, including: (1) Primary responsibility; (2) Job title; (3) Library/Information Center budget; (4) Library experience; (5) Number of employees supervised; (6) Location (U.S. Census District or Canadian Region); and (7) For profit or not-for-profit organization. Four appendixes are included: (1) Survey Instrument; (2) Census Maps of Canada and the US; (3) Statistical Tables; and (4) HR Supplement Survey Instrument. (Contains 32 tables.)

We model blast-induced fracturing and fragmentation processes in fractured rocks using a fully coupled fluid-solid interaction model. This model links a finite-discrete element solid solver with a control volume-finite element fluid solver through an immersed-body method. The solid simulator can capture the deformation of intact rocks, interaction of matrix blocks, displacement of existing fractures and propagation of new cracks. The fluid simulator can simulate the highly compressible gas flow involved in the blasting and explosion process, which is assumed to follow the John-Wilkins-Lee equation of state. We design numerical experiments as follows. First, we generate a series of 1 m x 1 m discrete fracture networks associated with different fracture density and mean length values to consider various scenarios of distributed pre-existing fractures in rock. We apply isotropic/anisotropic in-situ stresses to the rock such that the system reaches an equilibrium state. Then we release the compressible gas associated with a prescribed high pressure in the borehole to simulate explosion, which engenders stress wave propagation and new crack generation in the system. We observe that the presence of natural fractures has a significant impact on the blast behaviour of fractured rocks such that new cracks tend to be arrested by pre-existing discontinuities which however accommodate wing cracks at their tips linking with other structures. Blast-driven cracks attempt to propagate along the maximum principal stress direction if an anisotropic stress condition is imposed. Our research findings have important implications for the design and assessment of blasting for underground excavation in fractured formations.

Within the EC funded Horizon 2020 project SURE (Novel Productivity Enhancement Concept for a Sustainable Utilization of a Geothermal Resource) the radial jet drilling (RJD) technology is investigated and tested as a method to increase performance of insufficiently performing geothermal wells. Radial jet drilling uses the power of a focused jet of fluids, applied to a rock through a coil inserted in an existing well. This technology is likely to provide much better control of the enhanced flow paths around a geothermal well and does not involve the amount of fluid as conventional hydraulic fracturing, thereby reducing the risk of induced seismicity considerably. RJD shall be applied to access and connect high permeable zones within geothermal reservoirs to the main well with a higher degree of control compared to conventional stimulation technologies. We investigated the technology over various spatial and temporal scales ranging from short term laboratory experiments to field scale applications. Here we give an overview about our work.

Radical S-adenosylmethionine (RS) enzymology has emerged as a major biochemical strategy for the homolytic cleavage of unactivated C-H bonds. At the same time, the post-translational modification of ribosomally synthesized peptides is a rapidly expanding area of investigation. We discuss the functional cross-section of these two disciplines, highlighting the recently uncovered importance of protein-protein interactions, especially between the peptide substrate and its chaperone, which functions either as a stand-alone protein or as an N-terminal fusion to the respective RS enzyme. The need for further work on this class of enzymes is emphasized, given the poorly understood roles performed by multiple, auxiliary iron-sulfur clusters and the paucity of protein X-ray structural data.

The Radical SAM (RS) enzyme PqqE catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone, forming a new carbon-carbon bond between two side chains within the ribosomally synthesized peptide substrate PqqA. In addition to the active site RS 4Fe-4S cluster, PqqE is predicted to have two auxiliary Fe-S clusters, like the other members of the SPASM domain family. Here we identify these sites and examine their structure using a combination of X-ray crystallography and Mössbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. X-ray crystallography allows us to identify the ligands to each of the two auxiliary clusters at the C-terminal region of the protein. The auxiliary cluster nearest the RS site (AuxI) is in the form of a 2Fe-2S cluster ligated by four cysteines, an Fe-S center not seen previously in other SPASM domain proteins; this assignment is further supported by Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopies. The second, more remote cluster (AuxII) is a 4Fe-4S center that is ligated by three cysteine residues and one aspartate residue. In addition, we examined the roles these ligands play in catalysis by the RS and AuxII clusters using site-directed mutagenesis coupled with EPR spectroscopy. Lastly, we discuss the possible functional consequences that these unique AuxI and AuxII clusters may have in catalysis for PqqE and how these may extend to additional RS enzymes catalyzing the post-translational modification of ribosomally encoded peptides.

