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Introduction: Moral value conflicts play an increasingly central role in everyday hospital life. Clinical ethics, however, is only marginally represented in the compulsory curriculum for human medicine and the additional education regulations. The aim of the Ethik First project at the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel is to close this gap with an extracurricular offer and to support medical students from the fifth clinical semester onward and during their practical year as well as assistant doctors in dealing with moral dilemmas in everyday hospital life. The project has taken the concomitant learning objectives from the national competency-based learning objective catalog for medicine. According to the target group, the address in particular, showed higher taxonomy levels. Project description: The multimodal concept is based on three pillars: In monthly principle-based case conferences, participants practice ethical reflection and moral judgment primarily on the basis of concrete cases introduced by them using the methods of problem-based learning and consideration-based deliberation. If participants do not bring forth a case, they discuss ethical aspects of current political relevance. Moreover, there is an annual public speaker event.Results: Since the project began in 2017, ~20 students and interns have taken part in Ethik First one or more times. In a web-based interim evaluation (N=13), all respondents fully agreed that they considered the format helpful for dealing with ethical questions at the clinic. They rated the relevance for their later profession as high. There is evidence for support in moral dilemma situations.Discussion: The first evaluation results of the voluntary extracurricular offer show the acceptance of the selected format, which goes beyond pure teaching in its conception in that it addresses moral stress as well and strengthens the participants' individual resilience.Conclusion: Ethik First reinforces the role of eth, Einleitung: Moralische Wertekonflikte spielen im Klinikalltag immer wieder und zunehmend eine zentrale Rolle. Klinische Ethik ist jedoch nur marginal im Pflichtcurriculum für Humanmedizin und den Weiterbildungsordnungen vertreten. Ziel des Projektes Ethik First am Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel ist es daher, diese Lücke mit einem extracurricularen Angebot zu schließen und Medizinstudierende ab dem 5. klinischen Semester sowie im Praktischen Jahr und Assistenzärzt*innen im Umgang mit moralischen Dilemmata im Klinikalltag zu unterstützen. Die damit einhergehenden Lernziele sind dem Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalog Medizin entnommen und adressieren der Zielgruppe entsprechend insbesondere höhere Taxonomiestufen. Projektbeschreibung: Das multimodale Konzept beruht auf drei Säulen: Vorrangig werden in monatlich stattfindenden prinzipienorientierten Fallkonferenzen ethische Reflexion und moralisches Urteilen anhand konkreter von den Teilnehmer*innen eingebrachter Fälle nach den Methoden des problembasierten Lernens und der erwägungsorientierten Deliberation eingeübt. Wird durch die Teilnehmer*innen kein Fall eingebracht, werden alternativ ethische Aspekte von aktueller tagespolitischer Relevanz gemeinsam diskutiert. Ergänzend findet jährlich eine öffentliche Veranstaltung eines*einer Referenten*in statt.Ergebnisse: Seit Beginn des Angebots im Jahr 2017 nahmen circa 20 Studierende und Assistenzärzt*innen ein- oder mehrmals an Ethik First teil. In einer webbasierten Zwischenevaluation (N=13) stimmten alle Befragten voll zu, dass sie das Format für hilfreich halten, um ethische Fragestellungen aus der Klinik zu bearbeiten. Die Relevanz für den späteren Beruf wurde hoch eingeschätzt. Es ergeben sich Anhalte für eine Unterstützung bei moralischen Dilemmasituationen.Diskussion: Erste Evaluationsergebnisse des freiwilligen extracurricularen Angebotes zeigen die Akzeptanz des gewählten Formates, das in seiner Konzeption über reine Lehre hinaus g

