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Understanding of Earth's geomagnetic environment is critical to mitigating the space weather impacts caused by disruptive geoelectric fields in power lines and other conductors on Earth's surface. These impacts are the result of a chain of processes driven by the solar wind and linking Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere and Earth's surface. Tremendous progress has been made over the last two decades in understanding the solar wind driving mechanisms, the coupling mechanisms connecting the magnetically controlled regions of near-Earth space, and the impacts of these collective processes on human technologies on Earth's surface. Studies of solar wind drivers have been focused on understanding the responses of the geomagnetic environment to spatial and temporal variations in the solar wind associated with Coronal Mass Ejections, Corotating Interaction Regions, Interplanetary Shocks, High-Speed Streams, and other interplanetary magnetic field structures. Increasingly sophisticated numerical models are able to simulate the magnetospheric response to the solar wind forcing associated with these structures. Magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling remains a great challenge, although new observations and sophisticated models that can assimilate disparate data sets have improved the ability to specify the electrodynamic properties of the high latitude ionosphere. The temporal and spatial resolution needed to predict the electric fields, conductivities, and currents in the ionosphere is driving the need for further advances. These parameters are intricately tied to auroral phenomena—energy deposition due to Joule heating and precipitating particles, motions of the auroral boundary, and ion outflow. A new view of these auroral processes is emerging that focuses on small-scale structures in the magnetosphere and their ionospheric effects, which may include the rapid variations in current associated with geomagnetically induced currents and the resulting pertu

Understanding of Earth's geomagnetic environment is critical to mitigating the space weather impacts caused by disruptive geoelectric fields in power lines and other conductors on Earth's surface. These impacts are the result of a chain of processes driven by the solar wind and linking Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere and Earth's surface. Tremendous progress has been made over the last two decades in understanding the solar wind driving mechanisms, the coupling mechanisms connecting the magnetically controlled regions of near-Earth space, and the impacts of these collective processes on human technologies on Earth's surface. Studies of solar wind drivers have been focused on understanding the responses of the geomagnetic environment to spatial and temporal variations in the solar wind associated with Coronal Mass Ejections, Corotating Interaction Regions, Interplanetary Shocks, High-Speed Streams, and other interplanetary magnetic field structures. Increasingly sophisticated numerical models are able to simulate the magnetospheric response to the solar wind forcing associated with these structures. Magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling remains a great challenge, although new observations and sophisticated models that can assimilate disparate data sets have improved the ability to specify the electrodynamic properties of the high latitude ionosphere. The temporal and spatial resolution needed to predict the electric fields, conductivities, and currents in the ionosphere is driving the need for further advances. These parameters are intricately tied to auroral phenomena—energy deposition due to Joule heating and precipitating particles, motions of the auroral boundary, and ion outflow. A new view of these auroral processes is emerging that focuses on small-scale structures in the magnetosphere and their ionospheric effects, which may include the rapid variations in current associated with geomagnetically induced currents and the resulting pertu

Understanding of Earth's geomagnetic environment is critical to mitigating the space weather impacts caused by disruptive geoelectric fields in power lines and other conductors on Earth's surface. These impacts are the result of a chain of processes driven by the solar wind and linking Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere and Earth's surface. Tremendous progress has been made over the last two decades in understanding the solar wind driving mechanisms, the coupling mechanisms connecting the magnetically controlled regions of near-Earth space, and the impacts of these collective processes on human technologies on Earth's surface. Studies of solar wind drivers have been focused on understanding the responses of the geomagnetic environment to spatial and temporal variations in the solar wind associated with Coronal Mass Ejections, Corotating Interaction Regions, Interplanetary Shocks, High-Speed Streams, and other interplanetary magnetic field structures. Increasingly sophisticated numerical models are able to simulate the magnetospheric response to the solar wind forcing associated with these structures. Magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling remains a great challenge, although new observations and sophisticated models that can assimilate disparate data sets have improved the ability to specify the electrodynamic properties of the high latitude ionosphere. The temporal and spatial resolution needed to predict the electric fields, conductivities, and currents in the ionosphere is driving the need for further advances. These parameters are intricately tied to auroral phenomena—energy deposition due to Joule heating and precipitating particles, motions of the auroral boundary, and ion outflow. A new view of these auroral processes is emerging that focuses on small-scale structures in the magnetosphere and their ionospheric effects, which may include the rapid variations in current associated with geomagnetically induced currents and the resulting pertu

