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The Helmholtz Senate has commissioned the Helmholtz Research Field Energy with the task of developing a science and technology driven roadmap for energy research. The prime objective of this Helmholtz Energy Transition Roadmap (HETR) is to offer strategic guidance to the Helmholtz Research Field Energy, especially during the planning process for the forthcoming funding period, known as the POF-V-process. It also aims to provide orientation to external stakeholders in science, industry and politics. While the project is spearheaded by the Helmholtz Vice-President Energy, the content framework for the roadmap has been created by a small group of leading authors, under the advisory of a core team. These authors received significant support from roughly 100 scientists from the Research Field Energy, who contributed their specific expertise. These scientists, organized into several interdisciplinary Expert Groups, span the full range of research in materials, technologies, systems and society within the ESD, MTET and FUSION programs. To align our research objectives and challenges, these Expert Groups participated in multiple feedback loops contributing to the roadmap's development.

Hydrogen (H 2 ) produced from renewables will have a growing impact on the global energy dynamics towards sustainable and carbon-neutral standards. The share of green H 2 is still too low to meet the net-zero target, while the demand for high-quality hydrogen continues to rise. These factors amplify the need for economically viable H 2 generation technologies. The present article aims at evaluating the existing technologies for high-quality H 2 production based on solar energy. Technologies such as water electrolysis, photoelectrochemical and solar thermochemical water splitting, liquid metal reactors and plasma conversion utilize solar power directly or indirectly (as carbon-neutral electrons) and are reviewed from the prospective of their current development level, technical limitations and future potential.

Objective: To describe risk factors for IBD development in a cohort of children with JIA. Methods: JIA patients who developed IBD were identified from the international Pharmachild register. Characteristics were compared between IBD and non-IBD patients and predictors of IBD were determined using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Incidence rates of IBD events on different DMARDs were calculated, and differences between therapies were expressed as relative risks (RR). Results: Out of 8942 patients, 48 (0.54%) developed IBD. These were more often male (47.9% vs 32.0%) and HLA-B27 positive (38.2% vs 21.0%) and older at JIA onset (median 8.94 vs 5.33 years) than patients without IBD development. They also had more often a family history of autoimmune disease (42.6% vs 24.4%) and enthesitis-related arthritis (39.6% vs 10.8%). The strongest predictors of IBD on multivariable analysis were enthesitis-related arthritis [odds ratio (OR): 3.68, 95% CI: 1.41, 9.40] and a family history of autoimmune disease (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.12, 4.54). Compared with methotrexate monotherapy, the incidence of IBD on etanercept monotherapy (RR: 7.69, 95% CI: 1.99, 29.74), etanercept with methotrexate (RR: 5.70, 95% CI: 1.42, 22.77) and infliximab (RR: 7.61, 95% CI: 1.27, 45.57) therapy was significantly higher. Incidence on adalimumab was not significantly different (RR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.15, 13.89). Conclusion: IBD in JIA was associated with enthesitis-related arthritis and a family history of autoimmune disease. An increased IBD incidence was observed for etanercept therapy regardless of concomitant methotrexate use. Methods: JIA patients who developed IBD were identified from the international Pharmachild register. Characteristics were compared between IBD and non-IBD patients and predictors of IBD were determined using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Incidence rates of IBD events on different DMARDs were calculated, and differences between therapies were expressed as r

Renewable fuel generation is essential for a low carbon footprint economy. Thus, over the last five decades, a significant effort has been dedicated towards increasing the performance of solar fuels generating devices. Specifically, the solar to hydrogen efficiency of photoelectrochemical cells has progressed steadily towards its fundamental limit, and the faradaic efficiency towards valuable products in CO2 reduction systems has increased dramatically. However, there are still numerous scientific and engineering challenges that must be overcame in order to turn solar fuels into a viable technology. At the electrode and device level, the conversion efficiency, stability and products selectivity must be increased significantly. Meanwhile, these performance metrics must be maintained when scaling up devices and systems while maintaining an acceptable cost and carbon footprint. This roadmap surveys different aspects of this endeavor: system benchmarking, device scaling, various approaches for photoelectrodes design, materials discovery, and catalysis. Each of the sections in the roadmap focuses on a single topic, discussing the state of the art, the key challenges and advancements required to meet them. The roadmap can be used as a guide for researchers and funding agencies highlighting the most pressing needs of the field.

Renewable fuel generation is essential for a low carbon footprint economy. Thus, over the last five decades, a significant effort has been dedicated towards increasing the performance of solar fuels generating devices. Specifically, the solar to hydrogen efficiency of photoelectrochemical cells has progressed steadily towards its fundamental limit, and the faradaic efficiency towards valuable products in CO2 reduction systems has increased dramatically. However, there are still numerous scientific and engineering challenges that must be overcame in order to turn solar fuels into a viable technology. At the electrode and device level, the conversion efficiency, stability and products selectivity must be increased significantly. Meanwhile, these performance metrics must be maintained when scaling up devices and systems while maintaining an acceptable cost and carbon footprint. This roadmap surveys different aspects of this endeavor: system benchmarking, device scaling, various approaches for photoelectrodes design, materials discovery, and catalysis. Each of the sections in the roadmap focuses on a single topic, discussing the state of the art, the key challenges and advancements required to meet them. The roadmap can be used as a guide for researchers and funding agencies highlighting the most pressing needs of the field.

