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Il tema della comparsa e delle persistenze di tradizione bizantina nell’icono- grafia e nello stile della pittura cattolica è un vasto campo di ricerca che impli- ca l’analisi dei diversi contesti storici nei quali si producono e presentano dif- ferenti manifestazioni visive. I fenomeni più studiati sono perlopiù legati alla pittura italiana medievale e dalla prima età moderna – la maniera greca, gli af- freschi nelle chiese rupestri della Basilicata, della Puglia e della Calabria, così come la scuola cretese-veneziana. Come nella penisola appenninica, la pre- senza di elementi iconografici e stilistici bizantini è frequente anche nella costa dalmata meridionale del Adriatico orientale, nell’odierno Montenegro (Crna Gora). Al centro di quest’indagine c’è Cattaro (Kotor), una città adriatica sulla frontiera tra due culture, ove si manifesta l’intreccio di confessioni religiose di committenti di tradizione cattolica e ortodossa. L’arte medievale a Cattaro si sviluppa infatti sotto il segno delle mescolanze di elementi iconografici e stili- stici del mondo bizantino e di quello latino. Con l’applicazione dell’Unione tra le Chiese, tale fenomeno si manifestò con nuove formule iconografiche, promosse da committenti ortodossi bizantini. Il tema di questo capitolo sarà dunque l’analisi della presenza di schemi bi- zantini nella pittura cattolica del Quattrocento a Cattaro, indagata attraverso un selezionato esempio paradigmatico, ovvero gli affreschi della chiesa di San Michele, una delle più importanti di Cattaro, città ove c’erano circa trenta chiese alla fine del Quattrocento, edificate grazie alle donazioni delle famiglie che avevano il diritto di nominare abbas et rector. Con una datazione alla metà del Quattrocento gli affreschi di San Michele sono una delle ultime espressioni artistiche bizantine nella Cattaro cattolica.

The research on the historical currents of the Observant reform, its diffu-sion in the earliest stages, as well as its periodical local and global revivals throughout the following two centuries, is inextricably linked to the study of the promotion of cults of saints. Building on the types of sainthood pre-ferred by and partially formed in Mendicant circles (notably living saints, but also local saints), the Observant friars supported veneration of their contemporaries, creating thus an array of local beati whose cults frequent-ly gained wider recognition. This paper is examining the appearance and diffusion of saints’ cults among the reformed Dominican order in the southeastern Adriatic, that is, in the territory of Dubrovnik and Kotor from the first reformist attempts at the end of the fourteenth century to the Observant efforts united with the post-Tridentine ambience in the later sixteenth century. In addition to crucial texts by Serafino Razzi (who also described devotional objects and images), the analysis is mainly conducted.

Knjiga predstavlja zbirku dokumenata odnosno izveštaja kotorskih biskupa koji su u 17. veku upućivani u Rim. O verskoj situaciji u Boki Kotorskoj izveštavaju otprilike trogodišnjom dinamikom, i to u vreme protivturskih ratova, jednog od najtežih perioda njene istorije. Dokumenti sadrže brojne vredne podatke i u velikoj meri osvetljavaju ovaj period istorije Crne Gore.

[EN] Right after the Unification of Italy, land’s topography, with landscape acquisition and restitution through explorations across borders, and in particular regarding Austro-Hungarian fortification on the Italian land and sea border, were immediately observed by Major State’s officials. In early 1900 the long and jagged stretch of Dalmatian coast between Pola and Cattaro, full of natural ports and coastal canals formed by many islands sometimes arranged in multiple orders along the coast, and in the past defended by many works which are now mostly radiated or abandoned (except for S. Nicolò fort, near Sebenico), can count on some works realized in Lussinpiccolo (Monte Asino): Ragusa wall has been entirely unarmed and defensive organization of Cattaro’s cannons is only maritime, in fact, for the part towards the land the Austrians provided to organize the defensive arming against neighboring Montenegro; Pola maritime square instead includes a sea front and a land front, so it can obtain protection by gulf, city’s arsenal and Fasana Canal. Archive’s material consulted in Kriegsarchiv of Vienna, historical cartography of AustroHungarian fortification system detected by Italian officers during Major State journeys on a side, together with many Memories on Austrian maritime fortifications between Cattaro and Pola, published by Major State Command, operations Division, allow to investigate and deepen Austro-Hungarian forts system along Italian coast, in Istria and Dalmatia.

