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In recent decades, we have witnessed great advances on the Internet of Things, mobile devices, sensor-based systems, and resulting big data infrastructures, which have gradually, yet fundamentally influenced the way people interact with and in the digital and physical world. Many human activities now not only operate in geographical (physical) space but also in cyberspace. Such changes have triggered a paradigm shift in geographic information science (GIScience), as cyberspace brings new perspectives for the roles played by spatial and temporal dimensions, e.g., the dilemma of placelessness and possible timelessness. As a discipline at the brink of even bigger changes made possible by machine learning and artificial intelligence, this paper highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with geographical space in relation to cyberspace, with a particular focus on data analytics and visualization, including extended AI capabilities and virtual reality representations. Consequently, we encourage the creation of synergies between the processing and analysis of geographical and cyber data to improve sustainability and solve complex problems with geospatial applications and other digital advancements in urban and environmental sciences.

Earth system modelling (ESM) is essential for understanding past, present and future Earth processes. Deep learning (DL), with the data-driven strength of neural networks, has promise for improving ESM by exploiting information from Big Data. Yet existing hybrid ESMs largely have deep neural networks incorporated only during the initial stage of model development. In this Perspective, we examine progress in hybrid ESM, focusing on the Earth surface system, and propose a framework that integrates neural networks into ESM throughout the modelling lifecycle. In this framework, DL computing systems and ESM-related knowledge repositories are set up in a homogeneous computational environment. DL can infer unknown or missing information, feeding it back into the knowledge repositories, while the ESM-related knowledge can constrain inference results of the DL. By fostering collaboration between ESM-related knowledge and DL systems, adaptive guidance plans can be generated through question-answering mechanisms and recommendation functions. As users interact iteratively, the hybrid system deepens its understanding of their preferences, resulting in increasingly customized, scalable and accurate guidance plans for modelling Earth processes. The advancement of this framework necessitates interdisciplinary collaboration, focusing on explainable DL and maintaining observational data to ensure the reliability of simulations.

China implemented the first phase of its National Healthy Cities pilot program from 2016-20. Along with related urban health governmental initiatives, the program has helped put health on the agenda of local governments while raising public awareness. Healthy City actions taken at the municipal scale also prepared cities to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, after intermittent trials spanning the past two decades, the Healthy Cities initiative in China has reached a crucial juncture. It risks becoming inconsequential given its overlap with other health pro-motion efforts, changing public health priorities in response to the pandemic, and the partial adoption of the Healthy Cities approach advanced by the World Health Organization (WHO). We recommend aligning the Healthy Cities initiative in China with strategic national and global level agendas such as Healthy China 2030 and the Sus-tainable Development Goals (SDGs) by providing an integrative governance framework to facilitate a coherent intersectoral program to systemically improve population health. Achieving this alignment will require leveraging the full spectrum of best practices in Healthy Cities actions and expanding assessment efforts.Funding Tsinghua-Toyota Joint Research Fund "Healthy city systems for smart cities" program.Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Sex work around the world takes place under conditions of structural violence and vulnerability. The México-U.S. border region is characterized by the presence of factors that increase the risk for health harms among female sex workers (FSW); located in this context, the risk environments of Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez have similar yet distinct characteristics that influence how risk is produced and experienced among FSWs. Exploring the ways in which FSWs enact agency in risk environments can illustrate how environmental characteristics shape perceived risks and the strategies that FSWs develop to manage them. This approach also identifies the limits that are placed by environmental characteristics over the capacity for harm reduction and prevention practices among FSWs. We analyzed the role of agency in the work environments of female sex workers and its relationship with risk perception and management in the cities of Tijuana and Cd. Juárez.

The discussion on urban metabolism has been long dominated by natural scientists focussing on natural forces shaping the energy and material flows in urban systems. However, in the anthropocene human forces such as industrialization and urbanization are mobilizing people, goods and information at an increasing pace and as such have a large impact on urban energy and material flows. In this white paper, we develop a combined natural and social science perspective on urban metabolism. More specifically, innovative conceptual and methodological interdisciplinary approaches are identified and discussed to enhance the understanding of the forces that shape urban metabolism, and how these forces affect urban living and the environment. A challenging research agenda on urban metabolism is also presented.