The kidney is an organ of key relevance to blood pressure (BP) regulation, hypertension and antihypertensive treatment. However, genetically mediated renal mechanisms underlying susceptibility to hypertension remain poorly understood. We integrated genotype, gene expression, alternative splicing and DNA methylation profiles of up to 430 human kidneys to characterize the effects of BP index variants from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on renal transcriptome and epigenome. We uncovered kidney targets for 479 (58.3%) BP-GWAS variants and paired 49 BP-GWAS kidney genes with 210 licensed drugs. Our colocalization and Mendelian randomization analyses identified 179 unique kidney genes with evidence of putatively causal effects on BP. Through Mendelian randomization, we also uncovered effects of BP on renal outcomes commonly affecting patients with hypertension. Collectively, our studies identified genetic variants, kidney genes, molecular mechanisms and biological pathways of key relevance to the genetic regulation of BP and inherited susceptibility to hypertension.

AIMS: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular entry point for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)-the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the effect of renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-inhibition on ACE2 expression in human tissues of key relevance to blood pressure regulation and COVID-19 infection has not previously been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined how hypertension, its major metabolic co-phenotypes, and antihypertensive medications relate to ACE2 renal expression using information from up to 436 patients whose kidney transcriptomes were characterized by RNA-sequencing. We further validated some of the key observations in other human tissues and/or a controlled experimental model. Our data reveal increasing expression of ACE2 with age in both human lungs and the kidney. We show no association between renal expression of ACE2 and either hypertension or common types of RAS inhibiting drugs. We demonstrate that renal abundance of ACE2 is positively associated with a biochemical index of kidney function and show a strong enrichment for genes responsible for kidney health and disease in ACE2 co-expression analysis. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that neither hypertension nor antihypertensive treatment is likely to alter the expression of the key entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in the human kidney. Our data further suggest that in the absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, kidney ACE2 is most likely nephro-protective but the age-related increase in its expression within lungs and kidneys may be relevant to the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Solar-powered electrochemical production of hydrogen through water electrolysis is an active and important research endeavor. However, technologies and roadmaps for implementation of this process do not exist. In this perspective paper, we describe potential pathways for solar-hydrogen technologies into the marketplace in the form of photoelectrochemical or photovoltaic-driven electrolysis devices and systems. We detail technical approaches for device and system architectures, economic drivers, societal perceptions, political impacts, technological challenges, and research opportunities. Implementation scenarios are broken down into short-term and long-term markets, and a specific technology roadmap is defined. In the short term, the only plausible economical option will be photovoltaic-driven electrolysis systems for niche applications. In the long term, electrochemical solar-hydrogen technologies could be deployed more broadly in energy markets but will require advances in the technology, significant cost reductions, and/or policy changes. Ultimately, a transition to a society that significantly relies on solar-hydrogen technologies will benefit from continued creativity and influence from the scientific community.

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Solar-powered electrochemical production of hydrogen through water electrolysis is an active and important research endeavor. However, technologies and roadmaps for implementation of this process do not exist. In this perspective paper, we describe potential pathways for solar-hydrogen technologies into the marketplace in the form of photoelectrochemical or photovoltaic-driven electrolysis devices and systems. We detail technical approaches for device and system architectures, economic drivers, societal perceptions, political impacts, technological challenges, and research opportunities. Implementation scenarios are broken down into short-term and long-term markets, and a specific technology roadmap is defined. In the short term, the only plausible economical option will be photovoltaic-driven electrolysis systems for niche applications. In the long term, electrochemical solar-hydrogen technologies could be deployed more broadly in energy markets but will require advances in the technology, significant cost reductions, and/or policy changes. Ultimately, a transition to a society that significantly relies on solar-hydrogen technologies will benefit from continued creativity and influence from the scientific community.

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The development of solar fuel generating materials would greatly benefit from a molecular level understanding of the semiconductor/electrolyte interface and changes in the interface induced by an applied potential and illumination by solar light. Ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy techniques with both soft and hard X-rays, AP-XPS and AP-HAXPES respectively, have the potential to markedly contribute to this understanding. In this paper we initially provide two examples of current challenges in solar fuels material development that AP-XPS and AP-HAXPES can directly address. This will be followed by a brief description of the distinguishing and complementary characteristics of soft and hard X-ray AP-XPS and AP-HAXPES and best approaches to achieving monolayer sensitivity in solid/aqueous electrolyte studies. In particular we focus on the detection of surface adsorbed hydroxyl groups in the presence of aqueous hydroxide anions in the electrolyte, a common situation when investigating photoanodes for solar fuel generating applications. The paper concludes by providing an example of a combined AP-XPS and AP-HAXPES study of a semiconductor/aqueous electrolyte interface currently used in water splitting devices specifically the BiVO4/aqueous potassium phosphate electrolyte interface.