[EN] Right after the Unification of Italy, land’s topography, with landscape acquisition and restitution through explorations across borders, and in particular regarding Austro-Hungarian fortification on the Italian land and sea border, were immediately observed by Major State’s officials. In early 1900 the long and jagged stretch of Dalmatian coast between Pola and Cattaro, full of natural ports and coastal canals formed by many islands sometimes arranged in multiple orders along the coast, and in the past defended by many works which are now mostly radiated or abandoned (except for S. Nicolò fort, near Sebenico), can count on some works realized in Lussinpiccolo (Monte Asino): Ragusa wall has been entirely unarmed and defensive organization of Cattaro’s cannons is only maritime, in fact, for the part towards the land the Austrians provided to organize the defensive arming against neighboring Montenegro; Pola maritime square instead includes a sea front and a land front, so it can obtain protection by gulf, city’s arsenal and Fasana Canal. Archive’s material consulted in Kriegsarchiv of Vienna, historical cartography of AustroHungarian fortification system detected by Italian officers during Major State journeys on a side, together with many Memories on Austrian maritime fortifications between Cattaro and Pola, published by Major State Command, operations Division, allow to investigate and deepen Austro-Hungarian forts system along Italian coast, in Istria and Dalmatia.

U posljednjih par decenija došlo je do naglog razvoja nautičkog, a samim tim i kruzing turizma. Analizom geografske raspodjele kruzing destinacija zaključuje se da je kruzing turizam rasprostranjen po cijelom svijetu. Pored neospornih pozitivnih efekata na zbližavanje ljudi, bolje međusobno razumijevanje i nedvosmisleno pozitivne finansijske efekte, razvoj kruzing turizma doveo je i do određenih negativnih uticaja. Iz tog razloga neophodno je strateško upravljanje ovim vidom turizma, sa posebnim naglaskom na menadžment u skladu sa konceptom održivog razvoja. U ovom radu će biti prikazano realno stanje u kruzing turizmu sa posebnim osvrtom na opštinu Kotor, njene potencijale, prednosti i nedostatke, strateški razvoj kao i konkurentnost Kotora na međunarodnom tržištu kruzing turizma. Autor posebnu pažnju poklanja načinima na koji kruzing turizam poboljšava ponudu grada i pozitivnim ekonomskim efektima kruzing turizma. Sprovedeno je anketno istraživanje stavova privrede i stanovnika Kotora o ulozi i značaju kruzing turizma. Rezultati pokazuju da je kruzing turizam percipiran kao značajan vid turizma u Kotoru koji može omogućiti Crnoj Gori da postane poznata svjetska turistička destinacija. Ipak, ispitanici kruzing turizam vide kao nedovoljno razvijen i uviđaju potrebu za podsticanjem razvoja ovog turističkog sektora. Kao najznačajniji pozitivni efekti kruzing turizma identifikovani su ekonomski efekti u vidu rasta prihoda lokalne zajednice i kreiranje novih radnih mjesta. Od socijalno-kulturnih pozitivnih efeketa najviše se ističe upoznavanje novih kultura i predstavljanje sopstvene tradicije i običaja. Najistaknutiji negativni efekti su degradacija prirodnih resursa. Kako bi se maksimizirali pozitivni i minimizirali negativni efekti kruzing turizma, ispitanici smatraju da najveću odgovornost ima država koja treba da pojača zakonodavne regulacione mjere. Poseban značaj ima i jačanje edukacije o značaju kruzing turizma i jačanje dijaloga između ključnih zainteresovanih

This paper analyses the iconography of the scenes of pain of non-Biblical mothers for their deceased children, which was used as one of the mechanisms of Catholic propaganda in the struggle against the Schism and infidels and exercised through sermons and propagation of the faith in the power of the Eucharist. Local examples (from Split, Dubrovnik and Kotor) are examined in a broader European context. Firstly, an example from the cathedral of Split is analysed. The Miracle in the fiery furnace (better known as The Miracle of the Jewish boy of Bourges) was painted around 1635-1640 by the Venetian painter Matteo Ponzone as a part of a larger cycle composed of ten canvases, which is now placed above the main altar. It is a depiction of a medieval legend, which can be encountered in the collections of Exempla, didactic tales for use in sermons, and has thus had several literary and visual interpretations which are analysed in this paper. The second example refers to the miracles of Saint Vincent Ferrer. While preparing for canonization, Pietro Ranzano of Palermo wrote the vita of Vincent Ferrer, (in which) the centerpiece of which is occupied by two consecutive and psychologically powerful stories. The first story deals with a mother who had killed, chopped-up and cooked her own child (a version of the story of Mary of Bethezuba by Flavius Jospehus), thereby appalling the child's father upon his return from Ferrer's sermon. The topic of the second miracle is a grieving mother who is carrying her dead child in her arms and seeking help from Ferrer. In both cases the powerful Dominican preacher has restored the children to life. Their stories became instantly popular and received their iconographic expression with an explicit depiction of parental pain.