We present a discussion of the state-of-the-art on the use of discrete fracture networks (DFNs) for modelling geometrical characteristics, geomechanical evolution and hydromechanical (HM) behaviour of natural fracture networks in rock. The DFN models considered include those based on geological mapping, stochastic generation and geomechanical simulation. Different types of continuum, discontinuum and hybrid geomechanical models that integrate DFN information are summarised. Numerical studies aiming at investigating geomechanical effects on fluid flow in DFNs are reviewed. The paper finally provides recommendations for advancing the modelling of coupled HM processes in fractured rocks through more physically-based DFN generation and geomechanical simulation.

Biosynthesis of the ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP), pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), is initiated when the precursor peptide, PqqA, is recognized and bound by the RiPP precursor peptide recognition element (RRE), PqqD, for presentation to the first enzyme in the pathway, PqqE. Unlike other RiPP-producing, postribosomal peptide synthesis (PRPS) pathways in which the RRE is a component domain of the first enzyme, PqqD is predominantly a separate scaffolding protein that forms a ternary complex with the precursor peptide and first tailoring enzyme. As PqqD is a stable, independent RRE, this makes the PQQ pathway an ideal PRPS model system for probing RRE interactions using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Herein, we present both the solution NMR structure of Methylobacterium extorquens PqqD and results of 1H-15N HSQC binding experiments that identify the PqqD residues involved in binding the precursor peptide, PqqA, and the enzyme, PqqE. The reported structural model for an independent RRE, along with the mapped binding surfaces, will inform future efforts both to understand and to manipulate PRPS pathways.

A study about the influence of polyaxial (true-triaxial) stresses on the permeability of a three-dimensional (3D) fractured rock layer is presented. The 3D fracture system is constructed by extruding a two-dimensional (2D) outcrop pattern of a limestone bed that exhibits a ladder structure consisting of a “through-going” joint set abutted by later-stage short fractures. Geomechanical behaviour of the 3D fractured rock in response to in-situ stresses is modelled by the finite-discrete element method, which can capture the deformation of matrix blocks, variation of stress fields, reactivation of pre-existing rough fractures and propagation of new cracks. A series of numerical simulations is designed to load the fractured rock using various polyaxial in-situ stresses and the stress-dependent flow properties are further calculated. The fractured layer tends to exhibit stronger flow localisation and higher equivalent permeability as the far-field stress ratio is increased and the stress field is rotated such that fractures are preferentially oriented for shearing. The shear dilation of pre-existing fractures has dominant effects on flow localisation in the system, while the propagation of new fractures has minor impacts. The role of the overburden stress suggests that the conventional 2D analysis that neglects the effect of the out-of-plane stress (perpendicular to the bedding interface) may provide indicative approximations but not fully capture the polyaxial stress-dependent fracture network behaviour. The results of this study have important implications for understanding the heterogeneous flow of geological fluids (e.g. groundwater, petroleum) in subsurface and upscaling permeability for large-scale assessments.

The ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP), pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), is a dehydrogenase cofactor synthesized by, but not exclusively used by, certain prokaryotes. RiPPs represent a rapidly expanding and diverse class of natural products-many of which have therapeutic potential-and the biosynthetic pathways for these are gaining attention. Five gene products from the pqq operon (PqqA, PqqB, PqqC, PqqD, and PqqE) are essential for PQQ biosynthesis. The substrate is the peptide PqqA, which is presented to the radical SAM enzyme PqqE by the small protein PqqD. PqqA is unstructured in solution, and only binds to PqqE when in complex with PqqD. PqqD is a member of a growing family of RiPP chaperone proteins (or domains in most cases) that present their associated peptide substrates to the initial RiPP biosynthesis enzymes. An X-ray crystal structure exists for dimeric Xanthomonas campestris PqqD (PDB ID: 3G2B), but PqqD is now known to act as a monomer under physiological conditions. In this study, the PqqD truncation from naturally fused Methylobacterium extorquens (Mex) PqqCD was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and MexPqqA was chemically synthesized. Solution NMR (1)H-,(15)N-HSQC chemical shift studies have identified the PqqD residues involved in binding PqqA, and (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N peak assignments for PqqD alone and for PqqD bound to PqqA are reported herein.

The radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) protein PqqE is predicted to function in the pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) biosynthetic pathway via catalysis of carbon-carbon bond formation between a glutamate and tyrosine side chain within the small peptide substrate PqqA. We report here that PqqE activity is dependent on the accessory protein PqqD, which was recently shown to bind PqqA tightly. In addition, PqqE activity in vitro requires the presence of a flavodoxin- and flavodoxin reductase-based reduction system, with other reductants leading to an uncoupled cleavage of the co-substrate SAM. These results indicate that PqqE, in conjunction with PqqD, carries out the first step in PQQ biosynthesis: a radical-mediated formation of a new carbon-carbon bond between two amino acid side chains on PqqA.

An empirical joint constitutive model (JCM) that captures the rough wall interaction behaviour of individual fractures associated with roughness characteristics observed in laboratory experiments is combined with the solid mechanical model of the finite-discrete element method (FEMDEM). The combined JCM-FEMDEM formulation gives realistic fracture behaviour with respect to shear strength, normal closure, and shear dilatancy and includes the recognition of fracture length influence as seen in experiments. The validity of the numerical model is demonstrated by a comparison with the experimentally established empirical solutions. A 2D plane strain geomechanical simulation is conducted using an outcrop-based naturally fractured rock model with far-field stresses loaded in two consecutive phases, i.e. take-up of isotropic stresses and imposition of two deviatoric stress conditions. The modelled behaviour of natural fractures in response to various stress conditions illustrates a range of realistic behaviour including closure, opening, shearing, dilatancy, and new crack propagation. With the increase in stress ratio, significant deformation enhancement occurs in the vicinity of fracture tips, intersections, and bends, where large apertures can be generated. The JCM-FEMDEM model is also compared with conventional approaches that neglect the scale dependency of joint properties or the roughness-induced additional frictional resistance. The results of this paper have important implications for understanding the geomechanical behaviour of fractured rocks in various engineering activities.

The GAES database (Version 01a) is a newly developed Global Agro-Environmental Stratification within the EU SIGMA (Stimulating Innovation for Global Monitoring of Agriculture) project. GAES will serve as a new agro-environmental stratification for better global monitoring of the agricultural production on the basis of Earth Observation data and crop growth models. It is anticipated that GAES will be exploited for a wider range of applications, some within SIGMA, towards data gap analysis that identifies agro-environmental strata with limited capacity and monitoring data on agricultural production. GAES was produced by applying segmentation techniques to newly available global agroenvironmental data with a high spatial resolution re-sampled to 1 km spatial resolution. The datasets were able to stratify the agricultural production zones according to the region’s agro-environmental characteristics, including climatic regimes, soil, terrain, elevation conditions, water availability and land cover proprieties. The GAES strata obtained by segmentation at four different spatial levels (with Level 4 as the most detailed) have been further characterised and described in terms of phenology (e.g. start and peak of the growing season), agricultural (water) management practices, field size, biotic constraints, national and sub-national crop production statistics, GDP, transport infrastructure conditions or market accessibility. The GAES database has four hierarchical layers, with 92 attributes. GAES Level 1 has 194 agro-environmental (AE) types (818 strata); GAES Level 2 has 300 AE types (1,688 strata); GAES Level 3 has 374 AE types (2,087 strata); GAES Level 4 has 516 AE types (3,208 strata). GAES typology is a combination of temperature, altitude, parent material and land cover characteristics. GAES Version 01 has become freely available.

A new approach to upscaling two-dimensional fracture network models is proposed for preserving geostatistical and geomechanical characteristics of a smaller-scale “source” fracture pattern. First, the scaling properties of an outcrop system are examined in terms of spatial organization, lengths, connectivity, and normal/shear displacements using fractal geometry and power law relations. The fracture pattern is observed to be nonfractal with the fractal dimension D≈ 2, while its length distribution tends to follow a power law with the exponent 2