Radboud University, 10 maart 2017, Promotores : Drenth, J.P.H., Kaanders, J.H.A.M. Co-promotores : Smeenk, R.J., Hopman, W.P.M., Contains fulltext : 166979.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

In dit onderzoek wordt het historiografische debat omtrent de aanpassing van de Nederlandse burgers aan de Duitse bezetter, vertaald naar de academische wereld. Volgens de historici Van der Heijden en Blom was er een grijs verleden, wat tegen het heersende werk van De Jong in ging. De Jong trok juist een scherpe lijn tussen goed en fout, maar ook hij stelde dat er maar weinig Nederlanders in verzet kwamen. Tegen die achtergrond is onderzocht hoe het kon dat ruim tachtig procent van de studenten een zogeheten loyaliteitsverklaring in 1943 weigerde te ondertekenen. Hierbij zijn de rectoren, de hoogleraren en de studenten uit Delft en Utrecht onderzocht. Dat heeft de volgende resultaten opgeleverd. - De rectoren op de openbare universiteiten werkten mee aan de loyaliteitsverklaring. Dit werd door de studenten veroordeeld, maar de rectoren droegen de toekomst van het hoger onderwijs op hun schouders. - De Senaten in Utrecht en Delft zagen het niet als hun taak om het morele kompas van de studenten te zijn en steunden de studenten dan ook niet openlijk in hun strijd tegen de loyaliteitsverklaring. Hierdoor groeide een kloof tussen de studenten en de leraren. - Bij het studentenverzet speelde de Raad van Negen een cruciale rol. Dit overlegorgaan tussen de verschillende universiteitssteden, wees de loyaliteitsverklaring vanaf het begin af. Deze principiële weigeraars, met veel invloed in de studentenwereld, trokken vervolgens een ruime meerderheid over de streep om de loyaliteitsverklaring niet te tekenen. - De studenten trokken, net als De Jong, een scherpe lijn tussen goed en fout, maar de waarheid ligt veel genuanceerder. Ook het grijze verleden moet genuanceerd worden, aangezien de studenten wel met een grote groep in verzet kwamen tegen de bezetter.

Conversion of anonymous run-of-mine volumes of raw materials into 'intelligent' volumes that retain information about important processing parameters is discussed. Transformation of this information into process machinery equipment settings or control commands in order to optimise blending is expected to lead to significant reductions in energy consumption and increases in recovery of useful raw materials. A geoprocessing simulation model of important processing parameters of a deposit and regular updating of the model to provide data for on-line assessment of actual mined portions of material at the faces are described. Annotation of the transported raw material is achieved by using embedded tags to ensure retention of the obtained information. Data for identifying the transported raw material may be obtained by reading the tags en route to additional processing., Conversion of anonymous run-of-mine volumes of raw materials into 'intelligent' volumes that retain information about important processing parameters is discussed. Transformation of this information into process machinery equipment settings or control commands in order to optimise blending is expected to lead to significant reductions in energy consumption and increases in recovery of useful raw materials. A geoprocessing simulation model of important processing parameters of a deposit and regular updating of the model to provide data for on-line assessment of actual mined portions of material at the faces are described. Annotation of the transported raw material is achieved by using embedded tags to ensure retention of the obtained information. Data for identifying the transported raw material may be obtained by reading the tags en route to additional processing.

Aan de hand van een studie naar het werk van de Duitse historicus Friedrich Meinecke betoogt de Nederlandse historicus Maarten Brands dat het historisme, de geschiedsopvatting van Meinecke. Een conservatieve ideologie was. Twee kenmerkende noties voor deze ideologie waren, aldus Brands, ten eerste een afkeer van democratische waarden, zoals volkssoevereiniteit en gelijkheid van iedere burger in de samenleving, en ten tweedede afwezigheid van normatieve oordelen ten aanzien van de geschiedenis en de huidige maatschappij. Deze twee elementen maakten, volgens Brands, het mogelijk dat het nazisme in Duitsland aan de macht kon komen. Deze conclusie is veel bekritiseerd in het historiografisch debat rondom Meinecke. In dit essay zal ik betogen dat de conclusie die Brands trekt correct is. Dat zal ik doen door te kijken naar de nationale identiteit op individueel en staatsniveau, zoals deze blijkt uit Meineckes boek Die Idee der Staatsräson. Aan de hand van deze twee identiteiten zal onderzoeken of de drie kernwaarden van liberaal burgerschap – vrijheid, gelijkheid op democratische grond en zelfdeterminatie – aanwezig zijn in Meineckes staatsopvatting. Een staat is immers pas daadwerkelijk een democratie, indien een individuen vrij en gelijkwaardig kunnen handelen.

In dit onderzoek wordt het historiografische debat omtrent de aanpassing van de Nederlandse burgers aan de Duitse bezetter, vertaald naar de academische wereld. Volgens de historici Van der Heijden en Blom was er een grijs verleden, wat tegen het heersende werk van De Jong in ging. De Jong trok juist een scherpe lijn tussen goed en fout, maar ook hij stelde dat er maar weinig Nederlanders in verzet kwamen. Tegen die achtergrond is onderzocht hoe het kon dat ruim tachtig procent van de studenten een zogeheten loyaliteitsverklaring in 1943 weigerde te ondertekenen. Hierbij zijn de rectoren, de hoogleraren en de studenten uit Delft en Utrecht onderzocht. Dat heeft de volgende resultaten opgeleverd. - De rectoren op de openbare universiteiten werkten mee aan de loyaliteitsverklaring. Dit werd door de studenten veroordeeld, maar de rectoren droegen de toekomst van het hoger onderwijs op hun schouders. - De Senaten in Utrecht en Delft zagen het niet als hun taak om het morele kompas van de studenten te zijn en steunden de studenten dan ook niet openlijk in hun strijd tegen de loyaliteitsverklaring. Hierdoor groeide een kloof tussen de studenten en de leraren. - Bij het studentenverzet speelde de Raad van Negen een cruciale rol. Dit overlegorgaan tussen de verschillende universiteitssteden, wees de loyaliteitsverklaring vanaf het begin af. Deze principiële weigeraars, met veel invloed in de studentenwereld, trokken vervolgens een ruime meerderheid over de streep om de loyaliteitsverklaring niet te tekenen. - De studenten trokken, net als De Jong, een scherpe lijn tussen goed en fout, maar de waarheid ligt veel genuanceerder. Ook het grijze verleden moet genuanceerd worden, aangezien de studenten wel met een grote groep in verzet kwamen tegen de bezetter.