Based on the published and unpublished sources and literature, the Kotor patrician family of Biste is presented through four generations in the Middle Ages. Biographical sketches of eminent individuals from this family are given, and their business and social activity is presented. Their trading activities in Kotor, Dubrovnik, Serbia and Bosnia are outlined. Some of them successfully dealt with trade. They amassed fortune and thus gained reputation, which enabled them to discharge important social functions in Kotor and Serbia. The important role of some members of the Biste-Primuti family in the social-economic life of the town is reflected in the fact that they and their descendants obtained a considerable land in Grblje. Successful trading activity and social reputation of prominent individuals from the Biste-Primuti family served as the basis for studying the social-economic history of Kotor in the 14th and the first half of the 15th century. Their business and social activity served as an example of successful business people characteristic for the maritime lands in the late Middle Ages., На основу извора и литературе, објављене и необјављене которске и дубровачке архивске грађе приказана је которска патрицијска породица Бисте кроз четири генерације у средњем веку. Истакнути појединци из ове породице добили су биографске осврте. Обрађена је њихова пословна и друштвена делатност. Приказано је њихово трговачко пословање у Котору, Дубровнику, Србији и Босни. Неки од њих успешно су се бавили трговином, стекли су богатство а тиме и углед што им је омогућило да обављају значајне друштвене функције у Србији и Котору.

Тема овог рада јесте проучавање комуналног уређења которске комуне у периоду од средине XII до краја XIII вијека. Хронолошки почетак рада детерминисан је већим бројем извора за проучавање теме. То се скоро временски поклапа са промјеном врховног господара Котора, а што је имало одређене последице на његово унутарашње уређење. Друга хронолошка граница рада односи се на завршетак процеса заокруживања аутономије комуне у односу на српску државу. Кроз приказ свих сегмената друштва циљ је добијање научне слике о политичком, правном и друштвеном уређењу комуне. Сагледавање привредног развоја и црквених прилика јесу такође циљеви овог рада, а шта је учињено у ширем географском контексту. Да би се добила што поузданија сазнања о теми која је предмет рада, често је било нужно проучавати политички, правни, друштвени и привредни систем которске комуне и у периоду који излази из основне теме рада. На тај начин могао се у одређеној мјери пратити континуитет, односно дисконтинуитет, неких појава и процеса у которској комуни током средњег вијека. Како би се стекла што потпунија слика правних, друштвених и привредних структура которског друштва, у неким случајевима било је неопходно сагледати, тражити паралеле и правити поређења са правним системима не само сусједних комуна и држава, него посезати и за старијим правним рјешењима као правним узорима за нормирање права у Котору., The subject of this thesis is the research into communal organization of Kotor from mid-12th to end of the 13th century. The chronological beginning is determined by a number of sources for studying the topic. This coincided almost instantly with the change of the supreme governor of Kotor, which had some consequences on its internal organization. The other chronological determinant relates to the completion of the process of assembling the autonomy of the commune in relation to the Serbian state. Through the presentation of all segments of society, the goal is to obtain a scientific picture of the political, legal and social order of the commune. Examining economic development and ecclesiastical opportunities are also the goals of this thesis, as well as what is done in a wider geographic context. In order to get a clearer comprehension as possible about this topic subject, it was often necessary to study the political, legal, social and economic system of Kotor communes in other periods as well, outside the provisional chronological scope. In this way, continuity, or discontinuity, of some phenomena and processes in the Kotor commune during the Middle Ages could be monitored to a certain extent. In order to obtain a more complete picture of the legal, social and economic structures of the Kotor society, in some cases it was necessary to look out, seek parallels and make comparisons with the legal systems of not only neighboring communes and states, but also to apply older legal solutions as legal patterns for coding of rights in Kotor.

The medieval dossier of Kotor (Montenegro) comprises of two written documents, from a considerably later period, on the grounds of which both the historical and the traditional perception of the early medieval town is constructed, Instrumentum corporis nostri gloriosi Confalonis Sancti Tryphonis, more often called "The 'charter' of Andreaci on the construction of the church of Saint Tryphon", and Lezenda de Misser Confalon et Protector della Cittade de Catharo, i.e. "The legend of Saint Tryphon" 1996: 17-31). Based on a new reading of the sources, this text attempts to establish the most significant currents of the town's early medieval past which was previously presented in historiography solely according to the tradition and not according to historical sources. The second document has been identified as a segment of a considerably longer text, which had probably originally served as Bile Mihajlov's (a nobleman from Kotor and a member of the traders guild) portativc "reminder" on professional ethics (PROATEIT -PAV 2011: 29-64, 2012: 231-236). It has been concluded that the "Legend" contains certain names from the town's history or the central event of the already mythologized past of Kotor, given in a later redaction, but it certainly lacks indications of phenomena characteristic of the early medieval history of the town. The situation with the text of the "Charter" is entirely different. Although no final and definitive conclusion can be made, it is reasonable to suppose that the nucleus of this document comprised of at least two diplomatic documents mentioning two churches, the existence of which has been archaeologically proven. Also, based on their contents and fragments of a sculpture found in the town, it can be concluded that at the beginning of the IX century, each January 13th, for some reason Kotor organized a church festival which involved the entire community, and that it had already had at that time a defined class of noblemen economically capable of f