There is mounting evidence of widespread declines in the diversity and abundance of insects from across the globe (Sanchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys 2019, Seibold et al. 2019, van Klink et al. 2020, Wagner 2020). This gives a stark warning for the perilous state of biodiversity (Diaz et al. 2019), and demonstrates that addressing the gap in knowledge of the status of insects is vital (Cardoso et al. 2020, Samways et al. 2020). Insects are estimated to comprise more than half of all described species and are a dominant component of biodiversity in most ecosystems (Bar-On et al. 2018). Insects also provide a crucial role in the functioning of ecosystems. They are not only related to the supply of many ecosystem services such as pollination, biological control, soil fertility regulation and diverse cultural ecosystem services but also to disservices such as damage to crops and spread of diseases to livestock and humans (Gutierrez-Arellano and Mulligan 2018, Noriega et al. 2018). There is a pressing need to assess the status of insects to set and evaluate conservation targets. At the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Nagoya (Japan), the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 was adopted. It proposed five goals and 20 "Aichi" biodiversity targets. In line with this plan, a new EU biodiversity strategy was adopted by the European Commission in May 2011. This strategy provided a framework for the EU to meet its biodiversity targets and global commitments as a party to the CBD. The Headline Target in the existing EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 is to halt the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, and restore them, in so far as feasible, while stepping up the EU contribution to averting global biodiversity loss. Under Target 3A the EU is committed to increasing the contribution of agriculture to biodiversity recovery. Further, the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 includes the development of a coherent framework for monitori

Objectives Management of acute abdomen (AA) differs due to the heterogeneity of underlying pathophysiology. Complications of AA and its overall outcome after cardiac surgery are known to be associated with poor results. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate risk factors for AA in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods Between December 2011 and December 2014, a total of 131 patients with AA after cardiac surgery were identified and retrospectively analyzed using our institutional database. Statistical analysis of risk factors concerning in-hospital mortality of mentioned patient cohort was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results Overall in-hospital mortality was 54.2% (71/131). Analyzing in-hospital non-survivors (NS) versus in-hospital survivors (S) peripheral artery disease (28.2% vs. 11.7%; p = 0.03), the need for assist device therapy (33.8% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.03) and the requirement of hemodialysis (67.6% vs. 23.3%; p < 0.01) were significantly higher in NS. Furthermore, lactic acid values at onset of symptoms were shown to be significantly higher in NS (5.7 +/- 5.7 mmol/L vs. 2.8 +/- 2.9 mmol/L; p < 0.01). Assured diagnosis of mesenterial ischemia was strongly associated with worse outcome (odds ratio 10.800, 95% confidence interval 2.003-58.224; p = 0.006). Conclusion In conclusion, in critically ill patients after performed cardiac surgery peripheral vascular disease, need for supportive hemodynamic assist device systems and occurrence of renal failure are risk factors associated with worsen outcome. Additionally, rise of lactic acid could potentially be associated with onset of intestinal malperfusion and should be taken into account in therapeutic decisions preventing fatal mesenterial ischemia.

Objectives Management of acute abdomen (AA) differs due to the heterogeneity of underlying pathophysiology. Complications of AA and its overall outcome after cardiac surgery are known to be associated with poor results. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate risk factors for AA in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods Between December 2011 and December 2014, a total of 131 patients with AA after cardiac surgery were identified and retrospectively analyzed using our institutional database. Statistical analysis of risk factors concerning in-hospital mortality of mentioned patient cohort was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results Overall in-hospital mortality was 54.2% (71/131). Analyzing in-hospital non-survivors (NS) versus in-hospital survivors (S) peripheral artery disease (28.2% vs. 11.7%; p = 0.03), the need for assist device therapy (33.8% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.03) and the requirement of hemodialysis (67.6% vs. 23.3%; p < 0.01) were significantly higher in NS. Furthermore, lactic acid values at onset of symptoms were shown to be significantly higher in NS (5.7 +/- 5.7 mmol/L vs. 2.8 +/- 2.9 mmol/L; p < 0.01). Assured diagnosis of mesenterial ischemia was strongly associated with worse outcome (odds ratio 10.800, 95% confidence interval 2.003-58.224; p = 0.006). Conclusion In conclusion, in critically ill patients after performed cardiac surgery peripheral vascular disease, need for supportive hemodynamic assist device systems and occurrence of renal failure are risk factors associated with worsen outcome. Additionally, rise of lactic acid could potentially be associated with onset of intestinal malperfusion and should be taken into account in therapeutic decisions preventing fatal mesenterial ischemia.