The development of solar fuel generating materials would greatly benefit from a molecular level understanding of the semiconductor/electrolyte interface and changes in the interface induced by an applied potential and illumination by solar light. Ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy techniques with both soft and hard X-rays, AP-XPS and AP-HAXPES respectively, have the potential to markedly contribute to this understanding. In this paper we initially provide two examples of current challenges in solar fuels material development that AP-XPS and AP-HAXPES can directly address. This will be followed by a brief description of the distinguishing and complementary characteristics of soft and hard X-ray AP-XPS and AP-HAXPES and best approaches to achieving monolayer sensitivity in solid/aqueous electrolyte studies. In particular we focus on the detection of surface adsorbed hydroxyl groups in the presence of aqueous hydroxide anions in the electrolyte, a common situation when investigating photoanodes for solar fuel generating applications. The paper concludes by providing an example of a combined AP-XPS and AP-HAXPES study of a semiconductor/aqueous electrolyte interface currently used in water splitting devices specifically the BiVO4/aqueous potassium phosphate electrolyte interface.

Radboud University, 10 maart 2017, Promotores : Drenth, J.P.H., Kaanders, J.H.A.M. Co-promotores : Smeenk, R.J., Hopman, W.P.M., Contains fulltext : 166979.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Radboud University, 10 maart 2017, Promotores : Drenth, J.P.H., Kaanders, J.H.A.M. Co-promotores : Smeenk, R.J., Hopman, W.P.M., Contains fulltext : 166979.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Widespread application of solar water splitting for energy conversion is largely dependent on the progress in developing not only efficient but also cheap and scalable photoelectrodes. Metal oxides, which can be deposited with scalable techniques and are relatively cheap, are particularly interesting, but high efficiency is still hindered by the poor carrier transport properties (i.e., carrier mobility and lifetime). In this paper, a mild hydrogen treatment is introduced to bismuth vanadate (BiVO4), which is one of the most promising metal oxide photoelectrodes, as a method to overcome the carrier transport limitations. Time-resolved microwave and terahertz conductivity measurements reveal more than twofold enhancement of the carrier lifetime for the hydrogen-treated BiVO4, without significantly affecting the carrier mobility. This is in contrast to the case of tungsten-doped BiVO4, although hydrogen is also shown to be a donor type dopant in BiVO4. The enhancement in carrier lifetime is found to be caused by significant reduction of trap-assisted recombination, either via passivation of deep trap states or reduction of trap state density, which can be related to vanadium antisite on bismuth or vanadium interstitials according to density functional theory calculations. Overall, these findings provide further insights on the interplay between defect modulation and carrier transport in metal oxide photoelectrodes, which will benefit the development of low-cost, highly efficient solar energy conversion devices.

Die FVEE-Jahrestagung 2016 untersucht, welche Optionen Forschung und Politik haben, die Energiewende zu einem Erfolg zu führen. Die Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler zeigen, wie sich die Sektoren Strom, Wärme und Verkehr zu einem effizienten Gesamtsystem verknüpfen lassen, welche mittel- und langfristigen Flexibilisierungsoptionen verfügbar sind und welche Rolle Speicher und Netze dabei spielen.

Aan de hand van een studie naar het werk van de Duitse historicus Friedrich Meinecke betoogt de Nederlandse historicus Maarten Brands dat het historisme, de geschiedsopvatting van Meinecke. Een conservatieve ideologie was. Twee kenmerkende noties voor deze ideologie waren, aldus Brands, ten eerste een afkeer van democratische waarden, zoals volkssoevereiniteit en gelijkheid van iedere burger in de samenleving, en ten tweedede afwezigheid van normatieve oordelen ten aanzien van de geschiedenis en de huidige maatschappij. Deze twee elementen maakten, volgens Brands, het mogelijk dat het nazisme in Duitsland aan de macht kon komen. Deze conclusie is veel bekritiseerd in het historiografisch debat rondom Meinecke. In dit essay zal ik betogen dat de conclusie die Brands trekt correct is. Dat zal ik doen door te kijken naar de nationale identiteit op individueel en staatsniveau, zoals deze blijkt uit Meineckes boek Die Idee der Staatsräson. Aan de hand van deze twee identiteiten zal onderzoeken of de drie kernwaarden van liberaal burgerschap – vrijheid, gelijkheid op democratische grond en zelfdeterminatie – aanwezig zijn in Meineckes staatsopvatting. Een staat is immers pas daadwerkelijk een democratie, indien een individuen vrij en gelijkwaardig kunnen handelen.