Based on data contained in Constantine Porphyrogenitus's De Administrando Imperio, local written sources, and fragments with inscriptions, the article offers new insight about the original position of the relics of St. Tryphon, the patron saint of Kotor from the first decades of the 9th century. Also, the foundations of a church with a quincuncial (cross-in-square) plan, erected in the same period and discovered below the city's cathedral, can be seen as an early and important example of the dispersion of this architectural type in lands that belonged to the Byzantine cultural sphere.

Throughout the entire medieval period, influences of both spheres of the Christian oikoumene met and intertwined in Serbian medieval art. It was this more or less pronounced quest for a balance between the two artistic influences that represented the distinctive feature that constituted the basis for the identity of a number of notable Serbian medieval churches. Serbian medieval culture turned to its advantage the unenviable geo-cultural context in which it developed – a context marked by clashes and ‘cohabitation’of Byzantine influences and influences from powerful Western states, ranging from the overseas Angevin Empire and other independent states to the fringes the Holy Roman Empire. This allowed Serbian monuments to acquire a distinct, unique identity within the fragmented Balkan world, as an original expression of the views and needs of the milieu for which they were created. A model example of this is the church of the Monastery of Studenica, the famous foundation of Stefan Nemanja (r. 1166–1196), the progenitor of the holy Nemanjić dynasty. This church, with its clear architectural form and balanced volumes, is characterized by its facades set in carefully dressed marble blocks and decorated with elegant sculpted decoration in the Romanesque style. Paradoxically, if there were no dome indicating its links to the Byzantine world, it would be difficult to infer that its interior was intended for Orthodox service and adorned with ‘Byzantine’ frescoes of exquisite beauty. It was precisely Nemanja’s mausoleum that served as the model for the three monumental royal burial churches erected in Kosovo and Metohija in the 14th century, namely Banjska of King Milutin (r. 1281–1321), Dečani of Stefan Uroš III (r. 1321–1331) and the Holy Archangels near Prizren of King and Emperor Dušan (r. 1331–1355). The Banjska church, dedicated to Saint Stephen as the patron saint of the Nemanjić dynasty and modeled upon Studenica in accordance with the express wishes of its ktetor

Il culto del predicatore domenicano Vincenzo Ferrer (Valencia, 1350 - Vannes, 1419) venerato come santo già durante la vita, si diffuse rapidamente attrevaerso parole e immagini dopo la sua canonizzazione, avvenuta nel 1455 grazie al papa spagnolo Callisto III. Il culto del santo divenne presto un potente strumento usato dai domenicani per le più importanti esigenze del periodo: il ripristino dei valori morali cristiani, la lotta contro gli eretici e la conversione degli ebrei. Questi aspetti furono affiancati dalla fede nelle sue capacità taumaturgiche contro la peste, che contribuì indirettamente alla diffusione del suo culto.

This chapter analyzes the painted decorations dating from the second half of the fifteenth century in the small church of Saint Anna in the medieval town of Kotor (Cattaro). The choice of the saints represented, the votive inscriptions, and historical circumstances suggest the possibility of the miraculous anti peste character of the fresco painting. This essay will shed light on the role of the Venetian Republic in creating and promoting a pyramid of the most revered saints who watched over the spiritual and physical health of the commune. This analysis will compare written sources (archival material, the statute of Kotor and hagiographical literature) and visual religious art, in order to provide a wider context within which the process of adopting and spreading the cults of the saints was carried out.

Based on data contained in Constantine Porphyrogenitus's De Administrando Imperio, local written sources, and fragments with inscriptions, the article offers new insight about the original position of the relics of St. Tryphon, the patron saint of Kotor from the first decades of the 9th century. Also, the foundations of a church with a quincuncial (cross-in-square) plan, erected in the same period and discovered below the city's cathedral, can be seen as an early and important example of the dispersion of this architectural type in lands that belonged to the Byzantine cultural sphere.

