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The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.

A previous study showed that people living in urban areas are generally exposed to low-frequency noise (LFN) with frequencies below 100 Hz and sound levels of 60–110 dB in daily and occupational environments. Exposure to LFN has been shown to affect balance in humans and mice. However, there is no information about prevention of LFN-mediated imbalance because of a lack of information about the target region based on health risk assessment of LFN exposure. Here, we show that acute exposure to LFN at 100 Hz, 95 dB, but not at 85 dB or 90 dB, for only 1 h caused imbalance in mice. The exposed mice also had decreased cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) with impaired activity of vestibular hair cells. Since imbalance in the exposed mice was irreversible, morphological damage in the vestibules of the exposed mice was further examined. The exposed mice had breakage of the otoconial membrane in the vestibule. LFN-mediated imbalance and breakage of the otoconial membrane in mice were rescued by overexpression of a stress-reactive molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), which has been shown to be induced by exposure of mice to 12 h per day of LFN at 95 dB for 5 days. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that acute exposure to LFN at 100 Hz, 95 dB for only 1 h caused irreversible imbalance in mice with structural damage of the otoconial membrane as the target region for LFN-mediated imbalance, which can be rescued by Hsp70.

CP Ti was mirror-polished and then abraded with waterproof SiC papers of two different grit sizes: 16 and 3μm. Aspolished and abraded surfaces were characterized by means of EPMA, XPS, XRD, and hardness test. Oxygen in the mirror-polished surface was uniformly distributed at the lowest level. Comparatively, abrading with SiC papers increased the surface oxygen amount and hardness. Owing to its excellent abrasivity, the coarse grit efficiently scratched the surface and hindered the regenerated oxide film from growing thick, but allowed only the metal-oxide interfacial gradient zone to extend. But, the fine grit merely rubbed the surface and allowed both the oxide film and interfacial zone to extend. Further, the surface appeared to be lightly yellow-colored, suggesting that the oxide film was thicker, probably within 10nm, than the nominal one. When compared with the bulk, the interfacial zone was rich in oxygen and therefore subjected to high coherency strain, which was introduced to relieve the great lattice mismatch between the outer and inner layers of titanium substrate. Effects of solute oxygen hardening and strain hardening were speculated to be responsible for the surface hardening of both SiC-abraded surfaces. In conclusion, abrading with a coarse grit led to accumulation of a high, non-uniform strain in the titanium substrate, thereby hardening the surface further.

http://www.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/mylimedio/dl/page.do?issueid=103101736&old_issueid=212288&tocid=100057605&page=1-14

Although titanium has been widely used in prosthetic appliances, such as cast removable partial denture frameworks, high quality castings are still difficult to obtain. This study proposes a new partition technique using a metal foil for improving castability of a two-chamber pressure casting unit. The metal foil was formed beforehand to bring it in contact with the mold crucible wall so that no clearance was left behind it. Using this formed foil, the mold cavity can be completely isolated from the upper chamber and can be maintained in a vacuum even after the rupture of the foil. Accordingly, a large casting force is generated very quickly, and as a result, castability is expected to be significantly improved. This expectation was confirmed by the experiments using wax patterns including thin plate and mesh plate.

安定化ジルコニアでカプセル化した石英を耐火材とする非リン酸塩系のチタン鋳造用埋没材を試作し,市販のシリカ-リン酸塩系のチタン鋳造用埋没材によって得られた鋳造体の機械的性質と比較し,試作埋没材の有用性を検討した.引張強さはほぼ同じ値であったが,伸びは試作埋没材のほうが大きかった.硬さは,内部ではほとんど同じであったが,表層では試作埋没材によるものほうが小さかった.また,試作埋没材による鋳造体のほうが反応層は薄かった.安定化ジルコニアでカプセル化した石英は,明らかにシリカ-チタン反応を軽減させた.これによって,高品質のチタン鋳造体が得られた., A non-phosphate bonded investment including quartz capsuled with stabilized zirconia was developed for casting titanium. The mechanical properties of castings were compared between the experimental investment and a commercially available phosphate-bonded silica investment. The tensile strength values were almost the same for both castings, while the elongation was higher than that of castings from the commercial investment. Although the inner hardness was almost the same for both castings, the hardness in the surface layer was lower. The reaction layer of the casting was clearly thinner. These results suggested that the capsulizing zirconia significantly reduced the reaction of molten titanium with silica, which improved the quality of titanium casting.