In dit onderzoek wordt het historiografische debat omtrent de aanpassing van de Nederlandse burgers aan de Duitse bezetter, vertaald naar de academische wereld. Volgens de historici Van der Heijden en Blom was er een grijs verleden, wat tegen het heersende werk van De Jong in ging. De Jong trok juist een scherpe lijn tussen goed en fout, maar ook hij stelde dat er maar weinig Nederlanders in verzet kwamen. Tegen die achtergrond is onderzocht hoe het kon dat ruim tachtig procent van de studenten een zogeheten loyaliteitsverklaring in 1943 weigerde te ondertekenen. Hierbij zijn de rectoren, de hoogleraren en de studenten uit Delft en Utrecht onderzocht. Dat heeft de volgende resultaten opgeleverd. - De rectoren op de openbare universiteiten werkten mee aan de loyaliteitsverklaring. Dit werd door de studenten veroordeeld, maar de rectoren droegen de toekomst van het hoger onderwijs op hun schouders. - De Senaten in Utrecht en Delft zagen het niet als hun taak om het morele kompas van de studenten te zijn en steunden de studenten dan ook niet openlijk in hun strijd tegen de loyaliteitsverklaring. Hierdoor groeide een kloof tussen de studenten en de leraren. - Bij het studentenverzet speelde de Raad van Negen een cruciale rol. Dit overlegorgaan tussen de verschillende universiteitssteden, wees de loyaliteitsverklaring vanaf het begin af. Deze principiële weigeraars, met veel invloed in de studentenwereld, trokken vervolgens een ruime meerderheid over de streep om de loyaliteitsverklaring niet te tekenen. - De studenten trokken, net als De Jong, een scherpe lijn tussen goed en fout, maar de waarheid ligt veel genuanceerder. Ook het grijze verleden moet genuanceerd worden, aangezien de studenten wel met een grote groep in verzet kwamen tegen de bezetter.

In this article I propose a semiotic approach to the so called disappearance of the ‘boerenroman’ (farmer’s novel) after 1945 from the canon of Frisian literature. The semiotic approach I use is based on a theory by Barend van Heusden who states that the iconic depiction of consciousness is the most important feature of literature. To investigate a change in a genre is to investigate a changing consciousness. The question to be answered is why the iconic depiction of consciousness changes. I propose a number of possible explanations. In part deviating from Trinus Riemersma, who links the socio-economic changes directly to their depiction in literature, I see a more indirect relation between the world surrounding the text and the text itself. To explain this relation I make use of the thoughts on this subject of Milan Kundera, Walter Benjamin and Jo Smit. Finally the depiction of consciousness in a world interwoven in a text has to take place through the narrator and through focalisation. I conclude with the idea that the effect of an omnipotent narrator (which is one of the features of a ‘boerenroman’) in relation to the appreciation of the work (old fashioned) can also be a cause for change.

In this article I propose a semiotic approach to the so called disappearance of the ‘boerenroman’ (farmer’s novel) after 1945 from the canon of Frisian literature. The semiotic approach I use is based on a theory by Barend van Heusden who states that the iconic depiction of consciousness is the most important feature of literature. To investigate a change in a genre is to investigate a changing consciousness. The question to be answered is why the iconic depiction of consciousness changes. I propose a number of possible explanations. In part deviating from Trinus Riemersma, who links the socio-economic changes directly to their depiction in literature, I see a more indirect relation between the world surrounding the text and the text itself. To explain this relation I make use of the thoughts on this subject of Milan Kundera, Walter Benjamin and Jo Smit. Finally the depiction of consciousness in a world interwoven in a text has to take place through the narrator and through focalisation. I conclude with the idea that the effect of an omnipotent narrator (which is one of the features of a ‘boerenroman’) in relation to the appreciation of the work (old fashioned) can also be a cause for change.

Conductive TiN shells have been deposited on SiO2 nanoparticles (10–20 nm primary particle size) with fluidized bed atomic layer deposition using TDMAT and NH3 as precursors. Analysis of the powders confirms that shell growth saturates at approximately 0.4 nm/cycle at TDMAT doses of >1.2 mmol/g of powder. TEM and XPS analysis showed that all particles were coated with homogeneous shells containing titanium. Due to the large specific surface area of the nanoparticles, the TiN shells rapidly oxidize upon exposure to air. Electrical measurements show that the partially oxidized shells are conducting, with apparent resistivity of approximately ~11 k? cm. The resistivity of the powders is strongly influenced by the NH3 dose, with a smaller dose giving an order-of-magnitude higher resistivity., ChemE/Chemical Engineering, Applied Sciences

Conductive TiN shells have been deposited on SiO2 nanoparticles (10–20 nm primary particle size) with fluidized bed atomic layer deposition using TDMAT and NH3 as precursors. Analysis of the powders confirms that shell growth saturates at approximately 0.4 nm/cycle at TDMAT doses of >1.2 mmol/g of powder. TEM and XPS analysis showed that all particles were coated with homogeneous shells containing titanium. Due to the large specific surface area of the nanoparticles, the TiN shells rapidly oxidize upon exposure to air. Electrical measurements show that the partially oxidized shells are conducting, with apparent resistivity of approximately ~11 k? cm. The resistivity of the powders is strongly influenced by the NH3 dose, with a smaller dose giving an order-of-magnitude higher resistivity., ChemE/Chemical Engineering, Applied Sciences

The advantages of a bulldozer with a screw intensifier when the backfilling of trenches, compared with the traditional method of filling. Shows cross-sectional shapes of the soil in the inter-track space screw intensifier and formulas for their determination. Given the method of determining the angular velocity of the screw in the intensifier nezabivanii dump coil and balancing the soil is above the auger intensifier.