This paper aims to examine the validity of the discrete fracture network (DFN) method in representing a realistic two-dimensional fractured rock in terms of their geomechanical response to in situ stresses and hydraulic behaviour in a steady state fluid held. First, a real fracture network is extracted from the geological map of an actual rock outcrop, which is termed the analogue fracture network (AFN). Multiple DFN realisations are created using the statistics oldie analogue pattern. A conductivity parameter that was found to have a linear relationship with the conductivity of 2D fracture networks is included to further enhance network similarity. A series of numerical experiments are designed with far-field stresses applied at a range of angles to the rock domains and their geomechanical response is modelled using the combined finite discrete element method (FEMDEM). A geomechanical comparison between the AFN and as DFN equivalents is made based on phenomena such as heterogeneity of fracture-dependent stress contours, sliding between pre-existing fracture walls, coalescence of propagating fractures and variability of aperture distribution. Furthermore, an indirect hydro-mechanical (HM) coupling is applied and the hydraulic behaviour of the porous rock models is investigated using the hybrid finite element-finite volume method (FEFVM). A further comparison is conducted focusing on the hydraulic behaviour of the AFN and DFNs under the effects of geomechanical changes. The results show that although DFNs may represent an AFN quite well for fixed mechanical conditions, such a representation may not be dependable if mechanical changes occur.

Numerical modelling has the potential to probe the complexity of the interacting physics of rubble mound armour systems. Through forward modelling of armour unit packs, stochastic variables such as unit displacement and maximum contact force per unit during an external oscillatory disturbance can be predicted. The combined finite-discrete element method (FEMDEM) is a multi-body method ideally suited to model the behaviour of the armour layer system and the stresses generated within complex shape units. In this paper we highlight the latest developments made with the application of FEMDEM technology to breakwater modelling including realistic rock underlayer and concrete unit layer topologies, maximum contact force distributions, internal unit stresses, fracture and unit breakages. Finally, fully coupled wave and multi-body armour unit motion with internal dynamic stress generation is illustrated., Wind Energy

The influence of in-situ stresses on flow processes in fractured rock is investigated using a novelmodelling approach. The combined finite-discrete element method (FEMDEM) is used to model thedeformation of a fractured rock mass. The fracture wall displacements and aperture changes aremodelled in response to uniaxial and biaxial stress states. The resultant changes in flow properties ofthe rock mass are investigated using the Complex Systems Modelling Platform (CSMPþþ). CSMPþþisused to model single-phase flow through fractures with variable aperture and a permeable rock matrix.The study is based on a geological outcrop mapping of a low density fracture pattern that includes therealism of intersections, bends and segmented features. By applying far-field (boundary) stresses to asquare region, geologically important phenomena are modelled including fracture-dependent stressheterogeneity, the re-activation of pre-existing fractures (i.e. opening, closing and shearing), thepropagation of new fractures and the development of fault zones. Flow anisotropy is investigated undervarious applied stresses and matrix permeabilities. In-situ stress conditions that encourage a closing offractures together with a more pervasive matrix-dominated flow are identified. These are comparedwith conditions supporting more localised flow where fractures are prone to dilatational shearing andcan be more easily exploited by fluids. The natural fracture geometries modelled in this work are notperfectly straight, promoting fracture segments that dilate as they shear. We have demonstrated theintroduction of several realistic processes that have an influence on natural systems: fractures canpropagate with wing cracks; there is the potential for new fractures to connect with existing fractures,thus increasing the connectivity and flow; blocks can rotate when bounded by fractures, bent fractureslead to locally different aperture development; highly heterogeneous stress distributions emergenaturally

PR, IFPRI3; CRP7, EPTD, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

Histone variants are non-allelic protein isoforms that play key roles in diversifying chromatin structure. The known number of such variants has greatly increased in recent years, but the lack of naming conventions for them has led to a variety of naming styles, multiple synonyms and misleading homographs that obscure variant relationships and complicate database searches. We propose here a unified nomenclature for variants of all five classes of histones that uses consistent but flexible naming conventions to produce names that are informative and readily searchable. The nomenclature builds on historical usage and incorporates phylogenetic relationships, which are strong predictors of structure and function. A key feature is the consistent use of punctuation to represent phylogenetic divergence, making explicit the relationships among variant subtypes that have previously been implicit or unclear. We recommend that by default new histone variants be named with organism-specific paralog-number suffixes that lack phylogenetic implication, while letter suffixes be reserved for structurally distinct clades of variants. For clarity and searchability, we encourage the use of descriptors that are separate from the phylogeny-based variant name to indicate developmental and other properties of variants that may be independent of structure.