The objective of the paper is to discuss the development of an alternative representation of the transportation network using object-oriented GIS. This representation is important for the supply side of transportation planning and modeling. Object-orientation provides a way of solving the problem in a planar network for routing. It can facilitate the calculation of detailed network characteristics using properties such as inheritance and polymorphism. This representation is also closer to human perception of a transportation network. It is argued that by using an object-oriented GIS we can facilitate path selection using different criteria. We experiment with the design of the object-oriented system by developing an object-oriented representation of a transportation network and incorporating different path selection algorithms based on various behavioral assumptions. It is especially useful in the design for a versatile ATIS.

The objective of the paper is to discuss the development of an alternative representation of the transportation network using object-oriented GIS. This representation is important for the supply side of transportation planning and modeling. Object-orientation provides a way of solving the problem in a planar network for routing. It can facilitate the calculation of detailed network characteristics using properties such as inheritance and polymorphism. This representation is also closer to human perception of a transportation network. It is argued that by using an object-oriented GIS we can facilitate path selection using different criteria. We experiment with the design of the object-oriented system by developing an object-oriented representation of a transportation network and incorporating different path selection algorithms based on various behavioral assumptions. It is especially useful in the design for a versatile ATIS.

The objective of this paper is to review object-oriented (OO) approaches to data modeling and data handling and their usefulness in transportation planning and modeling in general and Intelligent Transportation Systems in particular. The paper begins with a discussion of the current GIS data model for representing a transportation network and the most common database management systems used in the context of transportation planning. We then discuss object-orientation, its different properties and its usefulness in representing a multi-modal, multi-scale network with hierarchical road types. We also discuss alternative database management schemes. Finally we review some existing systems and discuss the implications of adopting an object-oriented perspective.

In this paper we review attempts to develop CPM of individual travel behavior. CPM represent a linked set of computer programs together with appropriate databases which are designed to capture the essence of human decision making in different spatial situations. Used primarily for wayfinding and to simulate and predict travel behavior, CPMs bypass the difficult problems of IIA typically attributed to discrete choice models. They also allow greater emphasis on the cognitive components of decision making including cognitive maps, preferences, and departure from utility maximizing and linearity in the considerations of alternative paths and alternative destinations. The CPM illustrated herein focuses on multiperson households and models travel behavior before and after telecommuting takes place in the household° Sets of feasible alternative destinations for travel purposes are derived using GIS procedures such as buffering and path selection. Shortcomings and possible future developments of such models are then discussed.

The successful development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) depends on the capability of incorporating a vast amount of information about the location of facilities which generate travel as well as a realistic representation of elements of the transportation network in which travel occurs. An integral part of this system is an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS). Such a system can be based on an innovative and comprehensive Geographic Information System (GIS). Whereas current ITS primarily use simplified transportation networks as their basis, using an object-oriented GIS allows us to provide a more realistic representation of elements of the network and the ways that people perceive them. We can represent the network by defining roads or street hierarchies and by storing environmental data as layers which can be overlain, aggregated, or decomposed at will. Storing the transportation network as a hierarchy facilitates the calculation of different paths through the network and allows the introduction of different path selection criteria. A long-run aim of ITS is to develop a real time multi-strategy travel decision support system over a multi-modal network. We examine the advantages of an object-oriented system over the link-node system in pursing such a goal. We also identify, the shortcomings of link-node technology that are overcome by using an object-oriented data model. And finally, we discuss some of the theoretical and applied implications of our suggestions.

The objective of this paper is to review object-oriented (OO) approaches to data modeling and data handling and their usefulness in transportation planning and modeling in general and Intelligent Transportation Systems in particular. The paper begins with a discussion of the current GIS data model for representing a transportation network and the most common database management systems used in the context of transportation planning. We then discuss object-orientation, its different properties and its usefulness in representing a multi-modal, multi-scale network with hierarchical road types. We also discuss alternative database management schemes. Finally we review some existing systems and discuss the implications of adopting an object-oriented perspective.