Problem. To overcome rolling resistance and rolling repair units spent heavily countries. Since one of the major cost elements are overcoming rolling resistance in of ball and roller bearings, it is necessary to more accurately determine its value and in particular the coefficient of rolling friction transferred to the shaft. Its value is given in the references and recommended for of ball bearings, roller bearings in [1]. These differences should be attributed to the material holders and balls and rollers, as well as due to viscosity oils.The purpose of the article. Submit Analytical relations for determining rolling resistance balls and rollers for different schemes of touch and give more accurate values of the coefficient of rolling friction reduced to shaft or bearing internal cage.Analysis of the main indicators of the calculations bearing units with different schemes of touch suggests:– Obtained dependence of the resistance movement;– Dependences coefficient of rolling friction of the load allowable on the ball and the cylinder will make for rational analysis unit bearings in terms of size and power consumption.

Are the advantages of a bulldozer with a screw intensifier when digging the soil surface, such as: high speed workflow and, as a consequence, higher efficiency is a method of determining the axial displacement of the soil, forming a prism of accumulation, the determination of the critical angular velocity of the screw intensifier, determine the power and energy parameters workflow.

Cooperative photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of solar energy into chemical fuels is considered as one of the most promising solutions to the sustainable energy needs of mankind, considering the intermittent and spatial fluctuations in the availability of sunlight on earth. The development of synthetic visible-light-driven semiconductor catalysts that functionally mimic the elegant water reduction chemistry of hydrogenase enzymes has attracted widespread interest and also created a lot of systems. Organic water oxidation catalysts based on earth-abundant elements are more promising due to low manufacturing cost, abundance, and environmental sustainability. Toward such applications, a strategy for fabricating CN films should be developed. Generally, a successful photoelectrochemical device requires not only a high surface area, but also an optimization of the morphology and quality of the film, including the contact with the conductive substrate, the film thickness, and the size of the light harvesting microstructures.

Item does not contain fulltext, PURPOSE: Pelvic radiotherapy may lead to changes of anorectal function resulting in incontinence-related complaints. The aim of this study was to systematically review objective findings of late anorectal physiology and mucosal appearance after irradiation for prostate cancer. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched. Original articles in which anal function, rectal function, or rectal mucosa were examined >/=3 months after EBRT for prostate cancer were included. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were included with low to moderate quality. Anal resting pressures significantly decreased in 6 of the 9 studies including 277 patients. Changes of squeeze pressure and rectoanal inhibitory reflex were less uniform. Rectal distensibility was significantly impaired after EBRT in 7 of 9 studies (277 patients). In 4 of 9 studies on anal and in 5 of 9 on rectal function, disturbances were associated with urgency, frequent bowel movements or fecal incontinence. Mucosal changes as assessed by the Vienna Rectoscopy Score revealed telangiectasias in 73 %, congestion in 33 %, and ulceration in 4 % of patients in 8 studies including 346 patients, but no strictures or necrosis. Three studies reported mucosal improvement during follow-up. Telangiectasias, particularly multiple, were associated with rectal bleeding. Not all bowel complaints (30 %) were related to radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Low to moderate quality evidence indicates that EBRT reduces anal resting pressure, decreases rectal distensibility, and frequently induces telangiectasias of rectal mucosa. Objective changes may be associated with fecal incontinence, urgency, frequent bowel movements, and rectal bleeding, but these symptoms are not always related to radiation damage.

Item does not contain fulltext, PURPOSE: Pelvic radiotherapy may lead to changes of anorectal function resulting in incontinence-related complaints. The aim of this study was to systematically review objective findings of late anorectal physiology and mucosal appearance after irradiation for prostate cancer. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched. Original articles in which anal function, rectal function, or rectal mucosa were examined >/=3 months after EBRT for prostate cancer were included. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were included with low to moderate quality. Anal resting pressures significantly decreased in 6 of the 9 studies including 277 patients. Changes of squeeze pressure and rectoanal inhibitory reflex were less uniform. Rectal distensibility was significantly impaired after EBRT in 7 of 9 studies (277 patients). In 4 of 9 studies on anal and in 5 of 9 on rectal function, disturbances were associated with urgency, frequent bowel movements or fecal incontinence. Mucosal changes as assessed by the Vienna Rectoscopy Score revealed telangiectasias in 73 %, congestion in 33 %, and ulceration in 4 % of patients in 8 studies including 346 patients, but no strictures or necrosis. Three studies reported mucosal improvement during follow-up. Telangiectasias, particularly multiple, were associated with rectal bleeding. Not all bowel complaints (30 %) were related to radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Low to moderate quality evidence indicates that EBRT reduces anal resting pressure, decreases rectal distensibility, and frequently induces telangiectasias of rectal mucosa. Objective changes may be associated with fecal incontinence, urgency, frequent bowel movements, and rectal bleeding, but these symptoms are not always related to radiation damage.