My doctoral research primarily focuses on the Escherichia coli hotdog-fold thioesterases ydiI and ybgC. The ydiI gene is colocalized in the operon ydiHIJ. A substrate screen provided evidence that YdiI prefers aryl-CoA substrates and discriminated against the analogous aryl-ACP, unlike the paralog YbdB which works on 2,4-DHB-EntB in the enterobactin synthesis pathway. A bioinformatic approach showed that in some bacteria, ydiI is colocalized with genes from the menaquinone pathway. YdiI was shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of DHNA-CoA with physiological relevance (kcat/KM ~ 105). Furthermore, the E. coli YdiI- strain was shown to have perturbed growth, in good agreement with other menaquinone enzyme knockout experiments. Taking into account the evidence provided, YdiI is likely the DHNA-CoA thioesterase in the menaquinone pathway. Within the substrate binding pocket, changes to the YdiI Val68 to the YbdB equivalent of Met resulted in perturbed catalytic efficiency towards lauroyl-CoA, however not towards its physiological substrate DHNA-CoA. The YbdB M68V mutant resulted in increased efficiency towards lauroyl-CoA and DHNA-CoA, seemingly making it a gatekeeper. Secondly, YdiI catalyzes the hydrolysis of acyl-CoA's using a Glu63, His54, and Gln48 triad determined by mutagenesis experiments. The utilization of 18-O incorporation and rapid-quench techniques provided insight into YdiI's catalytic mechanism. A single phase multiple turnover reaction and the incorporation of 18-O in single turnover reactions suggests that ydiI uses a general base catalytic mechanism where Glu63 is the activating residue. The second E. coli hotdog-fold thioesterase protein discussed within is YbgC. YbgC is encoded by the first ORF of the tol-pal gene cluster. Previous work on the H. influenzae homologue demonstrated affinity for short chain acyl-CoA's and tandem affintity purificiation experiments showed E. coli YbgC co-purifies with ACP. No previous attempts to screen for acyl-ACP have be

Non-PR, IFPRI4, ISNAR

Providing a re-examination of what Osborne identifies as a major turning point in contemporary art, this monograph takes a chronological and stylistic look at conceptual art from its “pre-history” (1950-1960) to contemporary practices that use conceptual strategies. Osborne surveys the development of the movement in relation to the social, cultural and political contexts within which it evolved. With extended captions, key works are compiled according to ten themes that also serve to present a collection of critical texts, artists’ statements, interviews and commentaries. Includes biographical notes on artists (6 p.) and authors (2 p.), a bibliography (2 p.) and an onomastic index (4 p.) Circa 150 bibl. ref.

When people discover the topic of my thesis they usually ask "Why Satanism?". In 1998 Satanism caught my attention when I was doing an undergraduate paper in sociology, the sociology of religion. Here I encountered several studies on the Satanic Ritual Abuse phenomena (SRA, also known as Satanic Panic and Satanism scare) See appendices for a brief history of SRA of the late 1980's and early 1990's in England, America, Australia and here in New Zealand. SRA evolved from accusations that satanic cults were involved in rituals where children were physically and sexually abused, and possibly killed. There were also reports that children were being bred for such practices. Both here and overseas cases were investigated by government agencies. The Peter Ellis case is perhaps the defining example of SRA in New Zealand. See appendices for an overview of this case In 1999,I noticed the census figures between 1986 and 1996 showed a growth of New Zealanders who identified as Satanist during the height of SRA scare, with the number rising nearly 400% (from 240 to 906). From this several questions arose: perhaps most importantly what is Satanism: why had this number grown: and how does one become a Satanist? As I began researching answers to these questions, I became aware of elements that were not apparent from the literature. Not all Satanism is about being evil and using black Magick. The spelling of Magick with a 'k' is to differentiate between religious Magick and show (illusional) magic. This is explained in more detail later. Some elements of Satanism link it closely with other Magick traditions. In this thesis I discuss two questions: what is Satanism in New Zealand and is there a relationship between Satanism and other Magick traditions in New Zealand?

Acting as a kind of "mise en abyme", this artist's book/catalogue presents answers of all sorts - short, elaborate, serious and humorous - from 13 artists and critics responding to Lamelas' questionnaire about the use of language as an art form. Some texts in French only. 7 bibl. ref.