There is mounting evidence of widespread declines in the diversity and abundance of insects from across the globe (Sanchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys 2019, Seibold et al. 2019, van Klink et al. 2020, Wagner 2020). This gives a stark warning for the perilous state of biodiversity (Diaz et al. 2019), and demonstrates that addressing the gap in knowledge of the status of insects is vital (Cardoso et al. 2020, Samways et al. 2020). Insects are estimated to comprise more than half of all described species and are a dominant component of biodiversity in most ecosystems (Bar-On et al. 2018). Insects also provide a crucial role in the functioning of ecosystems. They are not only related to the supply of many ecosystem services such as pollination, biological control, soil fertility regulation and diverse cultural ecosystem services but also to disservices such as damage to crops and spread of diseases to livestock and humans (Gutierrez-Arellano and Mulligan 2018, Noriega et al. 2018). There is a pressing need to assess the status of insects to set and evaluate conservation targets. At the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Nagoya (Japan), the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 was adopted. It proposed five goals and 20 "Aichi" biodiversity targets. In line with this plan, a new EU biodiversity strategy was adopted by the European Commission in May 2011. This strategy provided a framework for the EU to meet its biodiversity targets and global commitments as a party to the CBD. The Headline Target in the existing EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 is to halt the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, and restore them, in so far as feasible, while stepping up the EU contribution to averting global biodiversity loss. Under Target 3A the EU is committed to increasing the contribution of agriculture to biodiversity recovery. Further, the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 includes the development of a coherent framework for monitori

The EU Grassland Butterfly Indicator is one of the indicators of the status of biodiversity in the European Union. It is an abundance indicator based on data recording the population trends of seventeen butterfly species in 16 (see below) EU countries. This report presents the seventh version of this indicator now covering 28 years. At the Convention on Biological Diversity meeting in Nagoya (Japan) the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011– 2020 was adopted. It proposed five goals and 20 “Aichi” biodiversity targets. In line with this plan a new EU biodiversity strategy was adopted by the European Commission in May 2011. This provided a framework for the EU to meet its own biodiversity objectives and its global commitments as a party to the CBD. The Headline Target is to halt the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, and restore them, in so far as feasible, while stepping up the EU contribution to averting global biodiversity loss. Under Target 3A the EU is committed to increase the contribution of agriculture to biodiversity recovery. Europe now has one year left to intensify action to achieve this. The EU biodiversity strategy includes the development of a coherent framework for monitoring, assessing and reporting on progress in implementing actions. Such a framework is needed to link existing biodiversity data and knowledge systems with the strategy, to help assess achievement of the goals and to streamline EU and global monitoring, reporting and review obligations. Some of the EU biodiversity indicators provide specific measurements and trends on genetic, species and ecosystem/landscape diversity, but many have a more indirect link to biodiversity. Very few have been established specifically to assess biodiversity. The status indicators on species only cover birds, bats and butterflies, since these are the only taxa/species groups for which harmonized European monitoring data are available (EEA, 2012). For the EU Grass

Out-of-hospital extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) implantation and ECMO transport have become a growing field useful for emergent treatment of heart or lung failure with increasing number of centers launching such service. This study was designed to present risk factors predicting 30-day mortality for patients receiving ECMO support in a newly launched ECMO retrieval service. From 01/2015 till 01/2017 28 consecutive patients received ECMO support in peripheral hospitals using a miniaturized portable Cardiohelp System((R)) (Maquet, Rastatt Germany) for heart, lung or heart/lung failure as a bridge-to-decision as a part of our newly launched ECMO retrieval service. Outcomes and predictors for 30-day mortality were presented. The mean age was 56 +/- 15 (maximum 78) years. The mean ECMO support duration was 97 +/- 100h, whereas 11 patients (40%) were weaned off support and discharged from hospital. Presence of hemolysis (p=0.041), renal failure (p=0.016), lower platelet count before ECMO implantation (p=0.001), and higher lactate 24h after initiation of support (p=0.006) were factors associated with 30-day mortality. Initial success of an ECMO retrieval service depends on logistic organization and clinical management. Taking into consideration highly deleterious effects of hemodynamic malperfusion of end organs, rapid initiation of ECMO support is a vital factor for survival. This is highlighted by predictive factors of early mortality that are associated with peripheral organ failure or complications.