Item does not contain fulltext, PURPOSE: Pelvic radiotherapy may lead to changes of anorectal function resulting in incontinence-related complaints. The aim of this study was to systematically review objective findings of late anorectal physiology and mucosal appearance after irradiation for prostate cancer. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched. Original articles in which anal function, rectal function, or rectal mucosa were examined >/=3 months after EBRT for prostate cancer were included. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were included with low to moderate quality. Anal resting pressures significantly decreased in 6 of the 9 studies including 277 patients. Changes of squeeze pressure and rectoanal inhibitory reflex were less uniform. Rectal distensibility was significantly impaired after EBRT in 7 of 9 studies (277 patients). In 4 of 9 studies on anal and in 5 of 9 on rectal function, disturbances were associated with urgency, frequent bowel movements or fecal incontinence. Mucosal changes as assessed by the Vienna Rectoscopy Score revealed telangiectasias in 73 %, congestion in 33 %, and ulceration in 4 % of patients in 8 studies including 346 patients, but no strictures or necrosis. Three studies reported mucosal improvement during follow-up. Telangiectasias, particularly multiple, were associated with rectal bleeding. Not all bowel complaints (30 %) were related to radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Low to moderate quality evidence indicates that EBRT reduces anal resting pressure, decreases rectal distensibility, and frequently induces telangiectasias of rectal mucosa. Objective changes may be associated with fecal incontinence, urgency, frequent bowel movements, and rectal bleeding, but these symptoms are not always related to radiation damage.

Item does not contain fulltext, PURPOSE: Pelvic radiotherapy may lead to changes of anorectal function resulting in incontinence-related complaints. The aim of this study was to systematically review objective findings of late anorectal physiology and mucosal appearance after irradiation for prostate cancer. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched. Original articles in which anal function, rectal function, or rectal mucosa were examined >/=3 months after EBRT for prostate cancer were included. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were included with low to moderate quality. Anal resting pressures significantly decreased in 6 of the 9 studies including 277 patients. Changes of squeeze pressure and rectoanal inhibitory reflex were less uniform. Rectal distensibility was significantly impaired after EBRT in 7 of 9 studies (277 patients). In 4 of 9 studies on anal and in 5 of 9 on rectal function, disturbances were associated with urgency, frequent bowel movements or fecal incontinence. Mucosal changes as assessed by the Vienna Rectoscopy Score revealed telangiectasias in 73 %, congestion in 33 %, and ulceration in 4 % of patients in 8 studies including 346 patients, but no strictures or necrosis. Three studies reported mucosal improvement during follow-up. Telangiectasias, particularly multiple, were associated with rectal bleeding. Not all bowel complaints (30 %) were related to radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Low to moderate quality evidence indicates that EBRT reduces anal resting pressure, decreases rectal distensibility, and frequently induces telangiectasias of rectal mucosa. Objective changes may be associated with fecal incontinence, urgency, frequent bowel movements, and rectal bleeding, but these symptoms are not always related to radiation damage.

Functionalization of metal–organic frameworks results in higher hydrogen uptakes owing to stronger hydrogen–host interactions. However, it has not been studied whether a given functional group acts on existing adsorption sites (linker or metal) or introduces new ones. In this work, the effect of two types of functional groups on MIL-101 (Cr) is analyzed. Thermal-desorption spectroscopy reveals that the -Br ligand increases the secondary building unit’s hydrogen affinity, while the -NH2 functional group introduces new hydrogen adsorption sites. In addition, a subsequent introduction of -Br and -NH2 ligands on the linker results in the highest hydrogen-store interaction energy on the cationic nodes. The latter is attributed to a push-and-pull effect of the linkers.

Palladium nanoparticles can split the dihydrogen bond and produce atomic hydrogen. When the metal nanoparticles are in intimate contact with a hydrogen-atom host, chemisorption of H-atoms by the host has been suggested to occur via the hydrogen spillover mechanism. Metal–organic frameworks were predicted to be able to act as effective chemisorption sites, and increased ambient-temperature hydrogen adsorption was reported on several occasions. The intimate contact was supposedly ensured by the use of a carbon bridge. In this work, we show that it is possible to introduce catalyst palladium particles into MOF’s pores and simultaneously ensuring good contact, making the employment of the carbon bridge redundant. The addition of Pd nanoparticles indeed increases the ambient-temperaturehydrogen uptake of the framework, but this is found to be solely due to palladium hydride formation. In addition, we show that the hydrogen atoms do not chemisorb on the host framework, which excludes the possibility of hydrogen spillover.

Item does not contain fulltext, PURPOSE: Anorectal dysfunction is common after pelvic radiotherapy. This study aims to explore the relationship of subjective and objective anorectal function with quality of life (QoL) and their relative impact in patients irradiated for prostate cancer. METHODS: Patients underwent anal manometry, rectal barostat measurement, and completed validated questionnaires, at least 1 year after prostate radiotherapy (range 1-7 years). QoL was measured by the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life scale (FIQL) and the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Bowel domain (EPICB)-bother subscale. Severity of symptoms was rated by the EPICB function subscale. RESULTS: Anorectal function was evaluated in 85 men. Sixty-three percent suffered from one or more anorectal symptoms. Correlations of individual symptoms ranged from r = 0.23 to r = 0.53 with FIQL domains and from r = 0.36 to r = 0.73 with EPICB bother scores. They were strongest for fecal incontinence and urgency. Correlations of anal sphincter pressures, rectal capacity, and sensory thresholds ranged from r = 0.00 to r = 0.42 with FIQL domains and from r = 0.15 to r = 0.31 with EPICB bother scores. Anal resting pressure correlated most strongly. Standardized regression coefficients for QoL outcomes were largest for incontinence, urgency, and anal resting pressure. Regression models with subjective parameters explained a larger amount (range 26-92 %) of variation in QoL outcome than objective parameters (range 10-22 %). CONCLUSIONS: Fecal incontinence and rectal urgency are the symptoms with the largest influence on QoL. Impaired anal resting pressure is the objective function parameter with the largest influence. Therefore, sparing the structures responsible for an adequate fecal continence is important in radiotherapy planning.