Depression and anxiety are debilitating psychiatric disorders, which significantly depend on genetic predisposition and changing environments. One in three patients is resistant to current antidepressant treatment, highlighting the need for novel therapeutics to improve patient outcomes. Understanding how combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of depression and anxiety through microRNAs will aid the development of novel therapeutics for affective disorders. During my PhD, I explored how combinations of genetic and environmental factors affect expression of brain miRNAs in a mouse model of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In the first part of my PhD project, I described miRNA composition in the hippocampus of the serotonin transporter knock-out (5-HTT KO) mice compared to wild-type mice in standard housing conditions. 5-HTT KO mice have increased depression-like behaviour and do not respond to classic antidepressant treatment, which make them a good model of TRD. This is the first study describing miRNA profiles in the brain tissues of a mouse model of TRD. We discovered novel miRNAs, which could be used as markers of TRD. The enrichment analysis of target genes of these miRNAs revealed pathways relevant to stress response, highlighting the importance of changing environments in the development of TRD. Next, I described miRNA profiles in 5-HTT KO mice after stress and exercise, which was the first study on how gene x environment interactions affect miRNA composition in the brain of mice genetically predisposed to TRD. Based on these data, I targeted several miRNAs using novel approaches of miRNA modulation to mimic beneficial effects of exercise and stress-reduction to develop new treatment for TRD. I observed a significant antidepressant-like effect after treatment with miRNA mimic, which proved that miRNAs can not only be a marker of depression but are themselves targets for the treatment of depression. The follow-up bio

The study and development of the socialization process is a topical problem for science and practice nowadays. The authors present in the article the analysis results of the activity approach as a part of the socializing process in adaptive sports activities. The material is addressed to the factors of social upbringing and the implementation of the goals and objectives of socialization in adaptive sports activities. The paper also contains the study results of socialization of schoolchildren with limited abilities in adaptive sports activities. In addition, the possibilities of sports and the negative impact of sports models on the socialization of children with limited abilities have been analysed in this paper. An integrated model of adaptive-sports extracurricular activities for students with limited abilities, its organization technology has been presented. As a result of the study, it has been proved that adaptive sports activities as an area of self-expression, manifestation and formation of certain abilities, gifts and talent, is an important part of socialization of the student which helps prepare students with limited abilities for life.

The study and development of the socialization process is a topical problem for science and practice nowadays. The authors present in the article the analysis results of the activity approach as a part of the socializing process in adaptive sports activities. The material is addressed to the factors of social upbringing and the implementation of the goals and objectives of socialization in adaptive sports activities. The paper also contains the study results of socialization of schoolchildren with limited abilities in adaptive sports activities. In addition, the possibilities of sports and the negative impact of sports models on the socialization of children with limited abilities have been analysed in this paper. An integrated model of adaptive-sports extracurricular activities for students with limited abilities, its organization technology has been presented. As a result of the study, it has been proved that adaptive sports activities as an area of self-expression, manifestation and formation of certain abilities, gifts and talent, is an important part of socialization of the student which helps prepare students with limited abilities for life.

The Community Coordinated Modeling Center has been leading community-wide space science and space weather model validation projects for many years. These efforts have been broadened and extended via the newly launched International Forum for Space Weather Modeling Capabilities Assessment (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/assessment/). Its objective is to track space weather models' progress and performance over time, a capability that is critically needed in space weather operations and different user communities in general. The Space Radiation and Plasma Effects Working Team of the aforementioned International Forum works on one of the many focused evaluation topics and deals with five different subtopics (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/assessment/topics/radiation-all.php) and varieties of particle populations: Surface Charging from tens of eV to 50-keV electrons and internal charging due to energetic electrons from hundreds keV to several MeVs. Single-event effects from solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays (several MeV to TeV), total dose due to accumulation of doses from electrons (>100 keV) and protons (>1 MeV) in a broad energy range, and radiation effects from solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays at aviation altitudes. A unique aspect of the Space Radiation and Plasma Effects focus area is that it bridges the space environments, engineering, and user communities. The intent of the paper is to provide an overview of the current status and to suggest a guide for how to best validate space environment models for operational/engineering use, which includes selection of essential space environment and effect quantities and appropriate metrics.