Out-of-hospital extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) implantation and ECMO transport have become a growing field useful for emergent treatment of heart or lung failure with increasing number of centers launching such service. This study was designed to present risk factors predicting 30-day mortality for patients receiving ECMO support in a newly launched ECMO retrieval service. From 01/2015 till 01/2017 28 consecutive patients received ECMO support in peripheral hospitals using a miniaturized portable Cardiohelp System((R)) (Maquet, Rastatt Germany) for heart, lung or heart/lung failure as a bridge-to-decision as a part of our newly launched ECMO retrieval service. Outcomes and predictors for 30-day mortality were presented. The mean age was 56 +/- 15 (maximum 78) years. The mean ECMO support duration was 97 +/- 100h, whereas 11 patients (40%) were weaned off support and discharged from hospital. Presence of hemolysis (p=0.041), renal failure (p=0.016), lower platelet count before ECMO implantation (p=0.001), and higher lactate 24h after initiation of support (p=0.006) were factors associated with 30-day mortality. Initial success of an ECMO retrieval service depends on logistic organization and clinical management. Taking into consideration highly deleterious effects of hemodynamic malperfusion of end organs, rapid initiation of ECMO support is a vital factor for survival. This is highlighted by predictive factors of early mortality that are associated with peripheral organ failure or complications.

The EU Grassland Butterfly Indicator is one of the indicators of the status of biodiversity in the European Union. It is an abundance indicator based on data recording the population trends of seventeen butterfly species in 16 (see below) EU countries. This report presents the seventh version of this indicator now covering 28 years. At the Convention on Biological Diversity meeting in Nagoya (Japan) the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011– 2020 was adopted. It proposed five goals and 20 “Aichi” biodiversity targets. In line with this plan a new EU biodiversity strategy was adopted by the European Commission in May 2011. This provided a framework for the EU to meet its own biodiversity objectives and its global commitments as a party to the CBD. The Headline Target is to halt the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, and restore them, in so far as feasible, while stepping up the EU contribution to averting global biodiversity loss. Under Target 3A the EU is committed to increase the contribution of agriculture to biodiversity recovery. Europe now has one year left to intensify action to achieve this. The EU biodiversity strategy includes the development of a coherent framework for monitoring, assessing and reporting on progress in implementing actions. Such a framework is needed to link existing biodiversity data and knowledge systems with the strategy, to help assess achievement of the goals and to streamline EU and global monitoring, reporting and review obligations. Some of the EU biodiversity indicators provide specific measurements and trends on genetic, species and ecosystem/landscape diversity, but many have a more indirect link to biodiversity. Very few have been established specifically to assess biodiversity. The status indicators on species only cover birds, bats and butterflies, since these are the only taxa/species groups for which harmonized European monitoring data are available (EEA, 2012). For the EU Grass

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Process participants need to learn how to perform in the context of their business processes. Process training is challenging due to cognitive difficulties in relating process model elements to real world concepts. In this paper we present a 3D Virtual World (VW) process training approach for office environments. In this VW, process participants can experience a process in an immersive environment. They inter- act with VW representations of process elements in changing locations, based on process activities. By means of embodied 3D representation, deep immersion and engagement in this environment, enhancements in long term memory learning and episodic memory usage for knowledge retrieval are expected. Our illustration of an example process model shows the applicability of the approach. We list a number of future directions to extend the use and the benefits.

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Background: Prospective studies on insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk are inconclusive. Data suggest risk associations vary by tumour characteristics. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) to evaluate IGF-I concentrations and EOC risk by tumour characteristics (n = 565 cases). Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate associations. Results: We observed no association between IGF-I and EOC overall or by tumour characteristics. Conclusions: In the largest prospective study to date was no association between IGF-I and EOC risk. Pre-diagnostic serum IGF-I concentrations may not influence EOC risk.