In this study, we explore resonance-enhanced optical absorption in Ta3N5 photoanodes for water splitting. By using a reflecting Pt back-contact and appropriate Ta3N5 film thickness, the resonance frequency can be tuned to energies just above the bandgap, where the optical absorption is normally weak. The resonance results in a significant improvement in the photoanode's incident photon-to-current efficiency. The Ta3N5 films are made by high-temperature nitridation of Ta2O5. The nitridation time is found to be critical, as extended nitridation result in the formation of nitrogen vacancies through thermal reduction. These insights give important clues for the development of efficient (oxy)nitride-based photoelectrodes., ChemE/Chemical Engineering, Applied Sciences

Item does not contain fulltext, PURPOSE: Anorectal dysfunction is common after pelvic radiotherapy. This study aims to explore the relationship of subjective and objective anorectal function with quality of life (QoL) and their relative impact in patients irradiated for prostate cancer. METHODS: Patients underwent anal manometry, rectal barostat measurement, and completed validated questionnaires, at least 1 year after prostate radiotherapy (range 1-7 years). QoL was measured by the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life scale (FIQL) and the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Bowel domain (EPICB)-bother subscale. Severity of symptoms was rated by the EPICB function subscale. RESULTS: Anorectal function was evaluated in 85 men. Sixty-three percent suffered from one or more anorectal symptoms. Correlations of individual symptoms ranged from r = 0.23 to r = 0.53 with FIQL domains and from r = 0.36 to r = 0.73 with EPICB bother scores. They were strongest for fecal incontinence and urgency. Correlations of anal sphincter pressures, rectal capacity, and sensory thresholds ranged from r = 0.00 to r = 0.42 with FIQL domains and from r = 0.15 to r = 0.31 with EPICB bother scores. Anal resting pressure correlated most strongly. Standardized regression coefficients for QoL outcomes were largest for incontinence, urgency, and anal resting pressure. Regression models with subjective parameters explained a larger amount (range 26-92 %) of variation in QoL outcome than objective parameters (range 10-22 %). CONCLUSIONS: Fecal incontinence and rectal urgency are the symptoms with the largest influence on QoL. Impaired anal resting pressure is the objective function parameter with the largest influence. Therefore, sparing the structures responsible for an adequate fecal continence is important in radiotherapy planning.

Item does not contain fulltext, PURPOSE: Anorectal dysfunction is common after pelvic radiotherapy. This study aims to explore the relationship of subjective and objective anorectal function with quality of life (QoL) and their relative impact in patients irradiated for prostate cancer. METHODS: Patients underwent anal manometry, rectal barostat measurement, and completed validated questionnaires, at least 1 year after prostate radiotherapy (range 1-7 years). QoL was measured by the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life scale (FIQL) and the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Bowel domain (EPICB)-bother subscale. Severity of symptoms was rated by the EPICB function subscale. RESULTS: Anorectal function was evaluated in 85 men. Sixty-three percent suffered from one or more anorectal symptoms. Correlations of individual symptoms ranged from r = 0.23 to r = 0.53 with FIQL domains and from r = 0.36 to r = 0.73 with EPICB bother scores. They were strongest for fecal incontinence and urgency. Correlations of anal sphincter pressures, rectal capacity, and sensory thresholds ranged from r = 0.00 to r = 0.42 with FIQL domains and from r = 0.15 to r = 0.31 with EPICB bother scores. Anal resting pressure correlated most strongly. Standardized regression coefficients for QoL outcomes were largest for incontinence, urgency, and anal resting pressure. Regression models with subjective parameters explained a larger amount (range 26-92 %) of variation in QoL outcome than objective parameters (range 10-22 %). CONCLUSIONS: Fecal incontinence and rectal urgency are the symptoms with the largest influence on QoL. Impaired anal resting pressure is the objective function parameter with the largest influence. Therefore, sparing the structures responsible for an adequate fecal continence is important in radiotherapy planning.

In this study, we explore resonance-enhanced optical absorption in Ta3N5 photoanodes for water splitting. By using a reflecting Pt back-contact and appropriate Ta3N5 film thickness, the resonance frequency can be tuned to energies just above the bandgap, where the optical absorption is normally weak. The resonance results in a significant improvement in the photoanode's incident photon-to-current efficiency. The Ta3N5 films are made by high-temperature nitridation of Ta2O5. The nitridation time is found to be critical, as extended nitridation result in the formation of nitrogen vacancies through thermal reduction. These insights give important clues for the development of efficient (oxy)nitride-based photoelectrodes., ChemE/Chemical Engineering, Applied Sciences

The effect of strain on core-shell MOFcore@MOFshell particles is discussed and compared with that observed for analogous Janus particles. Whereas Janus particles do not display any effect of strain, the core of fully coated core-shell particles collapsed upon the formation of the outer shell, leaving the core inaccessible for guest adsorption. This suggests that Janus particles might become ideal candidates for gas separation, while core-shell particles could play a key role in sequestration of guest molecules.