The paper is devoted to the problem of pedagogical management of the quality of training for physical education specialists in higher education: the authors have determined theoretical and methodological foundations of the problem, a conceptual model and pedagogical conditions for its implementation have been presented. The authors of the paper have proved that professional expectations are a construct that anticipates actions aimed at building professional competence, but at the same time it is a product of the processes of mastering the education content. The expectation approach suggests considering the pedagogical management of the quality of training for specialists in physical education at a pedagogical university as a process of changing and shaping professional expectations of the subject of the educational process. In our study, the expectation approach is based on the conceptual ideas of the axiological, competence, and integrative constituent elements. The identified axiological, competence, and integrative constituent elements of the expectation approach determine the multilevel and hierarchical nature of the theoretical and methodological fundamentals of pedagogical management of the quality of training for physical education specialists including the general scientific, concrete scientific, methodological and technological levels of the methodology.

The Community Coordinated Modeling Center has been leading community-wide space science and space weather model validation projects for many years. These efforts have been broadened and extended via the newly launched International Forum for Space Weather Modeling Capabilities Assessment (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/assessment/). Its objective is to track space weather models' progress and performance over time, a capability that is critically needed in space weather operations and different user communities in general. The Space Radiation and Plasma Effects Working Team of the aforementioned International Forum works on one of the many focused evaluation topics and deals with five different subtopics (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/assessment/topics/radiation-all.php) and varieties of particle populations: Surface Charging from tens of eV to 50-keV electrons and internal charging due to energetic electrons from hundreds keV to several MeVs. Single-event effects from solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays (several MeV to TeV), total dose due to accumulation of doses from electrons (>100 keV) and protons (>1 MeV) in a broad energy range, and radiation effects from solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays at aviation altitudes. A unique aspect of the Space Radiation and Plasma Effects focus area is that it bridges the space environments, engineering, and user communities. The intent of the paper is to provide an overview of the current status and to suggest a guide for how to best validate space environment models for operational/engineering use, which includes selection of essential space environment and effect quantities and appropriate metrics.

The paper is devoted to the problem of pedagogical management of the quality of training for physical education specialists in higher education: the authors have determined theoretical and methodological foundations of the problem, a conceptual model and pedagogical conditions for its implementation have been presented. The authors of the paper have proved that professional expectations are a construct that anticipates actions aimed at building professional competence, but at the same time it is a product of the processes of mastering the education content. The expectation approach suggests considering the pedagogical management of the quality of training for specialists in physical education at a pedagogical university as a process of changing and shaping professional expectations of the subject of the educational process. In our study, the expectation approach is based on the conceptual ideas of the axiological, competence, and integrative constituent elements. The identified axiological, competence, and integrative constituent elements of the expectation approach determine the multilevel and hierarchical nature of the theoretical and methodological fundamentals of pedagogical management of the quality of training for physical education specialists including the general scientific, concrete scientific, methodological and technological levels of the methodology.

Автор отмечает, что явление бедности для нашей страны, к сожалению, стало носить хронический характер. Было предложено немало методов для регулирования процессов бедности за весь период исследований данной проблематики. Однако, стоит отметить о разной степени эффективности данных методов и об их возможности применения в том или другом случае. На сегодняшний день, предлагаемая необходимость усиления социальной поддержки домохозяйств с детьми стала одним из базовых методов регулирования процессов прогрессирующей нищеты. Возможно, такое направление в регулировании распространения бедности в стране станет ключевым в сложившейся борьбе., The author notes, that, unfortunately, the phenomenon of poverty has become chronic in our country. For the whole period of the researchers of the issue there were a lot of methods of regulation proposed to regulate the poverty. However, it is worth to mention the difference in efficiency of the methods and also to mention about the possibility of their use in a particular case. Today the offering necessity of the expansion of social support for supporting households with children has become one of the basic methods to regulate the processes of progressive poverty. Perhaps, such a direction in regulating the spread of poverty will become a crucial in this struggle.