Lake Vida, located in Victoria Valley, is one of the largest lakes in the McMurdo dry valleys and is known to contain hypersaline liquid brine sealed below 16 m of freshwater ice. For the first time, Lake Vida was drilled to a depth of 27 m. Below 21 m the ice is marked by well-sorted sand layers up to 20 cm thick within a matrix of salty ice. From ice chemistry, isotopic composition of delta O-18 and delta H-2, and ground penetrating radar profiles, we conclude that the entire 27 m of ice formed from surface runoff and the sediment layers represent the accumulation of surface deposits. Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating limit the maximum age of the lower ice to 6300 C-14 yr BP. As the ice cover ablated downwards during periods of low surface inflow, progressive accumulation of sediment layers insulated and preserved the ice and brine beneath, analogous to the processes that preserve shallow ground ice. The repetition of these sediment layers reveals hydrologic variability in Victoria Valley during the mid-to late Holocene. Lake Vida is an exemplar site for understanding the preservation of subsurface brine, ice, and sediment in a cold desert environment.

BACKGROUND: Prospective studies on insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk are inconclusive. Data suggest risk associations vary by tumour characteristics. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) to evaluate IGF-I concentrations and EOC risk by tumour characteristics (n=565 cases). Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate associations. RESULTS: We observed no association between IGF-I and EOC overall or by tumour characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest prospective study to date was no association between IGF-I and EOC risk. Pre-diagnostic serum IGF-I concentrations may not influence EOC risk.

Lake Vida, located in Victoria Valley, is one of the largest lakes in the McMurdo dry valleys and is known to contain hypersaline liquid brine sealed below 16 m of freshwater ice. For the first time, Lake Vida was drilled to a depth of 27 m. Below 21 m the ice is marked by well-sorted sand layers up to 20 cm thick within a matrix of salty ice. From ice chemistry, isotopic composition of delta O-18 and delta H-2, and ground penetrating radar profiles, we conclude that the entire 27 m of ice formed from surface runoff and the sediment layers represent the accumulation of surface deposits. Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating limit the maximum age of the lower ice to 6300 C-14 yr BP. As the ice cover ablated downwards during periods of low surface inflow, progressive accumulation of sediment layers insulated and preserved the ice and brine beneath, analogous to the processes that preserve shallow ground ice. The repetition of these sediment layers reveals hydrologic variability in Victoria Valley during the mid-to late Holocene. Lake Vida is an exemplar site for understanding the preservation of subsurface brine, ice, and sediment in a cold desert environment.

Background: Prospective studies on insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk are inconclusive. Data suggest risk associations vary by tumour characteristics. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) to evaluate IGF-I concentrations and EOC risk by tumour characteristics (n = 565 cases). Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate associations. Results: We observed no association between IGF-I and EOC overall or by tumour characteristics. Conclusions: In the largest prospective study to date was no association between IGF-I and EOC risk. Pre-diagnostic serum IGF-I concentrations may not influence EOC risk.