The medieval dossier of Kotor (Montenegro) comprises of two written documents, from a considerably later period, on the grounds of which both the historical and the traditional perception of the early medieval town is constructed, Instrumentum corporis nostri gloriosi Confalonis Sancti Tryphonis, more often called "The 'charter' of Andreaci on the construction of the church of Saint Tryphon", and Lezenda de Misser Confalon et Protector della Cittade de Catharo, i.e. "The legend of Saint Tryphon" 1996: 17-31). Based on a new reading of the sources, this text attempts to establish the most significant currents of the town's early medieval past which was previously presented in historiography solely according to the tradition and not according to historical sources. The second document has been identified as a segment of a considerably longer text, which had probably originally served as Bile Mihajlov's (a nobleman from Kotor and a member of the traders guild) portativc "reminder" on professional ethics (PROATEIT -PAV 2011: 29-64, 2012: 231-236). It has been concluded that the "Legend" contains certain names from the town's history or the central event of the already mythologized past of Kotor, given in a later redaction, but it certainly lacks indications of phenomena characteristic of the early medieval history of the town. The situation with the text of the "Charter" is entirely different. Although no final and definitive conclusion can be made, it is reasonable to suppose that the nucleus of this document comprised of at least two diplomatic documents mentioning two churches, the existence of which has been archaeologically proven. Also, based on their contents and fragments of a sculpture found in the town, it can be concluded that at the beginning of the IX century, each January 13th, for some reason Kotor organized a church festival which involved the entire community, and that it had already had at that time a defined class of noblemen economically capable of f

The paper examines the mentioned icons in the testaments of Kotor citizens from partially explored archival documentary sources from the 14th and 15th centuries. The bequest of paintings within the testaments scheme in which individual item bequests ad pias causas dominate is an exceptionally developed element of the concept of preparing for a good death. The icons primarily become mental images which the dying retain in their consciousness, which designate hope and faith in the support of the Madonna and the saint protectors for the salvation of the soul. Analysed in this context, the icons to which there were only written references, became the framework for the analysis of personal religious preoccupations on the one hand, and foundations for researching the adopting of religious trends on the other.

Поморско право, пружа јасан увид у начин настанка и развијања правних норми на основу развоја и ширења одређених делатности у друштвеним заједницама. Потреба заједницâ да очува одређене односе настале око таквих делатности, и да их даље развија, довела је до њиховог нормирања и коди фикације. Са сваком значајнијом променом у организацији кључних делатности, овај процес се стално обнављао, што је условљавало и промену уређења заједница. На примеру поморског права то може да се прати скоро непрекидно, од првих писаних правних споменика, до данас. Међусобна повезаност поморства и трговине, један је од кључних подстрекача овог развоја, и чини га нарочито живим. Потреба за проширењем тржишта ставља пред поморство увек изнова проширене захтеве, а технички развоје поморства омогућио је узлет трговине. Због тога су заједнице настале око поморске и, нужно, трговинске делатности, у свом трајању увек показивале динамичност и активизам. Њиховој делатној природи може се захвалити и за настанак и развој правног оквира поморства и поморске трговине. Као посебна по значају и доприносу, издваја се епоха развоја поморства и трговине у средњем веку, и касније, до настанка грађански х друштвен их и правних система, у аутономним комунама и државама на Јадран у. Водећа међу њима, свакако је била Венеција, али су свој не мали допринос грађењу поморског права, дала и два града на источној обали Адриатика - Котор и Дубровник. Њихови статути богато су правно наслеђе, сведочанство о доприносу општем току развоја поморског права; уз ова два основна правна споменика, стоје подједнако важни и други : статути братовштина, остали поморско-правни зборници, као и бројне нотарске исправе. Котор се у општем току развоја поморства и поморске трговине, издвојио нарочитом улогом једног струковног удружења, Братовштине Светог Николе Морнара., Maritime law offers a clear example of how legal norms originated and developed on the basis of the development and expansion of certain activities in social communities. The need of these communities to preserve certain relations associated with such activities and to elaborate them further led to their standardization and codification. This process was constantly renewed with each significant change in the organization of key activities, and that also entailed a change in the organization of communities. This process can be traced almost continuously in the field of maritime law, from the first written legal records to the present day. The interrelationship of seafaring and trade is one of the key propellants of this development and contributes greatly to its intensity. The need for the expansion of markets makes consta nt and increasing demands to seafaring, and the technical development of maritime traffic contributed greatly to the flourishing of trade. Therefore the communities engaged in maritime and, necessarily, commercial activity have always displayed considerable dynamic energy and activism. It is to their efforts that we owe the origin and development of the legal framework of seafaring activity and of maritime trade. The seafaring traffic and trade in the autonomous communes and states in the Adriatic made a particularly valuable contribution to this development not only in the Middle Ages, but also later, during the period preceding the emergence of civic social and legal systems. The most important of these communities was certainly Venice, but two towns on the eastern coast of the Adriatic – Kotor and Dubrovnik – also made notable contributions to the elaboration of maritime law. Their statutes represent a rich legal heritage and testify to the general development of maritime law. In addition to these two basic legal monuments they also have numerous other important records, including statutes of fraternities, collections of texts dealing with marit