Edited by Stiles and Selz, this collection of well known artists' writings and critical texts by North American and European artists/authors draws attention to key moments in the evolution of late-modern art. The texts – manifestos, theoretical essays, interviews, letters, etc. – are placed within one of the following nine categories: Gestural Abstraction; Geometric Abstraction; Figuration; Material Culture and Everyday Life; Art and Technology; Installations, Environments and Sites; Process; Language and Concepts. Includes brief introductions to each chapter. Bibliography. Index. Circa 1300 bibl. ref.

An important part of ERDEC defense research programs is the investigation of new technologies that could ameliorate specific problems in biological defense. A recent report (ERDEC-TR-25S, June 1995) discussed the application of electric field technology to such problems. The present report is the second in a new series of documents which will seek novel applications of existing and emerging technology, including electric field and electrostatics technology, to biological defense scenarios. The present work demonstrates that typical drying times for water containing or water wetted materials such as fabrics and possibly biological matter can be decreased by factors of up to about 10 in electric fields ranging up to above 7 kV/cm. Measured electric currents over this range increase by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude. Recommendations are given for a limited series of simple experiments in which living organisms would be exposed to electric fields of varying strength in air, and the results analyzed. Such measurements have never been done before., Prepared in collaboration with Gold Hill, Boulder, CO.

The principal focus of attention has been on the performance of field experiments designed to establish whether - under conditions more closely representative of those existing in a militarily relevant situation than it is possible to achieve in the laboratory - the evidence for accelerated drying of wetted materials emanating from laboratory studies can be consolidated in the field. The major goals of the field studies conducted to date have been to devise and optimise a technique using which drying rates can be reliably and accurately determined in the field; and to examine the sensitivity of these rates to fundamental meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity and wind-speed over as wide a range of conditions as possible.

As specified in the original proposal, there exits mounting evidence that the growth of strong electric fields - culminating in lightning - in the great majority of thunderstorms is intimately linked with - and probably contingent upon - the concomitant development of the ice-phase. Thus, significant progress in the elucidation of electrification mechanisms requires an improved understanding of the complex set of processes involved in cloud glaciation. Accordingly, primary emphasis has been devoted in this first year of a proposed 3-year study, to the analysis and interpretation of data emanating from major airborne experiments in which a primary objective was to seek a superior understanding of the initiation and development in cumulus clouds of the type which often become strongly electrified.

The interaction between electric forces and the evaporation of liquids has been studied for many years. Indications exist that electric charge transfer can occur when liquids evaporate, and conversely that the evaporation rate of liquids can be modified by electric charges or fields. The drying of wetted materials can be appreciably accelerated by electric forces, and that a technique of practical military importance, based on this phenomenon, may well be developed. However, in order to assess this possibility more fully and thereby optimise any potential practical exploitation of this process, it is crucial to perform comprehensive new studies which provide a much more detailed quantitative understanding of the physics involved, and examine a wider variety of materials (substrates) and wetting agents (liquids).

The purpose of this study was to investigate various text-based ways of assisting Year Seven readers to enhance their recall of informational texts. The theory that was tested in this investigation is that text-based reading aids which secure the activation and rehearsal of relevant form and/or content schemata for written texts will enhance the recall of the content and structure of those texts. To investigate the comparative impact of the text conditions, 105 Year Seven students from a large primary school in a northern suburb of the Perth Metropolitan Area were ranked on the basis of their reading comprehension scores. They were systematically assigned to each of the five groups to create five approximately heterogeneous groups thus creating a stratified sample. Two separate experiments were conducted. The dependent variable for the first was the recall of content, while for the second, it was the ability to show a knowledge of the text’s structure. It was concluded that, for this sample of Year Seven students, the quantity of content recalled was enhanced to about the same significant degree by the use of in-text headings or the use of a pre-text outline when compared with the "no text-based aids" condition. Further, it was concluded that the use of in-text headings and a pre-text outline enhanced the recall of text content about as well as the use of in-text headings, a pre-text outline and a post-text summary. Both produced significantly enhanced recall when compared with the "no text-based aids" condition the "in-text headings" condition and the "pre-text outline" condition. As a result of experiment two, it was concluded that the recall of text structure was not enhanced by the use of in-text headings. It was further concluded that the use of a pre-text outline, the use of a pre-text outline with in-text headings, and the use of a pre-text outline with in-text headings and a post-text summary produced equal scores on the recall of text structure. All three o

80p. ; 8⁰., Reproduction of original from the Bodleian Library (Oxford)., English Short Title Catalog, ESTCN10894., Electronic data. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale, 2003. Page image (PNG). Digitized image of the microfilm version produced in Woodbridge, CT by Research Publications, 1982-2002 (later known as Primary Source Microfilm, an imprint of the Gale Group)., (DLPS) 004770677.0001.000, (ESTC) N10894, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.lib.umich.edu/tcp/ecco/ for more information.