In this paper we review attempts to develop CPM of individual travel behavior. CPM represent a linked set of computer programs together with appropriate databases which are designed to capture the essence of human decision making in different spatial situations. Used primarily for wayfinding and to simulate and predict travel behavior, CPMs bypass the difficult problems of IIA typically attributed to discrete choice models. They also allow greater emphasis on the cognitive components of decision making including cognitive maps, preferences, and departure from utility maximizing and linearity in the considerations of alternative paths and alternative destinations. The CPM illustrated herein focuses on multiperson households and models travel behavior before and after telecommuting takes place in the household° Sets of feasible alternative destinations for travel purposes are derived using GIS procedures such as buffering and path selection. Shortcomings and possible future developments of such models are then discussed.

The successful development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) depends on the capability of incorporating a vast amount of information about the location of facilities which generate travel as well as a realistic representation of elements of the transportation network in which travel occurs. An integral part of this system is an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS). Such a system can be based on an innovative and comprehensive Geographic Information System (GIS). Whereas current ITS primarily use simplified transportation networks as their basis, using an object-oriented GIS allows us to provide a more realistic representation of elements of the network and the ways that people perceive them. We can represent the network by defining roads or street hierarchies and by storing environmental data as layers which can be overlain, aggregated, or decomposed at will. Storing the transportation network as a hierarchy facilitates the calculation of different paths through the network and allows the introduction of different path selection criteria. A long-run aim of ITS is to develop a real time multi-strategy travel decision support system over a multi-modal network. We examine the advantages of an object-oriented system over the link-node system in pursing such a goal. We also identify, the shortcomings of link-node technology that are overcome by using an object-oriented data model. And finally, we discuss some of the theoretical and applied implications of our suggestions.

Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS), which aim at the utilization of advanced information processing and communication technologies for improving travel efficiency and safety, have become an important policy measure in recent years. One of their major components, Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), has been developed specifically to assist drivers in trip planning and decision making on destination selection, departure time, route choices and congestion avoidance.

Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS), which aim at the utilization of advanced information processing and communication technologies for improving travel efficiency and safety, have become an important policy measure in recent years. One of their major components, Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), has been developed specifically to assist drivers in trip planning and decision making on destination selection, departure time, route choices and congestion avoidance.

Transportation planning has been turning away from the solutions of building highways and transit routes to changing people's travel choices and making more efficient use of existing facilities. With the recent research focus on Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), it is imperative to understand the travel behavior of people and the information required to change their travel choices.

Transportation planning has been turning away from the solutions of building highways and transit routes to changing people's travel choices and making more efficient use of existing facilities. With the recent research focus on Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), it is imperative to understand the travel behavior of people and the information required to change their travel choices.

Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) under the intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) context require efficient information retrieval and updating in a dynamic environment and at different geographical scales. Some problems in ATIS can be solved based on the functionalities provided by GIS systems. However, extra requirements such as real-time response are not readily met in existing GIS systems. We investigate the use of GIS-based systems for applications in ATIS and we propose a new system architecture based on existing GIS technology and distributed computing technology. Issues on data modeling, data representation, storage and retrieval, data aggregation, and parallel processing of on-line queries in the proposed GIS-based systems are discussed.

Household travel behavior entails interdependent deliberate decisions, as well as the execution of routines not preceded by deliberate decisions. Furthermore, travel decisions are dependent on choices to participate in activities. Because of the complexity of the decision-making process in which individuals are engaged, computational-process models (CPMs) are promising means of implementing behavioral principles which unlike other disaggregate modelling approaches do not rely on a utility-maximizing framework. A conceptual framework is proposed as the basis of a CPM interfaced with the geographical information system ARC/INFO. How to model households' travel behavior is illustrated in a case study of a single household in which one member started telecommuting.

Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) under the intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) context require efficient information retrieval and updating in a dynamic environment and at different geographical scales. Some problems in ATIS can be solved based on the functionalities provided by GIS systems. However, extra requirements such as real-time response are not readily met in existing GIS systems. We investigate the use of GIS-based systems for applications in ATIS and we propose a new system architecture based on existing GIS technology and distributed computing technology. Issues on data modeling, data representation, storage and retrieval, data aggregation, and parallel processing of on-line queries in the proposed GIS-based systems are discussed.

Household travel behavior entails interdependent deliberate decisions, as well as the execution of routines not preceded by deliberate decisions. Furthermore, travel decisions are dependent on choices to participate in activities. Because of the complexity of the decision-making process in which individuals are engaged, computational-process models (CPMs) are promising means of implementing behavioral principles which unlike other disaggregate modelling approaches do not rely on a utility-maximizing framework. A conceptual framework is proposed as the basis of a CPM interfaced with the geographical information system ARC/INFO. How to model households' travel behavior is illustrated in a case study of a single household in which one member started telecommuting.

Models of households' travel choices are an important focus of research. For some time it has been realized that such models need to incorporate how travel depends on activity choices. It is argued that production system models constitute an alternative or necessary complementary approach if the goal is to develop models of interdependent activity and travel choices, or activity scheduling, which are based on behavioral-science theories of higher cognitive processes. Several computational-process models (CPMs) which implement production systems as computer programs are reviewed. Currently, no encompassing CPM exists but some may be possible to integrate in a descriptive model of activity scheduling.

Models of households' travel choices are an important focus of research. For some time it has been realized that such models need to incorporate how travel depends on activity choices. It is argued that production system models constitute an alternative or necessary complementary approach if the goal is to develop models of interdependent activity and travel choices, or activity scheduling, which are based on behavioral-science theories of higher cognitive processes. Several computational-process models (CPMs) which implement production systems as computer programs are reviewed. Currently, no encompassing CPM exists but some may be possible to integrate in a descriptive model of activity scheduling.

Travel behavior entails several interrelated decisions made by people, as well as the execution of routines not preceded by deliberate decisions. Furthermore, travel decisions are dependent on choices to participate in activities. A conceptual framework is proposed as the basis of a computational-process model (CPM). Because of the complexity of the decision-making process in which individuals are engaged, CPMs are promising alternatives to disaggregate discrete choice modelling with its limited ability to account for interrelated decisions and its reliance on an unrealistic utility-maximizing framework. Empirical support for the proposed conceptual framework is presented in the paper from case studies of telecommuting households in Sacramento, CA. The value of geographical information systems (GIS) in these empirical tests is demonstrated.

Travel behavior entails several interrelated decisions made by people, as well as the execution of routines not preceded by deliberate decisions. Furthermore, travel decisions are dependent on choices to participate in activities. After a brief review of research aiming at describing activity/travel patterns and approaches in which activity/travel decisions are modelled by means of discrete-choice modelling techniques, a conceptual framework is proposed as a background to an evaluation of several computational-process models. Further needed developments of these models are discussed, as well as the use of geographical information systems in their operationalization and application to traffic planning.

Travel behavior entails several interrelated decisions made by people, as well as the execution of routines not preceded by deliberate decisions. Furthermore, travel decisions are dependent on choices to participate in activities. After a brief review of research aiming at describing activity/travel patterns and approaches in which activity/travel decisions are modelled by means of discrete-choice modelling techniques, a conceptual framework is proposed as a background to an evaluation of several computational-process models. Further needed developments of these models are discussed, as well as the use of geographical information systems in their operationalization and application to traffic planning.

Travel behavior entails several interrelated decisions made by people, as well as the execution of routines not preceded by deliberate decisions. Furthermore, travel decisions are dependent on choices to participate in activities. A conceptual framework is proposed as the basis of a computational-process model (CPM). Because of the complexity of the decision-making process in which individuals are engaged, CPMs are promising alternatives to disaggregate discrete choice modelling with its limited ability to account for interrelated decisions and its reliance on an unrealistic utility-maximizing framework. Empirical support for the proposed conceptual framework is presented in the paper from case studies of telecommuting households in Sacramento, CA. The value of geographical information systems (GIS) in these empirical tests is demonstrated.