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Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) contribute to both HIV pathogenesis and elicitation of antiviral immunity. Understanding how mDC responses to stimuli shape HIV infection outcomes will inform HIV prevention and treatment strategies. The long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viral mimic, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (polyIC, PIC) potently stimulates DCs to focus Th1 responses, triggers direct antiviral activity in vitro, and boosts anti-HIV responses in vivo. Stabilized polyICLC (PICLC) is being developed for vaccine adjuvant applications in humans, making it critical to understand how mDC sensing of PICLC influences HIV infection. Using the monocyte-derived DC (moDC) model, we sought to describe how PICLC (vs. other dsRNAs) impacts HIV infection within DCs and DC-T cell mixtures. We extended this work to in vivo macaque rectal transmission studies by administering PICLC with or before rectal SIVmac239 (SIVwt) or SIVmac239 Delta Nef (SIV Delta Nef) challenge. Like PIC, PICLC activated DCs and T cells, increased expression of alpha(4)beta(7) and CD169, and induced type IIFN responses in vitro. The type of dsRNA and timing of dsRNA exposure differentially impacted in vitro DC-driven HIV infection. Rectal PICLC treatment similarly induced DC and T cell activation and pro-and anti-HIV factors locally and systemically. Importantly, this did not enhance SIV transmission in vivo. Instead, SIV acquisition was marginally reduced after a single high dose challenge. Interestingly, in the PICLC-treated, SIV Delta Nef-infected animals, SIV Delta Nef viremia was higher, in line with the importance of DC and T cell activation in SIV Delta Nef replication. In the right combination anti-HIV strategy, PICLC has the potential to limit HIV infection and boost HIV immunity., Funding Agencies|National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [R37 AI040877, R01 AI040877-19]; National Cancer Institute, NIH [HHSN261200800001E]; Tulane National Primate Research Center [P51OD011104]

Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) contribute to both HIV pathogenesis and elicitation of antiviral immunity. Understanding how mDC responses to stimuli shape HIV infection outcomes will inform HIV prevention and treatment strategies. The long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viral mimic, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (polyIC, PIC) potently stimulates DCs to focus Th1 responses, triggers direct antiviral activity in vitro, and boosts anti-HIV responses in vivo. Stabilized polyICLC (PICLC) is being developed for vaccine adjuvant applications in humans, making it critical to understand how mDC sensing of PICLC influences HIV infection. Using the monocyte-derived DC (moDC) model, we sought to describe how PICLC (vs. other dsRNAs) impacts HIV infection within DCs and DC-T cell mixtures. We extended this work to in vivo macaque rectal transmission studies by administering PICLC with or before rectal SIVmac239 (SIVwt) or SIVmac239 Delta Nef (SIV Delta Nef) challenge. Like PIC, PICLC activated DCs and T cells, increased expression of alpha(4)beta(7) and CD169, and induced type IIFN responses in vitro. The type of dsRNA and timing of dsRNA exposure differentially impacted in vitro DC-driven HIV infection. Rectal PICLC treatment similarly induced DC and T cell activation and pro-and anti-HIV factors locally and systemically. Importantly, this did not enhance SIV transmission in vivo. Instead, SIV acquisition was marginally reduced after a single high dose challenge. Interestingly, in the PICLC-treated, SIV Delta Nef-infected animals, SIV Delta Nef viremia was higher, in line with the importance of DC and T cell activation in SIV Delta Nef replication. In the right combination anti-HIV strategy, PICLC has the potential to limit HIV infection and boost HIV immunity., Funding Agencies|National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [R37 AI040877, R01 AI040877-19]; National Cancer Institute, NIH [HHSN261200800001E]; Tulane National Primate Research Center [P51OD011104]

Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) contribute to both HIV pathogenesis and elicitation of antiviral immunity. Understanding how mDC responses to stimuli shape HIV infection outcomes will inform HIV prevention and treatment strategies. The long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viral mimic, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (polyIC, PIC) potently stimulates DCs to focus Th1 responses, triggers direct antiviral activity in vitro, and boosts anti-HIV responses in vivo. Stabilized polyICLC (PICLC) is being developed for vaccine adjuvant applications in humans, making it critical to understand how mDC sensing of PICLC influences HIV infection. Using the monocyte-derived DC (moDC) model, we sought to describe how PICLC (vs. other dsRNAs) impacts HIV infection within DCs and DC-T cell mixtures. We extended this work to in vivo macaque rectal transmission studies by administering PICLC with or before rectal SIVmac239 (SIVwt) or SIVmac239 Delta Nef (SIV Delta Nef) challenge. Like PIC, PICLC activated DCs and T cells, increased expression of alpha(4)beta(7) and CD169, and induced type IIFN responses in vitro. The type of dsRNA and timing of dsRNA exposure differentially impacted in vitro DC-driven HIV infection. Rectal PICLC treatment similarly induced DC and T cell activation and pro-and anti-HIV factors locally and systemically. Importantly, this did not enhance SIV transmission in vivo. Instead, SIV acquisition was marginally reduced after a single high dose challenge. Interestingly, in the PICLC-treated, SIV Delta Nef-infected animals, SIV Delta Nef viremia was higher, in line with the importance of DC and T cell activation in SIV Delta Nef replication. In the right combination anti-HIV strategy, PICLC has the potential to limit HIV infection and boost HIV immunity., Funding Agencies|National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [R37 AI040877, R01 AI040877-19]; National Cancer Institute, NIH [HHSN261200800001E]; Tulane National Primate Research Center [P51OD011104]

Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) contribute to both HIV pathogenesis and elicitation of antiviral immunity. Understanding how mDC responses to stimuli shape HIV infection outcomes will inform HIV prevention and treatment strategies. The long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viral mimic, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (polyIC, PIC) potently stimulates DCs to focus Th1 responses, triggers direct antiviral activity in vitro, and boosts anti-HIV responses in vivo. Stabilized polyICLC (PICLC) is being developed for vaccine adjuvant applications in humans, making it critical to understand how mDC sensing of PICLC influences HIV infection. Using the monocyte-derived DC (moDC) model, we sought to describe how PICLC (vs. other dsRNAs) impacts HIV infection within DCs and DC-T cell mixtures. We extended this work to in vivo macaque rectal transmission studies by administering PICLC with or before rectal SIVmac239 (SIVwt) or SIVmac239 Delta Nef (SIV Delta Nef) challenge. Like PIC, PICLC activated DCs and T cells, increased expression of alpha(4)beta(7) and CD169, and induced type IIFN responses in vitro. The type of dsRNA and timing of dsRNA exposure differentially impacted in vitro DC-driven HIV infection. Rectal PICLC treatment similarly induced DC and T cell activation and pro-and anti-HIV factors locally and systemically. Importantly, this did not enhance SIV transmission in vivo. Instead, SIV acquisition was marginally reduced after a single high dose challenge. Interestingly, in the PICLC-treated, SIV Delta Nef-infected animals, SIV Delta Nef viremia was higher, in line with the importance of DC and T cell activation in SIV Delta Nef replication. In the right combination anti-HIV strategy, PICLC has the potential to limit HIV infection and boost HIV immunity., Funding Agencies|National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [R37 AI040877, R01 AI040877-19]; National Cancer Institute, NIH [HHSN261200800001E]; Tulane National Primate Research Center [P51OD011104]

We introduce the Treebank of Learner English (TLE), the first publicly available syntactic treebank for English as a Second Language (ESL). The TLE provides manually annotated POS tags and Universal Dependency (UD) trees for 5,124 sentences from the Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE) corpus. The UD annotations are tied to a pre-existing error annotation of the FCE, whereby full syntactic analyses are provided for both the original and error corrected versions of each sentence. Further on, we delineate ESL annotation guidelines that allow for consistent syntactic treatment of ungrammatical English. Finally, we benchmark POS tagging and dependency parsing performance on the TLE dataset and measure the effect of grammatical errors on parsing accuracy. We envision the treebank to support a wide range of linguistic and computational research on second language acquisition as well as automatic processing of ungrammatical language. The treebank is available at universaldependencies.org. The annotation manual used in this project and a graphical query engine are available at esltreebank.org., Comment: Updated parsing experiments to EWT v1.3, improved grammatical error marking, minor revisions. To appear in ACL 2016

Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) contribute to both HIV pathogenesis and elicitation of antiviral immunity. Understanding how mDC responses to stimuli shape HIV infection outcomes will inform HIV prevention and treatment strategies. The long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viral mimic, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (polyIC, PIC) potently stimulates DCs to focus Th1 responses, triggers direct antiviral activity in vitro, and boosts anti-HIV responses in vivo. Stabilized polyICLC (PICLC) is being developed for vaccine adjuvant applications in humans, making it critical to understand how mDC sensing of PICLC influences HIV infection. Using the monocyte-derived DC (moDC) model, we sought to describe how PICLC (vs. other dsRNAs) impacts HIV infection within DCs and DC-T cell mixtures. We extended this work to in vivo macaque rectal transmission studies by administering PICLC with or before rectal SIVmac239 (SIVwt) or SIVmac239 Delta Nef (SIV Delta Nef) challenge. Like PIC, PICLC activated DCs and T cells, increased expression of alpha(4)beta(7) and CD169, and induced type IIFN responses in vitro. The type of dsRNA and timing of dsRNA exposure differentially impacted in vitro DC-driven HIV infection. Rectal PICLC treatment similarly induced DC and T cell activation and pro-and anti-HIV factors locally and systemically. Importantly, this did not enhance SIV transmission in vivo. Instead, SIV acquisition was marginally reduced after a single high dose challenge. Interestingly, in the PICLC-treated, SIV Delta Nef-infected animals, SIV Delta Nef viremia was higher, in line with the importance of DC and T cell activation in SIV Delta Nef replication. In the right combination anti-HIV strategy, PICLC has the potential to limit HIV infection and boost HIV immunity., Funding Agencies|National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [R37 AI040877, R01 AI040877-19]; National Cancer Institute, NIH [HHSN261200800001E]; Tulane National Primate Research Center [P51OD011104]