Автор отмечает, что явление бедности для нашей страны, к сожалению, стало носить хронический характер. Было предложено немало методов для регулирования процессов бедности за весь период исследований данной проблематики. Однако, стоит отметить о разной степени эффективности данных методов и об их возможности применения в том или другом случае. На сегодняшний день, предлагаемая необходимость усиления социальной поддержки домохозяйств с детьми стала одним из базовых методов регулирования процессов прогрессирующей нищеты. Возможно, такое направление в регулировании распространения бедности в стране станет ключевым в сложившейся борьбе., The author notes, that, unfortunately, the phenomenon of poverty has become chronic in our country. For the whole period of the researchers of the issue there were a lot of methods of regulation proposed to regulate the poverty. However, it is worth to mention the difference in efficiency of the methods and also to mention about the possibility of their use in a particular case. Today the offering necessity of the expansion of social support for supporting households with children has become one of the basic methods to regulate the processes of progressive poverty. Perhaps, such a direction in regulating the spread of poverty will become a crucial in this struggle.

Изменение отношения к бедности и неравенству отражают реальные тенденции развития кризисных явлений в России с начала XXI века и по настоящее время. Необходимо отметить изменение причин их возникновения и изменение отношения к бедности в целом. Случившийся кризис в 14 году привел к резкому увеличению количества бедного населения страны. В данной работе рассматриваются причины возникновения бедности, принципы борьбы с появлением финансового неравенства и методы привлечения к работе трудоспособного населения в России., Сhanging attitudes towards poverty and inequality showed the development of the crisis in Russia since the beginning of the 21st century to the present time. It is important to note modification of their causes and changing attitudes to poverty. There is a quickly increase of poor population in the country after the crisis in 2014. This article discusses the causes of poverty, the principles of fighting financial inequality and methods for the involvement of able-bodied population in Russia.

Изменение отношения к бедности и неравенству отражают реальные тенденции развития кризисных явлений в России с начала XXI века и по настоящее время. Необходимо отметить изменение причин их возникновения и изменение отношения к бедности в целом. Случившийся кризис в 14 году привел к резкому увеличению количества бедного населения страны. В данной работе рассматриваются причины возникновения бедности, принципы борьбы с появлением финансового неравенства и методы привлечения к работе трудоспособного населения в России., Сhanging attitudes towards poverty and inequality showed the development of the crisis in Russia since the beginning of the 21st century to the present time. It is important to note modification of their causes and changing attitudes to poverty. There is a quickly increase of poor population in the country after the crisis in 2014. This article discusses the causes of poverty, the principles of fighting financial inequality and methods for the involvement of able-bodied population in Russia.

To address challenges of assessment of modeling capabilities, the CCMC (Community Coordinated Modeling Center) initiated a series of community-wide model validation projects, such as the GEM, CEDAR and GEM-CEDAR Modeling Challenges. The CEDAR ETI (Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere) Challenge focused on the ability of ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) models to reproduce basic IT system parameters, such as electron and neutral densities, NmF2, hmF2, and TEC. Model-data time series comparisons were performed for a set of selected events with different levels of geomagnetic activity (quiet, moderate, storms). The follow-on CEDAR-GEM Challenge aims to quantify geomagnetic storm impacts on the IT system. On-going studies include quantifying the storm energy input, such as increase in auroral precipitation and Joule heating, and quantifying the storm-time variations of neutral density and TEC. The community-wide model validation activities involve international collaborations (e.g., between the CCMC and UK Met Office) to enhance the studies. In this paper, we focus on results of validation of IT models for reproducing storm impacts on TEC. In order to quantify storm impacts on TEC, we considered several parameters: TEC changes compared to quiet time (the day before storm), TEC difference between 24-hour intervals, and maximum increase/decrease during the storm. We investigated the spatial and temporal variations of the parameters during storm events (e.g., 2006 AGU storm) using ground-based GPS TEC measurements in several longitude sectors where data coverage is relatively better. The latitudinal variations were also studied. We obtained modeled TEC from various IT models. The parameters from the models were compared with each other and with the observed values. We quantified performance of the models in reproducing the TEC variations during the storm using skill scores. Model output and observational data used for the challenge will be permanently posted at the CCMC web

The article reveals the findings of the experimental work that has been done in order to compare three Russian educational systems (traditional system, Zankovs system and the system of Elkonin- Davidov) in their potentials to develop the junior schoolchild intellectual abilities and personality traits. The complex of indices (intellectual abilities and personality traits) has been identified to examine the educational systems. They are the indices of attention, memory, thinking, imagination and personality traits (achievement motive, learning motives and empathy). As a result of conducted experiment of the students development in different educational systems it has been identified that each of examined systems are developmental however each develops different mental functions and operations.