The aim of the paper is to render a basic review of the circumstances of the setting up, recognition, duration and dissolving of religious painting in late medieval Kotor, which is in various sources and studies called pictura graeca. This involves a specific method which can be seen correspondingly in the style as well as the iconography, and thus it is necessary to perceive and analyse this occurrence as a well-rounded and complex phenomenon with a historical, social, economic, religious and cultural context. Thus the emergence and duration of Kotor’s pictura graeca can be examined in regards to the public for which it had been founded, that is, as an expression of the preference of the milieu and the patrons, formed in a certain historical context. The special character of the form and contents represents a basic trait of Kotor’s religious painting corroborated by the preserved fragments of the wall paintings which emerged in the period from the beginning of the 13th to the end of the 15th century. The studying of Kotor’s pictura graeca in a historical context in which it emerged and endured inspires the contemplating of the course which Kotor took, from a distinctive cultural and diplomatic centre within the framework of the Serbian medieval state to a border town at the edge of the Venetian Republic. Lo scopo di questo saggio è quello di fornire una generale revisione delle circostanze della costituzione, del riconoscimento, della durata e della dissoluzione della pittura religiosa nella Cattaro tardo medievale, che in varie fonti e studi è chiamata pictura graeca. Questo comporta uno specifico metodo che può essere messo alla prova corrispondentemente nello stile così come nell’iconografia, consistente nel considerare e analizzare tale evento come un fenomeno complesso all’interno del contesto storico, sociale, economico, religioso e culturale. Così la nascita e la durata della pictura graeca di Cattaro possono essere esaminati dal punto di vista del pubblico

La dominazione bizantina si affermò sulle coste dell’Adriatico durante il IX secolo quando ven- ne introdotta l’organizzazione amministrativa tematica. Sicuramente prima dell’826, e molto proba- bilmente prima dell’815, fu formato il tema di Durazzo con lo scopo di assicurare alla talassocrazia bizantina la difesa e il controllo dell’accesso al mare Adriatico1. Nel tempo in cui il tema di Durazzo era già costituito, la Dalmazia era ancora un’arcontia; però l’ascesa al trono di Basilio I, fondatore della dinastia dei Macedoni, segnò l’inizio di un nuovo capitolo nella storia bizantina. Dopo la presa del potere nel settembre 867, Basilio I reindirizzò la politica imperiale dando un’energica svolta alla politica di riconquista in Occidente. Nei primi anni del suo governo fu istituito il tema di Dalma- zia, mentre vasti territori dell’Italia meridionale furono recuperati e in seguito fu costituito il tema di Longobardia3. Quest’ultimo, poi catepanato d’Italia, rimase sotto il dominio bizantino fino alla conquista normanna che si concluse in 1071 con la presa di Bari; la costiera opposta rimase invece soggetta a Bisanzio ancora un secolo, fino alla morte dell’imperatore Manuele I Comneno († 1180). Durante il XII secolo, anche la provincia di Durazzo perse gradualmente la propria importanza. Nel 1205 furono i cittadini di Durazzo a mettersi sotto la protezione veneta, ponendo fine alla dominazione bizantina sulla città e sulla provincia.

The aim of the paper is to render a basic review of the circumstances of the setting up, recognition, duration and dissolving of religious painting in late medieval Kotor, which is in various sources and studies called pictura graeca. This involves a specific method which can be seen correspondingly in the style as well as the iconography, and thus it is necessary to perceive and analyse this occurrence as a well-rounded and complex phenomenon with a historical, social, economic, religious and cultural context. Thus the emergence and duration of Kotor’s pictura graeca can be examined in regards to the public for which it had been founded, that is, as an expression of the preference of the milieu and the patrons, formed in a certain historical context. The special character of the form and contents represents a basic trait of Kotor’s religious painting corroborated by the preserved fragments of the wall paintings which emerged in the period from the beginning of the 13th to the end of the 15th century. The studying of Kotor’s pictura graeca in a historical context in which it emerged and endured inspires the contemplating of the course which Kotor took, from a distinctive cultural and diplomatic centre within the framework of the Serbian medieval state to a border town at the edge of the Venetian Republic. Lo scopo di questo saggio è quello di fornire una generale revisione delle circostanze della costituzione, del riconoscimento, della durata e della dissoluzione della pittura religiosa nella Cattaro tardo medievale, che in varie fonti e studi è chiamata pictura graeca. Questo comporta uno specifico metodo che può essere messo alla prova corrispondentemente nello stile così come nell’iconografia, consistente nel considerare e analizzare tale evento come un fenomeno complesso all’interno del contesto storico, sociale, economico, religioso e culturale. Così la nascita e la durata della pictura graeca di Cattaro possono essere esaminati dal punto di vista del pubblico