58,[2]p. ; 8⁰., With a final leaf of advertisements., Reproduction of original from the British Library., English Short Title Catalog, ESTCT105612., Electronic data. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale, 2003. Page image (PNG). Digitized image of the microfilm version produced in Woodbridge, CT by Research Publications, 1982-2002 (later known as Primary Source Microfilm, an imprint of the Gale Group)., (DLPS) 004868570.0001.000, (ESTC) T105612, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.lib.umich.edu/tcp/ecco/ for more information.

80p. ; 8⁰., Reproduction of original from the Bodleian Library (Oxford)., English Short Title Catalog, ESTCN10894., Electronic data. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale, 2003. Page image (PNG). Digitized image of the microfilm version produced in Woodbridge, CT by Research Publications, 1982-2002 (later known as Primary Source Microfilm, an imprint of the Gale Group)., (DLPS) 004770677.0001.000, (ESTC) N10894, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.lib.umich.edu/tcp/ecco/ for more information.

A substantial amount of field data obtained in recent cloud and fog experiments conducted at Great Dun Fell (GDF) is currently under analysis, and will be reported subsequently. In this report we concentrate on two activities falling within the scope of grant AFOSR-78-3511A. The first is an analysis of the meteorology and water characteristics of some clouds and fogs enveloping the GDF laboratory, which were examined by the UMIST groups, in collaboration with scientist from the Meteorological Office. The second is the development of a theoretical model of droplet evolution in fogs and clouds under the influence of inhomogeneous turbulent mixing undersaturated environmental air. This theoretical work has been performed in conjunction with Dr. M. B. Baker of the University of Washington, Seattle. Some complementary laboratory investigations currently being performed at UMIST will be reported at a later date. (Author)

This report describes the work carried out during the first three years of research devoted to aerosol studies. Some preliminary measurements have been made primarily to ensure the accurate and reliable operation of the various devices installed rather than with any closely defined specific scientific goals in mind at this time. However, two specific aerosol projects have been conducted during this period. The former project is a laboratory investigation of the effects of mixing on the evolution of wet aerosol spectra, and the latter project deals with electrical studies of the turbulent mixing of aerosol trapped at a temperature inversion. The final section of this report briefly describes and discusses recent work carried out and likely future developments.

Data report of 1986 cloud measurements of cap cloud on Great Dun Fell. PMS FSS probe measurements of particle size distributions from 0.5 to 47 micron radius. Barnes transmissiometer measurements of cloud extinction in three spectral bands. Theoretical extinction coefficients to be derived from droplet spectra detected by PMS FSS probe. Keywords: Cap cloud measurements; Particle size distributions; Extinction Coefficients; Great Britain.

Joan Flasch Artists' Book Collection

Weibel presents 23 Austrian and international artists' installations in shop windows as a type of iconography of the city. Visual documentation of the work is accompanied by artist's statements. In German only.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the disruption of freely falling drops, principally by electrical forces, could initiate freezing; to establish the physical basis of this phenomenon; and to assess its meteorological relevance. From the experimentation it was concluded that the freezing of supercooled drops may be facilitated by disruption of the drop in an electric field and is not dependent upon the presence of a support. The passage of a spark to the drop at the time of disruption does not appear significantly to affect the nucleation process. Experiments were also performed in which falling supercooled drops were disrupted by means of an air jet in the absence of electrical forces. Photographs obtained in the same manner as in the primary experiments provided no evidence for the presence of ice in the drops, but these studies were too cursory to be definitive. (Author)

The report is concerned with the work on the influence of electric forces upon the collection efficiency of water drops which fall through clouds of smaller droplets. A brief note of another research topic undertaken during the contract year is concerned with the effect of collisions and evaporation of raindrops below cloud base upon the resultant spectrum and its radar echo intensity. (Author Modified Abstract)