アルゴン吹き付け雰囲気と置換雰囲気の二つの雰囲気でチタン鋳造体を作製した.鋳造体の引張強さと破断伸び, および硬さを測定し, それらを鋳造体中のOとNの含有量と関連づけて検討した.アルゴン吹き付け雰囲気で得た鋳造体の引張強さと硬さは, 置換雰囲気のそれより大きいが, 伸びは逆であった.Oの含有量は, インゴット, インゴットを溶解凝固させたもの, 鋳造体の順に多かった.置換雰囲気中でインゴットを溶解凝固させたものと鋳造体のOの含有量は, アルゴン吹き付け雰囲気の場合より多い傾向にあった.これに対して, アルゴン吹き付け雰囲気で得た鋳造体のNの含有量は, 置換雰囲気のそれの13〜15倍であった.この結果から, 上で述べたアルゴン吹き付け雰囲気と置換雰囲気における鋳造体の機械的性質の違いは, Nの含有量に関係することが示唆された., Titanium castings were prepared in two atmospheres; one was argon-arc melted and cast in the ambient atmosphere(AA) and the other was argon-arc melted and cast in the argon-replaced atmosphere(ARA).Tensile test and Vickers hardness measurement were conducted. The results were discussed in relation to the contents of oxygen and nitrogen absorbed by titanium during the melting and the casting procedures. While the tensile strength and the hardness of castings obtained in AA were higher than those of castings obtained in ARA, the elongation exhibited the reverse relation. The oxygen content was ranked from least to most: the ingot, the solidified and the cast. The oxygen content of the solidified and the cast obtained in ARA tended to be higher than that of castings obtained in AA. On the contrary, the nitrogen content of castings obtained in AA was 13 to 15 times higher than that of castings obtained in ARA. The results of this study indicate that the nitrogen content relates to the above-mentioned difference in mechanical properties of castings obtained in AA or ARA.

純チタンとチタン合金(Ti-6Al-4V)の鋳造性の違いを検討するため, 充満過程の異なる3種のキャビティに鋳込んで, X線透過法による欠陥検査と標識元素溶解法により湯流れを観察した.F型で充満するキャビティでは純チタンと合金で鋳造性, 内部欠陥ともほとんど差は認められなかった。しかしながら、W型とB型で充満する場合, 合金の鋳造性が少し劣ることが確認された.メッシュ形態では合金による鋳造体で, 標識元素として使用された白金がほとんど検出されなかったことから, 合金の熱的性質が異なることが推定された.また合金のメッシュ鋳造体先端の元素分析から, 溶湯に凝固粒子を含んで流れていることが確認された.以上の結果, 合金の鋳造性の劣る原因は, 溶湯に凝固粒子が分散したことで, 粘性係数の増加したためであると結論された., To investigate the difference in castability between pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy, three types of casting that differed in mold filling type were constructed. Casting defects were checked by X-ray transparencies and flow behavior was observed using the molten tracer element method. There was no difference between the two metals for F type fillings. However, for thin cavities(W type fillings)and mesh cavities(B type fillings), the castability of the titanium alloy was slightly lower than that of pure titanium. The thermal properties of the titanium alloy are presumed to be considerably different from those of pure titanium since platinum, one of the tracers, was hardly detected during mesh casting of the alloy. Microanalysis of the top of the mesh casting revealed that the molten alloy flow included many particles. In conclusion, the reason for the poorer castability of the titanium alloy is that the viscosity of the molten alloy increased significantly because of the solidification particles included in its flow.

U字型キャビティにチタンを鋳込み, 標識元素による湯流れ観察と, X線透過像による欠陥検査を行った.これらの結果を基に, 差圧鋳造と遠心鋳造の違い, スプルー直径やその植立条件が充満過程へ及ぼす影響を検討した.ほとんどの場合, スプルーから噴流として流入し, 咬合面部はF型で充満することが確認された.脚の部分では, 差圧鋳造ではB型.遠心鋳造ではF型の充満であった.内部欠陥に関しては差圧鋳造の場合はスプルー線の太さ, 遠心鋳造の場合はスプルー線の植立位置および角度が重要な因子であることが推定された., By combining information from X-ray transparency and from molten titanium flow, the casting process in a U-type cavity simulating crown section was investigated under several conditions, such as type of casting machine or sprue diameter. Despite the machine type, centrifugal(CT) or two-chamber pressure(PR)machine, jet flow and F type filling were observed in the occlusal area. The flow pattern in the axial area, however, was controlled by the main body force of each casting machine; it was the B type for PR and the F type for CT. Major factors related to internal defects were sprue diameter for PR and sprue-attachment position and angle for CT.

一室加圧型チタン鋳造機について, 欠陥の発生と鋳型内湯流れをX線透過法と標識元素溶解法とを用いて観察した.また湯流れと欠陥との関係を明らかにするため, 形状の異なる3種のワックスパターンを同時に埋没して鋳込んだ.通気性の影響を調べるため, 通気度が非常に異なる3種の埋没材を用いた.その結果, 鋳型通気度が大きいと, 厚いパターンでは内部に, 薄いパターンやメッシュパターンでは外部に欠陥が発生しており, それぞれキャビティ内湯流れに関係していた.また, 通気度の小さい埋没材を使用した場合, ほとんど欠陥が認められなかった., Casting defects and titanium flow using a one-chamber pressure casting machine were observed by the transparent X-ray method and molten tracer element method, respectively. To clarify the relation between casting defects and filling types, three types of wax patterns were invested at one time. To estimate the influence of mold permaebility, three types of investment which significantly differed in permeability were used. As a result, investments with high permeability cause many internal defects in thick plate castings and external defects on thin plate castings and mesh castings. These defects were closely related to the flow in the cavity. Low permeable investment caused few casting defects despite the cavity type.