The article examines the multiculturaluity of the city of Kotor and its extended area. The Bay of Kotor and the Adriatic coast of present day Montenegro were divided between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic from the beginning of 15th to the close of 18th century. The area was populated by people of various religious confessions, who lived under extremely complex circumstances. In the Bay of Kotor, an area under the rule of the Venetian Republic which lay deep in Turkish territory, Catholics were the majority, followed by the Orthodox. The Turks, who had conquered the southern part of the coast and almos the entire territory of Montenegro, were the majority in the city of Bar, the see of the ancient Archbishopric of Bar, as well as in the cities of Risan and Herceg Novi, in the northern part of the Bay of Kotor. Under Ottoman government a Jewish community thrived in those cities. Boundaries between them had an ambiguous character, which in those circumstances promoted social and cultural interaction that is documented in municipal and ecclesiastical archives.

U radu se govori o okolnostima koje su uslovile dolazak benediktinaca na područje Bokokotorskog zaliva. U periodu od 9. do druge polovine 11. veka beleži se znatno prisustvo ovog reda u Tivatskom zalivu, gde je, pored manastira sv. Mihaila na Prevlaci, osnovano još nekoliko manjih monaških nastambi. Takođe, govori se i o dva manastira na teritoriji pod vizantijskom vlašću, od kojih se jedan nalazio na prilazima Kotoru, a drugi u samom gradu. Benediktinci su, svakako, igrali važnu ulogu u procesima hristijanizacije slovenskog stanovništva, dajući izvesnog doprinosa razvoju dokumentarne pismenosti, književnom i umetničkom stvaralštvu i prosvetnoj delatnosti u Kotoru, jednom od važnih centara teme Dalmacije, kao i u graničnom pojasu pod vlašću travunijskih i dukljanskih knezova., Starting from the 830s the Benedictines in the south of Italy were exposed to the Saracen and other outlaw attacks leaving their monasteries endangered and looted. The troubles culminated by the conquest of Montecassino in 883. Due to the strengthening of the Byzantine authorities, the circumstances in the eastern Adriatic coast seemed by far more stable and suitable for the life of the monastic communities. Besides, some Slavic population lived in the hinterland of the Byzantine towns and they were slowly penetrating to the coastal areas for more than two centuries. Those people were gradually building up their relation with the Romans from the urban areas. The Slavs were still the worshippers of the old religion or only partly Christianized. The conversion of the Balkan Slavs was one of the primary aims of the Byzantine politics. In that aspect the Benedictines posed an excellent choice when it came to the Slavic neighbours of the Byzantine towns on the Adriatic coast. Those were the monks who set up their monasteries in the rural areas close to the main traffic and town centres whose way of living fitted in the mentality and the habits of the agrarian society and they enjoyed the reputation of being successful missionaries. The Christianization of the Slavic people enabled the spread of the cultural models from the Byzantine authority centres, which invoked the strengthening of the ideological positions and firming the factual power. On the other hand, the popes had to view these feats benevolently since the Benedictines almost immaculately contributed to the strengthening of the Roman Church positions in Dalmatia. Therefore, it is no wonder that in the areas southwards from Dubrovnik the Benedictine presence was recorded first in the vicinity of the Byzantine Kotor and in the town itself as well as in the nearby Budva. The existence of the strong Byzantine authority centre supported the missionary activities and establishing the Benedictine order in the borderli

Based on the surviving written sources and works of art from the later middle and early modern ages in the city of Cataro, this paper deals with the properties attributed to the serpent. The serpent is seen as an animal, or symbol, with a distinct dual nature: one that kills, and one that heals. Such properties of snakes were well known to the doctors and pharmacists of Cataro, whose knowledge and belief in the power of snakes were introduced into medical practice. One of the major topics that interested the medieval citizens of Cataro was providing care for a poisonous snakebite. Among the surviving medical incunabula medical, a book printed in 1494 is about the effects of antidotes in practice of famous doctors. More than a century earlier, in the second half of the 14th century, the ciborium of the cathedral dedicated to Saint Tryphon in Cataro was adorned with a scene of this martyr from Asia Minor (and patron of the city) miraculously curing a boy bitten by a snake. Besides the patron saint, Saint Tryphon, citizens of Cataro also believed in help of other saints in case of the venomous snake bite (Sts Margareta, Veneranda, and Anastasia). During the 14th century, their images were represent on the arches of in the cathedral. The other side of serpent – the one that heals, was also known to the doctors and pharmacists of Cataro, who were mainly Italians, educated at the leading schools of medicine and universities in Salerno, Padua, and Bologna. The most famous medicine, starting from antiquity, was teriaca which had snake flesh as one of the main ingredients. It is mentioned in the oldest list of necessary medicines for the year 1556 in Cataro. The city doctor, Lodovico Buzacarino, completed a list of the most needed drugs that the pharmacy of Cataro should have permanently, considering the most frequent diseases in the city. After the epidemics of plague, the significance and value of teriaca became even greater, as it was believed to help with the plague too., На основу сачуваних писаних извора и ликовних дела из времена позног средњег и раног новог века у Котору, разматрана су својстваприписивана змији. Њена изразита дуалистичка природа – она која убијаи она која лечи – била је добро позната которским лекарима и апoтекарима који су своја знања о змији и веровања у моћи змије примењивали у медицинској пракси.