When a cold anode is lowered into an Al electrolysis bath it immediately quenches a layer of frozen bath on the bottom surface which may extend to the metal pad. Time, energy and bath motion are required to melt the layer and, until this has occurred, the anode current distribution is uneven and the bath motion disrupted around the newly set anodes, leading to higher noise and lower current efficiency. Experiments were carried out in which anodes pre-heated to 480-510 degrees C were set in pots over 60 days. Three sets of experiments were conducted, the first aimed at defining the minimum anode temperature required to avoid freezing of the bath under the anodes after setting, the second to quantify the extra power associated with anode setting immediately after setting and to compare the differences between anodes set hot and cold and the third to assess the potential for reducing the incremental distance between the bottom plane of new anodes and the bottom plane of anodes already in the cell made possible by anode pre-heating. The results showed that there was the potential to double the rate of load-up, reduce energy consumption and increase current efficiency by 0.5-1%. Tests showed that it was possible to deliver hot anodes from the baking furnace to set in the pot within 110 minutes and, depending on the position where the anodes were extracted from the baking furnace, the core temperatures of anodes delivered to the pots were in the range 260- 375 degrees C., When a cold anode is lowered into an Al electrolysis bath it immediately quenches a layer of frozen bath on the bottom surface which may extend to the metal pad. Time, energy and bath motion are required to melt the layer and, until this has occurred, the anode current distribution is uneven and the bath motion disrupted around the newly set anodes, leading to higher noise and lower current efficiency. Experiments were carried out in which anodes pre-heated to 480-510 degrees C were set in pots over 60 days. Three sets of experiments were conducted, the first aimed at defining the minimum anode temperature required to avoid freezing of the bath under the anodes after setting, the second to quantify the extra power associated with anode setting immediately after setting and to compare the differences between anodes set hot and cold and the third to assess the potential for reducing the incremental distance between the bottom plane of new anodes and the bottom plane of anodes already in the cell made possible by anode pre-heating. The results showed that there was the potential to double the rate of load-up, reduce energy consumption and increase current efficiency by 0.5-1%. Tests showed that it was possible to deliver hot anodes from the baking furnace to set in the pot within 110 minutes and, depending on the position where the anodes were extracted from the baking furnace, the core temperatures of anodes delivered to the pots were in the range 260- 375 degrees C.

The permanent ice cover of Lake Vida (Antarctica) encapsulates an extreme cryogenic brine ecosystem (-13 °C; salinity, 200). This aphotic ecosystem is anoxic and consists of a slightly acidic (pH 6.2) sodium chloride-dominated brine. Expeditions in 2005 and 2010 were conducted to investigate the biogeochemistry of Lake Vida’s brine system. A phylogenetically diverse and metabolically active Bacteria dominated microbial assemblage was observed in the brine. These bacteria live under very high levels of reduced metals, ammonia, molecular hydrogen (H2), and dissolved organic carbon, as well as high concentrations of oxidized species of nitrogen (i.e., supersaturated nitrous oxide and ~1 mmol·L-1 nitrate) and sulfur (as sulfate). The existence of this system, with active biota, and a suite of reduced as well as oxidized compounds, is unusual given the millennial scale of its isolation from external sources of energy. The geochemistry of the brine suggests that abiotic brine-rock reactions may occur in this system and that the rich sources of dissolved electron acceptors prevent sulfate reduction and methanogenesis from being energetically favorable. The discovery of this ecosystem and the in situ biotic and abiotic processes occurring at low temperature provides a tractable system to study habitability of isolated terrestrial cryoenvironments (e.g., permafrost cryopegs and subglacial ecosystems), and is a potential analog for habitats on other icy worlds where water-rock reactions may cooccur with saline deposits and subsurface oceans.

The permanent ice cover of Lake Vida (Antarctica) encapsulates an extreme cryogenic brine ecosystem (-13 °C; salinity, 200). This aphotic ecosystem is anoxic and consists of a slightly acidic (pH 6.2) sodium chloride-dominated brine. Expeditions in 2005 and 2010 were conducted to investigate the biogeochemistry of Lake Vida’s brine system. A phylogenetically diverse and metabolically active Bacteria dominated microbial assemblage was observed in the brine. These bacteria live under very high levels of reduced metals, ammonia, molecular hydrogen (H2), and dissolved organic carbon, as well as high concentrations of oxidized species of nitrogen (i.e., supersaturated nitrous oxide and ~1 mmol·L-1 nitrate) and sulfur (as sulfate). The existence of this system, with active biota, and a suite of reduced as well as oxidized compounds, is unusual given the millennial scale of its isolation from external sources of energy. The geochemistry of the brine suggests that abiotic brine-rock reactions may occur in this system and that the rich sources of dissolved electron acceptors prevent sulfate reduction and methanogenesis from being energetically favorable. The discovery of this ecosystem and the in situ biotic and abiotic processes occurring at low temperature provides a tractable system to study habitability of isolated terrestrial cryoenvironments (e.g., permafrost cryopegs and subglacial ecosystems), and is a potential analog for habitats on other icy worlds where water-rock reactions may cooccur with saline deposits and subsurface oceans.