Uspostavljanjem do sada nezapažene veze između dva odavno poznata dokumenta iz dubrovačkog arhiva stiče se celovit uvid u postupak represalija koji je srpski kralj Stefan Uroš II Milutin sproveo protiv Dubrovčana između 1284. i 1294. godine zbog štete nanesene Ursu Perkluzu, Kotoraninu poreklom iz južnoitalijanskog grada Tranija. Rasvetljavanje ovog slučaja ujedno pojašnjava neke pojedinosti vezane za srpsko-dubrovačke odnose, prisustvo stranaca u tadašnjoj Srbiji i delovanje srpskog državnog aparata., By establishing hitherto unnoticed links between a Serbian and a Latin document from the Dubrovnik archives it became possible to reconstruct the course of an international affair that took place from 1284 to 1294 and involved Serbia, Dubrovnik and Kotor. In 1284, one Urso Percluso, native of Trani in southern Italy but resident in Kotor, was granted letters by the Serbian king Stefan Uroš II Milutin, giving him the right to reprisals against the inhabitants of Dubrovnik who had taken from him an armed vessel. The reprisals, carefully planned by Milutin so as to minimize their disruptive effects on commerce between Serbia and Dubrovnik, were carried out quite fiercely by Tvrtko, lord of the župa of Popovo, prompting the Dubrovnik authorities to start negotiations. However, the affair dragged on and it seems that at some point, possibly in 1289, Milutin withdrew his support from Urso, who in 1294 finally made an agreement with Dubrovnik by which he renounced all further claims. Besides correcting earlier views that had linked the capture of Urso's vessel to a supposed maritime war between Dubrovnik and Kotor in the late 1280s, this new reconstruction of the affair draws attention to the phenomenon of trans-Adriatic immigrants in the coastal region of medieval Serbia and provides valuable information regarding the functioning of the Serbian state apparatus and general political culture in the late 13th century.

Uspostavljanjem do sada nezapažene veze između dva odavno poznata dokumenta iz dubrovačkog arhiva stiče se celovit uvid u postupak represalija koji je srpski kralj Stefan Uroš II Milutin sproveo protiv Dubrovčana između 1284. i 1294. godine zbog štete nanesene Ursu Perkluzu, Kotoraninu poreklom iz južnoitalijanskog grada Tranija. Rasvetljavanje ovog slučaja ujedno pojašnjava neke pojedinosti vezane za srpsko-dubrovačke odnose, prisustvo stranaca u tadašnjoj Srbiji i delovanje srpskog državnog aparata., By establishing hitherto unnoticed links between a Serbian and a Latin document from the Dubrovnik archives it became possible to reconstruct the course of an international affair that took place from 1284 to 1294 and involved Serbia, Dubrovnik and Kotor. In 1284, one Urso Percluso, native of Trani in southern Italy but resident in Kotor, was granted letters by the Serbian king Stefan Uroš II Milutin, giving him the right to reprisals against the inhabitants of Dubrovnik who had taken from him an armed vessel. The reprisals, carefully planned by Milutin so as to minimize their disruptive effects on commerce between Serbia and Dubrovnik, were carried out quite fiercely by Tvrtko, lord of the župa of Popovo, prompting the Dubrovnik authorities to start negotiations. However, the affair dragged on and it seems that at some point, possibly in 1289, Milutin withdrew his support from Urso, who in 1294 finally made an agreement with Dubrovnik by which he renounced all further claims. Besides correcting earlier views that had linked the capture of Urso's vessel to a supposed maritime war between Dubrovnik and Kotor in the late 1280s, this new reconstruction of the affair draws attention to the phenomenon of trans-Adriatic immigrants in the coastal region of medieval Serbia and provides valuable information regarding the functioning of the Serbian state apparatus and general political culture in the late 13th century.

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